Drinking and eating elicited by cortical spreading depression

Single waves of unilateral and bilateral cortical spreading depression were administered to rats by electrophoretic injection of potassium ions into the occipital cortices. Aggressive and stereotyped eating, drinking, and exploratory behavior were elicited by unilateral and bilateral spreading depression. Onset of the elicited behaviors varied among rats from 4 to 8 minutes after injection of the ions. Direct activation of, or rebound from, inhibition of subcortical motivational mechanisms may be responsible for the effects.     

Habituation of electrically induced readiness to gnaw

Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) produced a readiness to gnaw which decreased over time, exhibited spontaneous recovery, and could be dishabituated by foot shock. The response decrement was in part habituatory and could modify the interaction between a stimulation-induced readiness to gnaw and a physiologically induced hunger. Functional plasticity of stimulation-induced behavior might be accounted for, in part, by habituation.     

5-HT4(a) receptors avert opioid-induced breathing depression without loss of analgesia

Opiates are widely used analgesics in anesthesiology, but they have serious adverse effects such as depression of breathing. This is caused by direct inhibition of rhythm-generating respiratory neurons in the Pre-Boetzinger complex (PBC) of the brainstem. We report that serotonin 4(a) [5-HT4(a)] receptors are strongly expressed in respiratory PBC neurons and that their selective activation protects spontaneous respiratory activity. Treatment of rats with a 5-HT4 receptor-specific agonist overcame fentanyl-induced respiratory depression and reestablished stable respiratory rhythm without loss of fentanyl's analgesic effect. These findings imply the prospect of a fine-tuned recovery from opioid-induced respiratory depression, through adjustment of intracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels through the convergent signaling pathways in neurons.     

AQP-4在抑郁模型大鼠海马区含量的改变

目的探讨抑郁模型大鼠海马区AQP-4含量的改变．方法通过采用慢性不可预见性刺激和孤养相结合的方法,在应激前1天和应激第22天后对大鼠行为学观测,快速断头取海马组织,通过半定量PCR方式观察海马区AQP-4含量的变化．结果发现抑郁大鼠海马区AQP4mRNA的相对含量增加．结论AQP-4既参加调节抑郁模型大鼠海马区内环境,同时对抑郁模型大鼠海马区神经元的凋亡发挥作用,为研究抑郁症的发病机制奠定基础．     

Behavioral effects in monkeys of racemates of two biologically active marijuana constituents

Both dl-Delta(8)- and dl-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol produced marked alterations of behavior in rhesus and squirrel monkeys. Squirrel monkeys appeared to have visual hallucinations. Continuous avoidance behavior of squirrel monkeys was stimulated by both drugs, but high doses of dl-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol also caused depression after the stimulant phase. Complex behavior involving memory and visual discrimination in rhesus monkeys was markedly disrupted by both drugs.     

Associative behavioral modification in hermissenda: cellular correlates

Three days of training consisting of trials of light paired with rotation produces a long-term modification of photopositive behavior in Hermissenda crassicornis. The behavioral modification depends on the temporal association of light and rotation. For animals that received light paired with rotation, significant increases in the spontaneous activity of type B photoreceptors were correlated with changes in photopositive behavior after training. A persistent tonic depolarization of type B photoreceptors can explain the cellular changes correlated with the long-term behavioral modification produced by the temporal association of light and rotation.     

Spontaneous vesicles formed from hydroxide surfactants: evidence from electron microscopy

Dialkyldimethylammonium hydroxide surfactants are highly soluble in water and form spontaneous stable vesicles. These vesicles can be grown to size with added acid, and appear to provide an ideal membrane mimetic system for the study of fusion and ion transport. These phenomena are a consequence of strong hydration forces that are not necessarily limited to the hydroxide ions. The forces can be used to design a variety of model systems whose behavior differs from that of systems in which double-chained surfactants form insoluble liquid crystalline phases in water and unstable vesicle suspensions on prolonged sonication.     

Cellular and subcellular heterogeneity of [Ca2+]i in single heart cells revealed by fura-2

Digital imaging of calcium indicator signals (fura-2 fluorescence) from single cardiac cells has revealed different subcellular patterns of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) that are associated with different types of cellular appearance and behavior. In any population of enzymatically isolated rat heart cells, there are mechanically quiescent cells in which [Ca2+]i is spatially uniform, constant over time, and relatively low; spontaneously contracting cells, which have an increased [Ca2+]i, but in which the spatial uniformity of [Ca2+]i is interrupted periodically by spontaneous propagating waves of high [Ca2+]i; and cells that are hypercontracted (rounded up) and that have higher levels of [Ca2+]i than the other two types. The observed cellular and subcellular heterogeneity of [Ca2+]i in isolated cells indicates that experiments performed on suspensions of cells should be interpreted with caution. The spontaneous [Ca2+]i fluctuations previously observed without spatial resolution in multicellular preparations may actually be inhomogeneous at the subcellular level.     

Selective reduction of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation by inhibitors of protein synthesis

Inhibiting protein synthesis by incubating C6-2B rat astrocytoma cells with cycloheximide or emetine for periods up to 24 hours caused a progressive decrease in the accumulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) when the cells were challenged for 30 minutes with 100 microM forskolin. In contrast, cholera toxin-stimulated (6 nM, 3 hours) cyclic AMP accumulation was not diminished in cycloheximide-treated cells, and cyclic AMP was only minimally diminished in response to a 30-minute challenge with 10 microM (-)-isoproterenol. These experiments suggest the presence of a previously unrecognized cyclase component, which is essential for forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and has a shorter half-life than the beta-adrenergic receptor, the guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins, or the cyclase catalytic component.     

北京植物园3个空间植物环境与游人行为特征研究

选择北京植物园3个植物空间为研究对象,对其植物环境与游人行为之间的关联性在定性研究基础上进行定量研究,分析植物环境(植物种类、郁闭度)对游人行为特征的影响差异。采用相关分析及多元Logit回归分析表明:不同年龄游人对植物环境的选择不同,游人年龄越大就越趋向于选择植物种类丰富、郁闭度高的环境;游人行为时长与植物环境相关,时长超过15 min的活动更容易发生在植物种类少、郁闭度低的环境;不同类别、不同性质的行为发生受植物环境影响,植物种类丰富、郁闭度高的环境更容易触发自发性、个人性行为。研究说明植物环境与游人行为特征存在联系,并对部分行为特征有显著影响。通过植物环境对游人行为的影响机制的认识,从而指导建设园区植物环境的规划。     

D151阳离子交换树脂吸附Zwittermicin A的动力学研究

[目的]研究阳离子交换树脂对Zwittermicin A的吸附行为。[方法]采用静态吸附法考察了D151阳离子交换树脂对ZwittermicinA的吸附动力学,并对吸附过程中的速控步骤进行研究。[结果]动力学表明,D151阳离子交换树脂对Zwittermicin A的吸附较好的符合了lagergren拟一级动力学模型,吸附的速控步骤是颗粒扩散过程,并推算出交换过程的表观活化能为Ea=16.21 kJ/mol,吸附焓变△H=-17.58 kJ/mol,吸附熵变△S=-12.20 J/(mol.K)。[结论]阳离子交换树脂对Zwittermicin A的吸附过程是自发的放热过程。     

Neuronal controls of a behavioral response mediated by the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia

Tactile stimulation of the siphon and mantle shelf in Aplysia causes a characteristic withdrawal response of the external organs of the mantle cavity. A similar response also occurs spontaneously. Both responses are mediated by the abdominal ganglion and therefore provide an opportunity for correlating cellular functioning and behavior in a relatively simple and well-studied neuronal system. The withdrawal responses are controlled by five identified motor cells which receive two types of synaptic inputs. One set of excitatory connections, activated by tactile stimulation of the siphon and mantle shelf, mediates the defensive withdrawal reflex. A second set of connections is activated by a spontaneous burst of activity in a group of closely coupled interneurons which are excitatory to some of the motor cells and inhibitory to the others. This second set of connections mediates the spontaneous withdrawal response. These two inputs can therefore switch the same population of motor cells from a simple reflex to a more complex, internally organized response.     

向日葵秸杆对铜离子的吸附特征研究

[目的]以寻求廉价而高效的生物吸附材料为目的,研究向日葵秸杆对铜离子的吸附性能。[方法]以向日葵秸杆为主要原料,对含Cu2＋的模拟废水进行了吸附试验。[结果]吸附作用受pH值影响明显,在pH值为6.00时,吸附量最大;向日葵秸杆吸附量随温度的升高而增大,Freundlich方程更适合描述Cu2＋在向日葵秸杆上的吸附行为;对吸附热力学参数ΔG、ΔS、ΔH的计算表明,吸附反应具有自发性、吸热特性。[结论]向日葵秸杆是一种优良的处理铜离子废水的生物材料。     

Mechanics of wind ripple stratigraphy

Stratigraphic patterns preserved under translating surface undulations or ripples in a depositional eolian environment are computed on a grain by grain basis using physically based cellular automata models. The spontaneous appearance, growth, and motion of the simulated ripples correspond in many respects to the behavior of natural ripples. The simulations show that climbing strata can be produced by impact alone; direct action of fluid shear is unnecessary. The model provides a means for evaluating the connection between mechanical processes occurring in the paleoenvironment during deposition and the resulting stratigraphy preserved in the geologic column: vertical compression of small laminae above a planar surface indicates nascent ripple growth; supercritical laminae are associated with unusually intense deposition episodes; and a plane erosion surface separating sets of well-developed laminae is consistent with continued migration of mature ripples during a hiatus in deposition.     

土壤吸附草甘膦的热力学研究

[目的]为草甘膦的环境污染防治提供理论依据。[方法]研究了在298、303、308K温度下草甘膦的吸附平衡时间和吸附等温线的测定。[结果]草甘膦在水-土两相中分配6 h内达到平衡。Freundlich吸附等温线拟合得到的相关系数均大于Langmuir吸附等温线拟合得到的相关系数,适合描述草甘膦在土壤中的吸附行为。土壤吸附草甘膦的吸附过程是吸热吸附,温度升高有利于吸附。吸附过程是自发吸附过程,随着温度的升高,吸附过程自发趋势增大,但变化较小。吸附过程是熵增加过程。温度低时,土壤对草甘膦的吸附量小,土壤表面的混乱程度较大;温度高时,土壤对草甘膦的吸附量较大,土壤表面的混乱度较小。[结论]土壤吸附草甘膦的过程是一种自发吸热的吸附过程。     

Neuronal correlates of behavior in freely moving rats

Firing patterns of single neurons in the hypothalamus, preoptic area, midbrain reticular system, and hippocampus of awake, freely moving female rats were temporally correlated with exploratory sniffing and vibrissa twitching, feeding, lordosis, locomotion, and (or) arousal. These relationships were remarkably stable during continuous observations lasting many hours. During extended periods when certain of these movements were not performed, the correlated neurons showed no action potentials for minutes at a time. Electrical stimulation at certain recording sites elicited behavior patterns whose spontaneous occurrence was accompanied by neuronal activation. Self-stimulation was elicited from sites spontaneously activated during exploratory behavior.     

Estrous cycle in the rat: effects on self-stimulation behavior

The performance of female rats, in pressing a bar for electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus, changes during the estrous cycle. Highest barpressing rates accompany the appearance of vaginal cornification. This increase is not an artifact of increased spontaneous activity at estrus, although the factors underlying these changes in activity may also mediate the changes in self-stimulation behavior.     

High-speed imaging reveals neurophysiological links to behavior in an animal model of depression

The hippocampus is one of several brain areas thought to play a central role in affective behaviors, but the underlying local network dynamics are not understood. We used quantitative voltage-sensitive dye imaging to probe hippocampal dynamics with millisecond resolution in brain slices after bidirectional modulation of affective state in rat models of depression. We found that a simple measure of real-time activity-stimulus-evoked percolation of activity through the dentate gyrus relative to the hippocampal output subfield-accounted for induced changes in animal behavior independent of the underlying mechanism of action of the treatments. Our results define a circuit-level neurophysiological endophenotype for affective behavior and suggest an approach to understanding circuit-level substrates underlying psychiatric disease symptoms.     

Hippocampal correlates of aversive mibdrain stimulation

Hippocampal synchronization during aversive dorsal midbrain stimulation was observed in rats both in a conditioning procedure and under d-tubo-curarine paralysis. The results restrict the generality of previous reports which correlated hippocampal synchronization and desynchronization with approach and withdrawal behavior, respectively. Relative to the condition of free movement, curarization reduced the frequency of both "spontaneous" and dorsal midbrain-evoked synchronization, thus suggesting possible direct and indirect effects of d-tubocurarine on subcortical structures.     

The cell and molecular basis of mechanical, cold, and inflammatory pain

Peripheral pain pathways are activated by a range of stimuli. We used diphtheria toxin to kill all mouse postmitotic sensory neurons expressing the sodium channel Nav1.8. Mice showed normal motor activity and low-threshold mechanical and acute noxious heat responses but did not respond to noxious mechanical pressure or cold. They also showed a loss of enhanced pain responses and spontaneous pain behavior upon treatment with inflammatory insults. In contrast, nerve injury led to heightened pain sensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli indistinguishable from that seen with normal littermates. Pain behavior correlates well with central input from sensory neurons measured electrophysiologically in vivo. These data demonstrate that Na(v)1.8-expressing neurons are essential for mechanical, cold, and inflammatory pain but not for neuropathic pain or heat sensing.