配种到户几种保定方法

随着科学技术的不断创新,通讯事业飞速发展,千家万户都安上了电话,家畜繁育改良工作也由过去在繁育中心坐家配种转变为主动到农户家中服务,母畜保定就成了当前比较棘手的问题.为了解决母畜保定问题,我们采用了以下几种方法仅供参考.     

黑龙江省养蜂史概况(二)

二十世纪前半期一、意大利蜂的引入1903￣1920年,西方蜂种(主要是意蜂)及新养蜂法先传入福建、广东、香港、天津、北京等地,不久也传入黑龙江省。民国初年的养蜂情况《珠河县志》有以下记载:"民国初年,西洋蜂种及养蜂法传来以后,     

母猪产后不食的分型疗法

(一)病因类型 1.消化不良型:母猪产前精料喂的过多,或突然更换饲料,加重胃肠负担,引起消化不良.此病常发于分娩之后,体温正常,食欲不振,粪便先干后稀,有的病猪喜欢喝点成汤,有的吃点鲜块茎和生米等食物,但数量不大,严重者食欲废绝.     

国内玉米价格涨跌两难

随着年关临近，为了确保产区农民收入稳定增长，近日，政府有关部门出台了东北储备粮收购计划。在该重大利好政策拉动之下，我国部分产区玉米价格有望触底反弹，但受市场供应依然充足、需求整体依旧偏弱影响，国内玉米市场行情涨跌两难，具体分析如下：     

浅谈貉的饲养管理

1 配种准备期的管理 1.1营养供给原则 要维持本身的需要,使其肥胖度适中,外形匀称.另外,补充由于繁殖而消耗的营养物质,供给冬毛生长所需的营养物质.建议日粮标准是:10～11月份,鱼肉类10%～15%,动物副产品5%～10%,谷物70%,蔬菜10%.食盐2.5%,骨粉5%～10%,12月到明年1月份,鱼肉类20%～25%,动物副产品5%～10%,谷物'70%,蔬菜10%,酵母5%～8%,食盐2.5%,骨粉5%～10%,维生素A、B适量.给饲标准:10～11月份每只每日550～700g;12月份到明年1月份每只每日400～500g.     

主要组培花卉品种介绍

非洲菊:又名扶朗花,菊科,大丁草属,多年生草本植物;原产非洲南部,性喜温暖,阳光充足和空气流通的环境,不耐寒,忌炎热,生长适温20￣25℃,喜疏松、肥沃、排水良好且富含有机质的微酸性土壤。园艺品种花色丰富,有白、红、粉、黄等色系。兼有切花和盆花类型。彩色马蹄莲:天南星科多     

对河南桑蚕“十一·五”发展规划的几点建议

<正>河南省地处黄河中下游，蚕业生产历史悠久。建国50年以来，尤其是近20g间，经过“七·五”至“八·五”的迅速发展和“九·五”、“十·五”的稳步调整，河南蚕业生产规模基本稳定，生产水平得到提高。目前全省桑园面积1．67万hm~2，年产桑蚕茧6000t，与建国时相比，桑园面积和蚕茧产量分别增长了24倍和42．2倍，与改革开放初期的1978年相比，分别增长了2．25倍和4．18倍；蚕业深加工等综合产值达到10亿元，农民收入达5亿元，出口创汇8600多万美元。“九·五”、“十·五”期间，河南茧丝绸业保持着北方诸省(山东、陕西省除外)生产、出口主要基地和传统优势产业、出口创汇大户的地位。蚕业生产已成为不少平原和山区农民脱贫致富奔小康的支柱产业。 1 “九·五”、“十·五”实际生产情况 1．1 实际生产情况 1．1．1 生产规模保持基本稳定桑蚕生产在经历了1995年“全面下滑”桑园规模大幅度缩减后，“九·五”期间，全省蚕茧的总产和年产量也相应减少，但集中产     

缩小分组饲养的面积

在丹麦,人们已经提出一个分组饲养妊娠母猪的新观念,名叫"最佳猪栏",它把群饲设备与单独饲喂和铺有稻草、排水良好的地面结合在一起,见图1.对这种设计的研究显示,给妊娠母猪建成一个既有饲喂/休息的去处,又有一个铺垫良好的躺卧处的猪栏-所占面积总量与配备给群饲母猪的电子饲喂系统的场地所使用的面积相当.     

发现商机的14大法则

商机无论大小,从经济意义上讲一定是能由此产生利润的机会.商机表现为需求的产生与满足的方式上在时间、地点、成本、数量、对象上的不平衡状态.旧的商机消失后,新的商机又会出现.没有商机,就不会有"交易"活动.商机转化为财富,必定满足五个"合适":合适的产品或服务,合适的客户,合适的价格,合适的时间,合适的渠道.目前我们能认识的商机大致可归结为14种:     

夏秋季节怎样防治乌龟红甲病

夏秋季节龟活动较多,或运输中腹甲损伤,或池子粗糙引起磨损龟甲后而导致龟甲内局部红肿发炎,多数常见于腹甲内部有出血斑块,并向四周浸润扩散,严重时可波及整个龟甲,引起败血症而死亡.池中水质差、消毒少、水底氧气少时易产生大量单孢杆菌是引起此病的元凶.     

Disposition and metabolism of the novel macrolide antibiotic CP-163505 in cattle

The plasma pharmacokinetics, lung tissue to plasma concentration ratios, and depletion profiles in edible tissue (liver, muscle, kidney, fat and injection site) for a single subcutaneous dose of a novel macrolide antibiotic, CP-163505 (20-[3-dimethylaminopropyl(L-alanyl)amino]-20-deoxo-repromicin), were investigated in crossbred beef cattle. Mean peak plasma concentration of 2.5 ± 0.4 μg/mL, occurring at 0.5 h, was found for CP-163505 following a 5 mg/kg dose ( n  = 5). The pharmacokinetic profile consisted of a distribution phase, followed by an extended terminal elimination phase (t_1/2 of 19 h). The disposition of CP-163505 was characterized by distribution from the plasma into the tissue resulting in lung to plasma ratios of 103 and 87 at 72 h following a single 5 or 10 mg/kg dose, respectively. The depletion of CP-163505 from edible tissues was determined following administration of tritiated CP-163505 at a dose of 10 mg/kg. On day 42, the liver contained the highest mean concentration of total tritium residues, 5.9 ± 3.4 μg/g. CP-163505 was determined to be a significant component of the total residues in liver with 72% on day 3 and 50% on day 42. Three metabolites of CP-163505 were identified by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) in liver samples: loss of alanine, formation of an hydroxyl derivative, and sulfate addition to the lactone ring.     

Disodium-fosfomycin pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in post weaning piglets

Disodium-fosfomycin pharmacokinetics has been studied in different species after oral, intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. At present there are neither documented clinical experiences of the use of fosfomycin in pigs nor any published studies in weaning piglets, although it is a period of high incidence of infectious diseases. The pharmacokinetics and the bioavailability of sodium fosfomycin were studied in post weaning piglets after intravenous and intramuscular administration of 15 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid ms/ms. After IV administration the area under the fosfomycin concentration:time curve in plasma was AUC_(0–12) of 120.00 ± 23.12 μg h/ml and the volume of distribution (Vd) of 273.00 ± 40.70 ml/kg. The elimination was rapid with a plasma clearance of 131.50 ± 30.07 ml/kg/h and a T_1/2 of 1.54 ± 0.40 h. Peak serum concentration (C_max), T_max, AUC_(0–12) and bioavailability for the IM administration were 43.00 ± 4.10 μg/ml, 0.75 ± 0.00 h, 99.00 ± 0.70 μg h/ml and 85.5 ± 9.90% respectively. Different authors have determined a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC₉₀) ranging from 0.25 μg/ml for Streptococcus sp. and 0.5 μg/ml for Escherichia coli. Considering the above, and according to the values of plasma concentration vs time profiles observed in this study, effective plasma concentrations of fosfomycin for sensitive bacteria can be obtained following IV and IM administration of 15 mg/kg in piglets.     

Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in ponies

The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin was investigated in healthy, mature ponies. Ciprofloxacin was administered intravenously to six ponies at a dose of 5 mg per kg body weight. Seven days later, ciprofloxacin was administered orally to each pony at the same dose. Intravenous ciprofloxacin concentration vs. time data best fit a two-compartment open model with first-order elimination from the central compartment. Mean plasma half-life, based on the terminal phase, was 15 7.8 9 min (harmonic mean). Total body clearance of ciprofloxacin was 18.12 ± 3.99 mL/min/kg. Volume of distribution at steady-state was 3.45 ± 0.72 L/kg. From the pharmacokinetic data and reported minimum inhibitory concentrations for equine gram-negative pathogens, the appropriate dosage of ciprofloxacin was determined to be 5.32 mg per kg body weight at 12 h intervals. Bioavailability of oral ciprofloxacin in ponies was 6.8 ± 5.33%. Owing to the poor bioavailability, a dosage regimen could not be proposed for oral ciprofloxacin administration in horses. Ciprofloxacin concentrations were determined in tissues and body fluids at 1, 2 and 4 h after intravenous administration. At all times, tissue concentrations exceeded plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin. Highest concentrations were achieved in kidneys and urine. Potentially therapeutic concentrations were obtained in cerebrospinal and joint fluid, but low concentrations were achieved in aqueous humour.     

Drug residues in food animals. III. Plasma and tissue kinetics of potassium penicillin G in young cross-bred swine

Twenty-two young cross-bred swine were treated either intravenously or orally with potassium penicillin G. The pharmacokinetics of penicillin G were determined in plasma and tissues. The plasma half-life of penicillin G in swine was found to be 19.45±1.69 min, and the distribution and elimination kinetics were found to fit a classical two-compartment model. The volume of distribution was found to be 0.53±0.12 1/kg, and the body clearance was found to be 19.06±5.06 ml/min/kg which exceeded the effective renal plasma flow of 16.50±2.73 ml/min/kg, suggesting that the drug was eliminated both by tubular excretion and glomerular filtration. The elimination rate constants (Beta) for the major organs were as follows: muscle, 0.00343 min^-1; lung, 0.0310 min^-1; fat, 0.0394 min^-1; and kidney, 0.0213 min^-1, which compared favorably with the elimination rate constant found in plasma (0.0320 min^-1). These values were found to be significantly similar at the level of P < 0.005 in muscle, spleen and fat, and at a level of P < 0.025 in lung tissue. The data indicates that blood plasma would be a satisfactory body fluid for estimating this drug in tissue.     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of norfloxacin and its N-desethyl- and oxo-metabolites in healthy pigs

The pharmacokinetic properties of norfloxacin were determined in healthy pigs after single intramuscular (i.m.) and intravenous (i.v.) dosage of 8 mg/kg body weight After i.m. and i.v. administration, the plasma concentration-time graph was characteristic of a two-compartment open model. After single i.m. administration, norfloxacin was absorbed rapidly, with a t _max of 1.46 ± 0.06 h. The elimination half-life ( t _1/2β) and the mean residence time of norfloxacin in plasma were 4.99 ± 0.28 and 6.05 ± 0.22 h, respectively, after i.m. administration and 3.65 ± 0.16 and 3.34 ± 0.16 h, respectively, after i.v. administration. Intramuscular bioavailability was found to be 53.7 ± 4.4%. Plasma concentrations greater than 0.2 μg/mL were achieved at 20 min and persisted up to 8 h post-administration. Maximal plasma concentration was 1.11 ± 0.03 μg/mL. Statistically significant differences between the two routes of administration were found for the half-lives of both distribution and elimination phases ( t _1/2α, t _1/2β) and apparent volume of distribution (V_d(area)). In pigs, norfloxacin was mainly converted to desethylenenorfloxacln and oxonorfloxacin. Considerable tissue concentrations of norfloxacin, desethylenenorfloxacin, and oxonorfloxacin were found when norfloxacin was administered intramuscularly (8 mg/kg on 4 consecutive days). The concentration of the parent fluoroquinolone in liver and kidney ranged between 0.015 and 0.017 μg/g on day 12 after the end of dosing.     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and its sulphate and glucuronide metabolites in desert camels and goats

Paracetamol was administered at dosages of 5 mg/kg to camels and 10 mg/kg to goats by the intravenous and intramuscular routes. Parent paracetamol had a significantly slower clearance (21.9 ± 1.4 mL/min.kg vs. 52.8 ± 7.3 mL/min.kg) (P < 0.01) in camels than in goats. In camels the predominant metabolite in plasma was the sulphate, although the ratios of glucuronide:paracetamol and sulphate:paracetamol were similar (5.20 ± 0.50 vs. 6.59 ± 0.51) following intravenous administration. In goats the glucuronide metabolite was the predominant moiety in plasma, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the sulphate was only 3.89% of that of the glucuronide conjugate. The apparent AUC for paracetamol in the camel following intramuscular administration was larger than that following intravenous administration, however, when the bioavailability (F) was determined, with correction for altered half-life, within the animal and between study phases it was 71 ± 17% in goats and 105 ± 26% in camels.     

达氟沙星脂质体在蛋雏鸡体内的组织动力学及靶向性研究

将260只28日龄试验鸡(体质量215~230 g)随机分成5组:健康对照组20只,甲磺酸达氟沙星溶液静注给药组和内服给药组、甲磺酸达氟沙星脂质体静注给药组和内服给药组,每组60只。以5 mg/kg体质量剂量分别采用静脉注射和内服2种给药途径给予健康蛋雏鸡甲磺酸达氟沙星溶液和脂质体混悬液,于给药后0.167、0.333、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、4、6、9、12、24 h各剖杀5只鸡,取血液、肝脏、肾脏、肺脏和肌肉样品。采用反相HPLC色谱内标法测定各组织中达氟沙星浓度。应用MCPKP分析软件处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据,比较2种剂型的组织药动学参数。结果显示,与溶液组相比,甲磺酸达氟沙星脂质体组肝脏、肺脏中的药物分布明显提高,肾脏中的分布降低;通过相对摄取率、靶向效率和峰浓度比3个靶向指标的对比,脂质体组明显提高了肺部靶向性,且在肺部有一定的缓释作用。     

Pharmacokinetics and milk residues of butorphanol in dairy cows after single intravenous administration

The pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate were investigated following intravenous administration of 0.25 mg/kg of body weight to six healthy non-lactating Jersey cows. Three lactating Holstein cows also received 0.045 mg of butorphanol/kg of body weight intravenously to determine the extent and duration of drug transfer into milk. A radioimmunoassay technique was used to measure butorphanol concentrations in plasma and milk. The disposition of butorphanol following intravenous administration was characterized by rapid and extensive distribution followed by a slower elimination phase. Apparent volume of distribution was 4.178 ± 1.145 (mean ± SD) I/kg, mean elimination half-life was 82 min, and clearance was 34.6 ± 7.7 ml/min/kg. Trace quantities of butorphanol were detected in the cow's milk for up to 36 h following administration. These pharmacokinetic data were compared with pharmaco-kinetic and pharmacodynamic data for butorphanol in other species and for three other potent opioids in related ruminant species.     

GPA对小鼠肝损伤血清及肝组织中GOT、GPT的影响

采用刀豆蛋白A（ConA）尾静脉注射方法建立小鼠免疫性肝损伤模型,分别用低（100mg/kg）、中（200mg/kg）、高（400mg/kg）3个不同剂量大蒜多糖（GPA）对小鼠进行灌胃,灌服7d后,小鼠尾静脉注射刀豆蛋白A,采血及取肝组织,用赖氏法测定天冬氨酸转氨酶（GOT）及丙氨酸转氨酶（GPT）变化。结果模型组和多糖组与空白组比较,除高浓度多糖组差异不显著（P〉0.05）外,其它各组均差异显著（P〈0.05）,且多糖组与模型组比较差异显著（P〈0.05）,并呈现一定的量效关系。表明不同浓度的大蒜多糖均对ConA致小鼠免疫性肝损伤具有保护作用。     

Tissue disposition of azithromycin after intravenous and intramuscular administration to rabbits

Tissue disposition of azithromycin after intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) injection at a single dose rate of 10mg/kg bodyweight were investigated in rabbits using a modified agar diffusion bioassay for determining tissue concentrations. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of azithromycin was characterized by low and sustained plasma concentrations but high and persistent tissue concentrations. Kinetic parameters indicated a high retention of the drug in peripheral compartments. The plasma half-lives after IV and IM administrations were similar being 21.8h and 23.1h, respectively, while the half-lives obtained in tissues after IV and IM administration were at least 1.4 and 1.9 times longer than in plasma, respectively. The highest tissue concentrations were found in bile, liver and spleen whereas the lowest ones were found in skeletal muscle (although they were higher than those in plasma). From the results of the single administration in this study an IM dosage regimen can be proposed that achieves minimum concentrations over 2mg/L in rabbits: three doses of 4-5mg/kg/day would provide suitable therapeutic concentrations in pulmonary tissues over seven days.