春小麦垄沟灌土壤水分入渗数值模拟

小麦垄作沟灌是在耕作形成的垄面种植作物、垄沟内灌溉的一种耕作方式,由于小麦自身生长所需土壤水分沿灌水沟断面以纵向下渗和向垄体横向侧渗供给,研究不同土质与垄宽在设计灌水定额一定条件下的沟灌灌水效果。文中依据非饱和土壤水动力学理论,以甘肃石羊河流域下游民勤沙漠绿洲区春小麦垄作沟灌为例,采用典型实测土壤水分运动参数,应用HYDRUS数值模拟软件计算分析砂质粘壤土和粘土在不同垄宽沟灌土壤水分运动规律,建立沟灌土壤水分二维入渗模型,从提高灌水均匀度角度评价灌水效果。研究结果表明:在不考虑停止灌水后水分再分布情况下,砂质粘壤土垄宽不宜大于45cm,粘土不宜大于30cm。研究结果为春小麦垄作沟灌技术参数进一步研究提供一定的理论基础。     

干旱区春小麦垄作沟灌技术研究

以春小麦垄作沟灌入渗规律试验和其水流运动研究为基础,通过田间灌溉实验,分析不同耕作技术参数(垄宽、沟深、沟底宽、垄坡)对春小麦生长指标和产量的影响.结果表明:在河西走廊灌区垄宽40cm、沟深15cm、沟底宽15cm、坡度1∶1的参数组合为垄作春小麦的最优组合模式,与垄宽30cm(T1)和50cm(T3)相比,产量增加了10.4％和10.84％;与沟底宽0cm(T5)和10cm(T6)相比,产量增加了15.89％和8.78％;与沟深20cm(T4)相比,产量增加了15.7％.     

干旱区春小麦垄作沟灌灌水质量评价指标研究

为了提高干旱区春小麦垄作沟灌的灌水质量,建立灌水技术参数优化模型,本试验研究垄沟参数(垄坡、垄宽、沟深、沟宽)、灌水技术参数(沟长、沟坡、入沟流量)之间的五种不同组合对垄作沟灌小麦的灌水质量评价指标、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:在田面坡度和沟型等参数不变的情况下,以第一次灌水为例,随着入沟流量的增长,10m测点的横向灌水均匀度T1、T2、T4和T5分别较T3处理降低了5.05%、10.1%、4.04%和9.09%,30m测点的横向灌水均匀度T1、T2、T4和T5分别较T3处理降低了7.96%、11.8%、2.15%和10.75%,田面坡度与各测点的横向灌水均匀度呈现负增长的规律;T4处理平均灌溉水利用率最高,T4较T1、T2、T3和T5分别增加了4.76%、5.94%、0.36%和2.9%;沟长50 m、垄宽40 cm、入沟流量1.5 L·s~(-1)、田面坡度1/1000的参数组合为垄作沟灌春小麦适应生长的最优组合,此组合下小麦各生育期的平均田间灌溉水利用率最高为85.3%,小麦产量最高为9142.87 kg·hm~(-2),同时水分利用效率亦达最高为29.18 kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)。     

春小麦垄作沟灌灌水质量评价指标的改进与应用

根据垄作沟灌水分入渗特点和灌水效果,对传统地面灌水质量评价指标体系进行了改进,建立了以灌水均匀度、储水率与田间灌溉水利用率、垄体湿润度4个指标组成的灌水质量评价指标体系,从减少测量工作量与便于实际应用的角度,对指标计算方法进行了简化,利用现场实例试验测定的灌水效果对该指标体系及简化算法进行验证,指标体系科学合理,计算简单可行。     

基于HYDRUS-1D的不同质地土壤入渗过程数值模拟

基于HYDRUS-1D软件,对不同土质(淤泥、粉砂壤土、砂质粘壤土)的灌溉方案进行了系统的数值实验,模拟灌溉结束时及灌溉结束24 h之后的土壤剖面含水量和土壤湿润锋的变化情况。结果表明:在不产生径流的情况下,灌溉结束24 h后土壤的含水量分布和湿润深度只与土壤种类和灌溉量有关,与灌溉速度无关;对透水性较好的土质,灌溉水分重分布明显,以粉砂壤土灌溉速率0.7 cm·h~(-1)和灌溉时间3 h为例,灌溉结束时和灌溉24 h后土壤湿润深度分别为9.2 cm和20.6 cm,有55.3%的灌溉水参加了水分重分布;土壤湿润深度与灌溉量之间存在线性关系,拟合直线的斜率介于5.15(淤泥)和5.95(砂质黏壤土)之间。     

模拟垄沟灌溉土壤水分入渗特性试验研究

采用土箱进行模拟垄沟灌溉入渗试验,探索垄沟灌溉条件下土壤水分的入渗特性.研究结果表明:垄沟灌溉入渗时,湿润锋水平方向与垂直方向的运移距离与入渗时间呈幂函数正相关,其垂向运移距离明显大干一般沟灌;灌水时沟中与垄坡剖面的含水率迅速增加,再分布过程中在水平向水势梯度的作用下垄上剖面的含水率也不断增加,适当减小垄宽可以减少灌溉...     

基于FlexPDE的膜孔灌土壤水分运动数值模拟

基于实测扩散率资料和土壤水分特征曲线,利用FlexPDE软件对膜孔灌溉的土壤水分运动进行模拟,探索恒定水头条件下膜孔灌溉土壤水分入渗特性和剖面水分分布特征。结果表明：FlexPDE软件模拟粉粘壤土（处理2、3）和砂壤土（处理1、4）的含水率与实测之间的平均相对误差分别为5.930%、8.340%、9.600%和14.040%,其中粉粘壤土模拟与实测土壤含水率相对误差小于5%、10%和20%的比例分别为40%、68%和84%,砂壤土相对误差小于5%、10%和20%的比例分别为12%、40%和72%,粉粘壤土的模拟效果较砂壤土理想;基于模拟获取的土壤储水量与土壤实测累积入渗量呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9,且二者与入渗时间呈幂函数关系,随入渗时间增加而增大,但增速逐渐变缓;利用FlexPDE预测分析膜孔间距、膜孔直径和入渗水深对粉粘壤土膜孔灌溉单向交汇时刻、水分分布和储水量的影响,发现膜孔间距对于交汇初期土壤的水分分布影响较大,膜孔直径对于土壤交汇时间以及储水量影响显著。     

地表滴灌条件下滴头流量对土壤水分入渗—再分布过程的影响

在新疆林业科学院枣树示范基地进行了原状土的树下单点源滴灌试验,研究砂壤土在不同滴头流量条件下(滴头流量分别为8、12、16 L·h~(-1))地表滴灌湿润体特征值的变化规律。结果表明:1停止灌溉时湿润锋呈平卧半椭球体分布,随着滴头流量的增加湿润锋的分布范围逐渐增大,停止灌溉后12 h内各滴头流量下土壤中的水分运移均存在再分布过程,水分再分布后湿润锋呈直立半椭球体分布,湿润体的形状大小受到滴头流量及灌溉总量的影响,湿润锋水平、垂直运移距离与入渗时间存在显著的幂函数关系,决定系数(R~2)均大于0.95;2滴灌初期湿润锋在水平、垂直方向上的运移速率随着滴头流量的增加而增大,随着灌水历时的延长逐渐降低,滴头流量越大入渗距离比也就越大,并且随着灌溉时间的推移入渗距离比值逐渐减小,三种滴头流量下入渗距离比由最初的2~2.27逐渐减小到0.8~0.97;3随着滴头流量的增大湿润体的体积不断增大,湿润体含水量也随之增大,距离滴头越近含水量等值线越密,外围含水量等值线较稀疏,滴头正下方约40 cm处土壤含水量增加值达到最大,再分布后含水量等值线变为稀疏,水平扩散半径增加值较小,垂直方向再分布距离较大。     

基于SRFR软件垄沟灌土壤水分入渗参数反推方法评价

以民勤绿洲沟灌水流推进试验实测资料为依据,建立了垄作沟灌土壤水分入渗Kostiakov模型,并利用WinSRFR数值模拟软件反向率定沟灌Kostiakov入渗模型中入渗系数k和入渗指数α,模拟分析不同沟底宽灌水沟裸地条件下水流推进和消退过程,并通过实测与模拟的水流推进过程相匹配来反向率定在动水头影响下的土壤入渗参数。结果表明,通过相对误差K、均方根误差RMSE以及不同灌水沟在30 cm处的水深变化过程来评价得到的入渗参数的精确度,表明利用大田实测与WinSRFR模型反推的入渗参数模拟的水流推进和消退过程较为一致。WinSRFR软件反推法求得的沟灌土壤水分入渗参数模拟结果满足试验精度要求,大大减小了入渗参数确定的工作量。     

淋洗灌溉模式对不同质地盐碱土水盐运移的影响研究

通过土柱模拟试验，选取塔里木灌区粉砂质壤土和黏壤土两种重度盐碱土，以淡水灌溉为对照，按照咸淡水比例1:1,设置1种咸淡水混灌、2种咸淡水交替灌溉(咸淡、淡咸)模式，探究南疆地区不同质地盐碱土最优微咸水淋洗灌溉模式。结论如下：1)不同质地盐碱土在淡咸、咸淡两种交替灌溉模式下土壤水分分布更均匀，粉砂质壤土的持水性能优于黏壤土。2)微咸水淋洗灌溉模式下不同质地土壤均表现为中上层脱盐，下层积盐，脱盐深度达均到60cm;由0-60cm深度内土壤脱盐率平均值可知，粉砂质壤土在咸淡交替灌溉模式下最高，达到65.70%,黏壤土在咸淡、淡咸两种交替灌溉模式下优异分别达到了60.13%和56.78%。3)粉砂质壤土在咸淡交替灌溉模式下土壤脱“氯”、脱“钠”效果最佳，黏壤土在咸淡、淡咸两种交替灌溉模式下土壤脱“氯”、脱“钠”效果明显但两者差异不大；不同质地盐碱土Cl^-淋洗效果均优于Na⁺淋洗效果。综合灌水均匀度及脱盐率情况，推荐咸淡交替灌溉模式适用于粉砂质壤土，两种交替灌溉模式对黏壤土均适用。     

Soil water and salt distribution under furrow irrigation of saline water with plastic mulch on ridge

Furrow irrigation when combined with plastic mulch on ridge is one of the current uppermost water-saving irrigation technologies for arid regions.The present paper studies the dynamics of soil water-salt transportation and its spatial distribution characteristics under irrigation with saline water in a maize field experiment.The mathematical relationships for soil salinity,irrigation amount and water salinity are also established to evaluate the contribution of the irrigation amount and the salinity of saline water to soil salt accumulation.The result showed that irrigation with water of high salinity could effectively increase soil water content,but the increment is limited comparing with the influence from irrigation amount.The soil water content in furrows was higher than that in ridges at the same soil layers,with increments of 12.87% and 13.70% for MMF9(the treatment with the highest water salinity and the largest amount of irrigation water) and MMF1(the treatment with the lowest water salinity and the least amount of irrigation water) on 27 June,respectively.The increment for MMF9 was gradually reduced while that for MMF1 increased along with growth stages,the values for 17 August being 2.40% and 19.92%,respectively.Soil water content in the ridge for MMF9 reduced gradually from the surface layer to deeper layers while the surface soil water content for MMF1 was smaller than the contents below 20 cm at the early growing stage.Soil salinities for the treatments with the same amount of irrigation water but different water salinity increased with the water salinity.When water salinity was 6.04 dS/m,the less water resulted in more salt accumulation in topsoil and less in deep layers.When water salinity was 2.89 dS/m,however,the less water resulted in less salt accumulation in topsoil and salinity remained basically stable in deep layers.The salt accumulation in the ridge surface was much smaller than that in the furrow bottom under this technology,which was quite different from traditional furrow irrigation.The soil salinities for MMF7,MMF8 and MMF9 in the ridge surface were 0.191,0.355 and 0.427 dS/m,respectively,whereas those in the furrow bottom were 0.316,0.521 and 0.631 dS/m,respectively.The result of correlation analysis indicated that compared with irrigation amount,the irrigation water salinity was still the main factor influencing soil salinity in furrow irrigation with plastic mulch on ridge.     

灌水量对全膜垄作沟灌玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

针对河西灌区水资源紧缺的问题,探索玉米合理的灌溉量,以期指导区域玉米合理灌溉。通过在石羊河流域设置不同的灌水量梯度,研究不同灌水量对全膜垄作沟灌玉米产量及水分利用效率,以及土壤含水率、产量要素的影响。结果表明:全膜垄作沟灌玉米灌水量从4 500 m~3·hm~(-2)增加到4 725 m~3·hm~(-2)、4 950 m~3·hm~(-2)时,产量并没有随着灌水量的增加而增加,灌水量增加到5 175 m~3·hm~(-2)时,在水分利用效率没有降低的情况下,产量相对于4 500、4 725 m~3·hm~(-2)和4 950 m~3·hm~(-2)处理明显增加11.46%、8.39%和8.54%,其中果穗长度、穗粒数和百粒重平均增加4.88%、3.27%和4.31%是其产量增加的主要原因。对于土壤含水率,玉米需水盛期的7月16日至8月3日,5 175 m~3·hm~(-2)处理显著高于其他三个处理,而灌浆期各处理间则差异不显著。与播前期相比,收获期土壤含水率降低层主要集中在20~80 cm土层,土层贮水量平均降低6.72 mm,且各处理0~110 cm土层贮水量差异并不明显。因此,本研究表明5 175 m~3·hm~(-2)为石羊河流域全膜垄作沟灌条件下的适宜灌溉量,但灌浆中后期的最后一次灌水应考虑适当降低灌水量。     

Comparison of lettuce diseases and yield under subsurface drip and furrow irrigation

ABSTRACT Subsurface drip and furrow irrigation were compared on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cvs. Salinas and Misty Day for yield and incidence and severity of three important diseases of lettuce in the Salinas Valley, CA. Experiments were conducted between 1993 and 1995 during the spring and fall seasons. The diseases examined included lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor), downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), and corky root (Rhizomonas suberifaciens). Replicated plots of subsurface drip and furrow irrigation were arranged in a randomized complete-block design. All plants were inoculated with S. minor at the initiation of the experiment during the 1993 spring season. Plots were not inoculated for downy mildew and corky root during any season nor were the plots reinoculated with S. minor. During each season, all plots were sprinkler irrigated until thinning, and subsequently, the irrigation treatments were begun. The furrow plots were irrigated once per week, and the drip plots received water twice per week. The distribution of soil moisture at two soil depths (0 to 5 and 6 to 15 cm) at 5, 10, and 15 cm distance on either side of the bed center in two diagonal directions was significantly lower in drip-irrigated compared with furrow-irrigated plots. Plots were evaluated for lettuce drop incidence and downy mildew incidence and severity at weekly intervals until harvest. Corky root severity and yield components were determined at maturity. Lettuce drop incidence and corky root severity were significantly lower and yields were higher in plots under subsurface drip irrigation compared with furrow irrigation, regardless of the cultivar, except during the 1994 fall season. Incidence and severity of downy mildew were not significantly different between the two irrigation methods throughout the study. The differential microclimates created by the two irrigation treatments did not affect downy mildew infection, presumably because the mesoclimate is usually favorable in the Salinas Valley. Subsurface drip irrigation is a viable, long-term strategy for soilborne disease management in lettuce in the Salinas Valley.     

膜孔沟灌条件下春玉米水分利用效率研究

结合膜孔灌溉技术的特点,利用正交试验设计方法设计了实验方案,利用田间试验资料,分析研究了春玉米膜孔沟灌条件下水分利用效率及水分消耗规律,并相应得出春玉米地膜覆盖条件下各个生育期的水分消耗系数,为膜孔沟灌技术推广应用提供了理论和技术依据。     

垄作和灌水量对河西绿洲灌区啤酒大麦的影响

在甘肃河西绿洲灌区,通过田间试验研究了不同栽培模式与灌溉量组合对啤酒大麦产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:当灌溉量为330 mm时,垄作沟内覆草模式产量较对照增产695 kg/hm2,增产率为10.2%;在灌溉量为270 mm时,垄作和垄作沟内覆草处理较对照没有减产,可节水60 mm;不同栽培模式...     

全膜双垄沟播起垄施肥铺膜机的研制

针对全膜双垄沟播种植的农艺要求,研制了一种起垄施肥铺膜机,可完成起垄、施肥、喷药、铺膜和覆土压膜联合作业。用旋耕方式整地起垄,覆土装置实现地膜纵向两边均匀覆土和地膜横向间隔覆土。采用旋耕前喷药和铺膜前施肥的作业方式,保证药效和肥效最大限度地发挥作用。试验表明,垄面光滑,无明显缺陷且覆土后的地膜无机械破膜现象。膜横向覆土距离的平均值为102 cm,纵向覆土厚度和宽度的平均值为5.1 cm和11.4 cm,大垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值分别为69.3 cm和14.9 cm,小垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值为40.5 cm和15.2 cm,满足全膜双垄沟播种植农艺要求。覆土的厚度、宽度的变异系数分别为4.83%和7.52%,大垄宽度、高度的变异系数为1.22%和2.14%,小垄宽度、高度的变异系数为2.26%和1.58%,符合设计要求。