New cytotoxic quinolone alkaloids from fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa

Three new quinolone alkaloids, 1-methyl-2-[7-hydroxy-(E)-9-tridecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (1), 1-methyl-2-[(Z)-4-nonenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (2), 1-methyl-2-[(1E,5Z)-1,5-undecadienyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (3) and one new natural product, 1-methyl-2-[(E)-1-undecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (4), were isolated from the dried and nearly ripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth., along with thirteen known compounds (5-17). In addition, one new artificial product, 1-methyl-2-[7-carbonyl-(E)-9-tridecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (1A) was also obtained. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxic activities of all of the compounds against the human cancer cell lines HL-60, N-87, H-460, and Hep G(2) cells were evaluated by MTT assay. The results showed that these alkaloids inhibited cell proliferation with IC(50) values between 14μM and 22μM.     

Steroidal saponins from Smilacina japonica

Three new steroidal saponins, japonicoside A (1), japonicoside B (2) and japonicoside C (3) were isolated from the dried rhizomes and roots of Smilacina japonica A. Gray. Their structures were elucidated as (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β-ol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β,17α-diol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (2) and (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β,17α,24α-triol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (3) on the basis of chemical methods and detailed spectroscopic analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was evaluated in vitro for cytotoxic properties against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SMMC-7221) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (DLD-1), respectively.     

Shoot proliferation and callus regeneration from nodular buds of Drepanostachyum luodianense

This research reports on an efficient shoot proliferation and callus regeneration system for bamboo.Young, semi-lignified branches with one lateral bud from Drepanostachyum luodianense(Yi et R. S. Wang) Keng f.were used as explants. Disinfection with 0.1% HgCl_2 for 8 min was the optimum treatment and the best medium for bud initiation was Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium containing 3.0 mg L~(-1)6-benzyladenine(BA). Multiple shoots were induced from nodal shoot segments on MS medium containing 5.0 mg L~(-1) BA, 0.5 mg L~(-1) kinetin(Kin), and 1.0 mg L~(-1) naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA). The highest frequency of callus formation(65.6%) was on MS medium containing 4.0 mg L~(-1)2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2, 4-D), 0.5 mg L~(-1) NAA, and 0.1 mg L~(-1) thidiazuron(TDZ). The optimum medium for callus proliferation was MS medium with 4 mg L~(-1)2,4-D, 0.5 mg L~(-1) TDZ and 0.5 mg L~(-1) NAA, and the optimum hormone combination was 4 mg L~(-1) BA ? 0.5 mg L~(-1) NAA for callus redifferentiation(up to 85.6%). A 100% rooting was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L~(-1) NAA and 0.5 mg L~(-1)3-indole butyric acid(IBA). Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in a greenhouse in humus soil ? perlite(1:1) substrate. These micropropagated callus induction and regeneration systems for bamboo will be useful for genetic engineering and multiplication.     

Growth and nutrition of Betula pendula at different relative supply rates of zinc

Small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth) were cultivated in a hydroponic spray solution where the relative growth rate (R(G); day(-1)) was controlled by the relative supply rate of zinc (R(Zn); day(-1)). After an adjustment phase to steady-state growth, R(G) equaled R(Zn). The R(Zn) treatments were 0.05, 0.125 and 0.20 day(-1) with free access to all other nutrients. In an additional treatment, there was free access to all nutrients, including zinc (FA treatment). The pH of the nutrient solution was approximately 4.5 and conductivity was 100 &mgr;S cm(-1). The duration of each treatment depended on R(Zn) and ranged from 4 (FA treatment) to 10 weeks (at R(Zn) = 0.05 day(-1)). The plants showed persistent and typical zinc-deficiency symptoms at steady-state growth when R(G) was 0.05 and 0.125 day(-1), whereas there were few symptoms when R(G) was 0.2 day(-1). The Zn concentration of the plants ranged from 8 (at R(Zn) = 0.05 day(-1)) to 21 &mgr;g g(DM) (-1) (DM = dry mass) (at R(Zn) = 0.2 day(-1)) and was approximately 42 &mgr;g g(DM) (-1) in the FA treatment. Uptake rates of Zn, calculated per root growth rate (&mgr;mol g(DM, root) (-1)), were about 2.8 times higher at R(Zn) = 0.20 day(-1) than at R(Zn)= 0.05 day(-1). The root and stem biomass fractions were approximately constant at all supply rates of Zn, whereas the leaf biomass fraction tended to increase with increasing supply rate of Zn. Net assimilation rate was constant from FA to an R(Zn) of 0.125 day(-1) but decreased by a factor of about 2 at R(Zn) = 0.05 day(-1). Leaf area ratio and specific leaf area were smaller at low supply rates of zinc than at high supply rates.     

Constituents of Cassia laevigata.

Calendin (1), cinnamic acid (2), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (3), 2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (4), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (5), syringic acid (6) and vanillic acid (7) have been isolated from a dichloromethane extract of the leaves and branches of Cassia laevigata.     

浙江省食用菌重金属背景值及质量安全评价

在浙江食用菌生产基地、超市和农贸市场实地抽样检测,对数据进行统计分析,提出浙江省食用菌重金属背景值.研究结果显示:浙江省鲜食用菌重金属元素背景值为铅0.078 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.036 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.009 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.029 mg·kg~(-1),干食用菌重金属背景值为铅0.452 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.254 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.044 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.150 mg·kg~(-1),鲜香菇重金属背景值为铅0.074 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.122 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.009 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.030 mg·kg~(-1),鲜平菇重金属背景值为铅0.068 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.026 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.008 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.029 mg·kg~(-1),鲜蘑菇重金属背景值为铅0.149 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.019 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.038 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.094 mg·kg~(-1),鲜金针菇重金属背景值为铅0.083 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.013 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.008 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.020 mg·kg~(-1).经与相关标准进行比较,浙江省食用菌重金属含量处于相对较低的水平.鲜食用菌中平菇与金针菇的4种重金属元素背景值非常相近,并且都处于很低的水平.与鲜食用菌相比,干食用菌重金属含量是鲜食用菌的4.9～7.1倍.蘑菇的铅、汞、砷含量明显高于其他食用菌,与鲜食用菌平均值比较,铅高出91.0%、汞高出322.2%,砷高出224.1%;香菇中镉含量明显高于其他品种食用菌,高出鲜食用菌平均值238.9%.蘑菇的铅、汞、砷和香菇的镉含量在生产栽培中要得到特别关注,应作为质量安全控制的重点.     

Accumulation of residual soil microbial carbon in Chinese fir plantation soils after nitrogen and phosphorus additions

Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) additions can affect soil microbial carbon(C) accumulation.However,the mechanisms that drive the changes in residual microbial C that occur after N and P additions have not been well-defined for Chinese fir plantations in subtropical China.We set up six different treatments, viz.a control(CK), two N treatments(N_1: 50 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1); N2:100 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1)), one P treatment(P: 50 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1)),and two combined N and P treatments(N_1P:50 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1) of N+50 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1) of P; N_2P:100 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1) of N+50 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1) of P).We then investigated the influences of N and P additions on residual microbial C.The results showed that soil pH and microbial biomass decreased after N additions, while microbial biomass increased after P additions.Soil organic carbon(SOC) and residual microbial C contents increased in the N and P treatments but not in the control.Residual microbial C accumulation varied according to treatment and declined in the order: N_2PN_1PN2N_1PCK.Residual microbial C contents were positively correlated with available N, P, and SOC contents, but were negatively correlated with soil p H.The ratio of residual fungal C to residual bacterial C increased under P additions, but declined under combined N+P additions.The ratio of residual microbial C to SOC increased from 11 to 14%under the N_1P and N_2P treatments, respectively.Our results suggest that the concentrations of residual microbial C and the stability of SOC would increase under combined applications of N and P fertilizers in subtropical Chinese fir plantation soils.     

Carbon dioxide exchange of developing avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit

Net efflux of CO(2) from attached avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit was measured periodically from three weeks after anthesis to fruit maturity. Net CO(2) exchange was determined in daylight (light respiration, R(l)) at a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) greater than 600 micromol m(-1) s(-1), and in the dark (dark respiration, R(d)). Dark respiration and R(l) were highest during the early cell division stage of fruit growth (about 25 and 22 nmol CO(2) g(dw) (-1) s(-1), respectively) and decreased gradually until fruit maturity to about 1 and 0.5 nmol CO(2) nmol CO(2) g(dw) (-1) s(-1), respectively. Fruit photosynthesis, calculated from the difference between R(d) and R(l), ranged from 0.5 to 3.1 nmol CO(2) g(dw) (-1) s(-1). Net rate of CO(2) assimilation on a fruit dry weight basis was highest during the early stages of fruit growth and reached the lowest rate at fruit maturity. Net rate of CO(2) assimilation of fruit exposed to light was 0.4 to 2.5% of that for fully expanded leaves. Although the relative amount of carbon assimilated by the fruit was small compared with the total amount of carbon assimilated by the leaves, the data indicate that avocado fruit contribute to their own carbon requirement by means of CO(2) assimilated in the light.     

Pregnane glycosides from Baseonema acuminatum

Two new pregnane glycosides, baseonemoside A and B, were isolated from the aerial parts of Baseonema acuminatum. Their structures were established as pregn-5-ene-3beta,16alpha,20(S)-triol 3-O-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyranoside 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-digitalopyranoside 1 and pregn-5-ene-3beta,16alpha,20(S)-triol 3-O-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyranoside 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-digitalopyranoside 2, respectively, on the basis of spectral evidence and chemical transformation.     

Cytotoxic triterpene saponins from the leaves of Aralia elata

Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Aralia elata has led to the isolation of four new compounds, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid (1), 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 3-O-{[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-[β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl} oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3) and 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl caulophyllogenin (4) and two known compounds, 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl]-echinocystic acid (5) and 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl echinocystic acid (6). The structural determination was accomplished with spectroscopic analysis, in particular (13)C-NMR, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques. Compounds 1-6 were tested for their inhibition of the growth of HL60, A549 and DU145 cancer cells. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxic activity against HL60 and A549 cancer cells with IC(50) values of 6.99μM and 7.93μM respectively. In addition, compounds 5 and 6 showed significant cytotoxic activity against HL60 cancer cells with IC(50) values of 5.75μM and 7.51μM, respectively.     

Growth and water relations of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) stands in response to thinning and fertilization

We studied the effects of five thinning treatments (T1 = 5.5, T2 = 11, T3 = 16.5, T4 = 22.5 and T5 = 28.5 m(2) ha(-1) basal area under bark) x two fertilizer treatments (F0 = unfertilized and F1 = fertilized with 400 kg ha(-1) N plus 229 kg ha(-1) P) on growth and water relations of pole-sized Eucalyptus marginata J. Donn ex Sm. trees growing in southwestern Australia. Thinning reduced leaf area index (LAI) from 2.1 in the T4 and T5 treatments to 0.8 in the T1F0 treatment. Fertilizer had no effect on LAI in the T2, T4 or T5 treatments, but increased LAI by 45 and 20% in the T1 and T3 treatments, respectively. Thinning plus fertilizing increased diameter growth most in the fastest growing trees, from 0.4 cm year(-1) for trees in the T5F0 and T5F1 treatments to 0.7 and 1.2 cm year(-1) for trees in the T1F0 and T1F1 treatments, respectively. In both fertilizer treatments, stand basal area and volume growth increased with increasing stand density up to 15 m(2) ha(-1), and thereafter declined with increasing stand density, such that the growth rate of trees in the T5 treatment was only half of that at a stand density of 15 m(2) ha(-1). In response to fertilizer, growth rates of the slowest and fastest-growing trees increased from 0.35 and 3.5 m(2) ha(-1) year(-1) (F0) to 0.56 and 5.4 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) (F1), respectively. Stand growth efficiency (growth per unit LAI) increased in response to thinning, and fertilizer increased stand growth efficiency at all stand densities. Throughout the dry season, T5 trees had lower predawn shoot water potentials (Psi(pd)) (minimum of -1.5 MPa) than T1 or T2 trees (minimum of -0.7 MPa). Fertilizer decreased Psi(pd) in T5 trees (by -0.9 and -1.5 MPa, respectively, in F0 and F1), but not in T1 or T2 trees. Stand growth rate was closely related to cumulative midday water stress (CMWS) over the dry season, and volume growth rate declined sharply from 6 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) at a CMWS of 130 MPa days, to zero at a CMWS of 220 MPa days. Application of fertilizer to thinned stands increased LAI, stand growth efficiency and stand growth. In unthinned stands, fertilizer increased stand growth efficiency and stand growth; however, it also increased tree water stress, which limited the fertilizer-induced increases in LAI and growth. We attribute the increase in tree and stand growth in response to application of fertilizer to increased photosynthetic rates, increased allocation to stem wood, and in thinned stands also to higher LAIs.     

Leaf conductance and CO(2) assimilation of Larix gmelinii growing in an eastern Siberian boreal forest

In July 1993, we measured leaf conductance, carbon dioxide (CO(2)) assimilation, and transpiration in a Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. ex Kuzen forest in eastern Siberia. At the CO(2) concentration of ambient air, maximum values (mean of 10 highest measured values) for CO(2) assimilation, transpiration and leaf conductance for water vapor were 10.1 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), 3.9 mmol m(-2) s(-1) and 365 mmol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. The corresponding mean values, which were much lower than the maximum values, were 2.7 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), 1.0 mmol m(-2) s(-1) and 56 mmol m(-2) s(-1). The mean values were similar to those of Vaccinium species in the herb layer. The large differences between maximum and actual performance were the result of structural and physiological variations within the tree crowns and between trees that reduced maximum assimilation and leaf conductance by about 40 and 60%, respectively. Thus, maximum assimilation and conductance values averaged over the canopy were 6.1 micro mol m(-2) s(-1) and 146 mmol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. Dry air caused stomatal closure, which reduced assimilation by an additional 26%. Low irradiances in the morning and evening had a minor effect (-6%). Daily canopy transpiration was estimated to be 1.45 mm day(-1), which is higher than the value of 0.94 mm day(-1) measured by eddy covariance, but similar to the value of 1.45 mm day(-1) calculated from the energy balance and soil evaporation, and less than the value of 2.1 mm day(-1) measured by xylem flux. Daytime canopy carbon assimilation, expressed on a ground area basis, was 0.217 mol m(-2) day(-1), which is higher than the value measured by eddy flux (0.162 mol m(-2) day(-1) including soil respiration). We discuss the regulation of leaf gas exchange in Larix under the extreme climatic conditions of eastern Siberia (temperature > 35 degrees C and vapor pressure deficit > 5.0 kPa).     

1-(β,γ-环氧丙氧甲基)-7-异丙基-4-甲基的合成及结构鉴定

在相转移催化作用下,将7-异丙基-4-甲基-1-甲醇(2)和环氧氯丙烷进行反应,成功地合成了新的反应型类化合物1-(β,γ-环氧丙氧甲基)-7-异丙基-4-甲基(1).本反应条件比较简单,较佳条件下分离的目的物摩尔得率达到了64%.目的物(1)的化学结构(Fig.2)经过UV-Vis、IR、HR-MS和1H NMR等数据分析得到了完满的鉴定.     

Shoot multiplication of Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica from in vitro cultured seedlings

We developed a shoot multiplication protocol for Syringa reticulata Blume var. mandshurica Hara from in vitro cultured seedlings that derived from in vitro germinated seeds. The shoots could be induced on Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium with proper plant growth regulator combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine(BA) and indole-3-butyric acid(IBA). The better medium for shoot multiplication and growth was MS + 5 mg L~(-1)BA +0.5 mg L~(-1)IBA + 20 g L~(-1)sucrose +7 g L~(-1)agar, and the corresponding shoot induction rate was 75 %. The plantlets grew well after rooting on 1/2MS medium(macro-elements of MS medium are at half-strength) supplemented with 1 mg L~(-1)IBA, and the survival percentage was 80 % at 16 weeks after transplanting.     

Organic and inorganic sulfur transport in the xylem sap and the sulfur budget of Picea abies trees

Temporal changes in inorganic and organic sulfur compounds (sulfate, glutathione, cysteine, methionine) were analyzed in xylem sap of 40-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees growing on acidic soils at a healthy and a declining stand in the Fichtelgebirge (North Bavaria, Germany). Studies were carried out (1) to quantify glutathione (GSH) transport in the xylem of spruce, (2) to study the significance of reduced sulfur versus sulfate (SO(4) (2-)) transport in the xylem, and (3) to compare total sulfur (S) transport in the xylem with the amount of foliar uptake of SO(2) in an air-polluted environment. Glutathione was the main reduced S compound in the xylem ranging in concentration from 0.5 to 5 &mgr;mol l(-1). Concentrations of inorganic SO(4) (2-) in the xylem sap were up to 50 times higher than those of GSH ranging from 60 to 230 &mgr;mol l(-1). During the growing season, concentrations of all S compounds in the xylem were highest in May (up to 246 &mgr;mol l(-1)) and decreased during summer and fall (up to 21 &mgr;mol l(-1)). On average, SO(4) (2-) concentrations in xylem sap were 30% higher at the declining site compared with the healthy site. Diurnal changes in organic S compounds were significant for GSH and cysteine with high concentrations during the night and low concentrations during the day. Diurnal changes in inorganic concentrations were not significant. Xylem sap concentrations of SO(4) (2-) and cysteine were twice as high and GSH concentrations were tenfold higher in surface roots than in branches. At both sites, transport of organic S was low (up to 3% of total S) compared to transport of SO(4) (2-). Annual transport of total S in the xylem (SO(4) (2-) was the main component) ranged from 60 to 197 mmol tree(-1) year(-1) at the healthy site and from 123 to 239 mmol tree(-1) year(-1) at the declining site. Although gaseous uptake of SO(2) was estimated to be similar at both sites (38 mmol tree(-1) year(-1); Horn et al. 1989), the ratio between annual gaseous uptake of SO(2) and transport of S in the xylem was 1:4 and 1:5 at the healthy and declining sites, respectively.     

A new acylated quercetin glycoside and other secondary metabolites from Helleborus foetidus

A new acylated flavonol glycoside, quercetin 3-O-(2-trans-caffeoyl)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), together with the known 25R,26-[(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-22alpha-hydroxy-5beta-furostan-3-beta-yl O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), anemonin (3), beta-D-glucosyl-p-hydroxyphenylethyl alcohol (4), and 1-beta-O-caffeoyl-D-glucose (5) were isolated from Helleborus foetidus leaves and identified on the basis of detailed spectral analysis.     

Growth and nutrition of small Betula pendula plants at different relative addition rates of manganese

In a series of experiments, growth of small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth) was controlled by the relative addition rate of manganese, R(Mn) (day(-1)). The R(Mn) treatments were 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 day(-1) with free access to all other nutrients. In an additional treatment, FA, there was free access to all nutrients including Mn. The pH of the nutrient solution ranged between 3.9 and 4.1, and the conductivity was between 100 and 200 micro S cm(-1). After an adjustment phase to steady-state growth, there was a one-to-one relationship between the relative growth rate, R(G) (day(-1)), and the supply of manganese, R(Mn) (day(-1)). The Mn concentration of the plants ranged from 6 to 13 micro g g(DW) (-1) in all treatments with limiting R(Mn) and was approximately 200 micro g g(DW) (-1) in the FA treatment. At steady-state growth, the plants showed specific Mn deficiency symptoms, including leaf mortality, that were more pronounced at severe Mn limitation. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations were low, less than 7.5% of dry weight at Mn limitation, and the fraction of plant dry matter partitioned to roots was much less at Mn limitation than has previously been reported for equivalent rates of N or P supply. Manganese uptake rate per unit root growth rate, dMn/dW(r) ( micro mol g(DW) (-1)) was unaffected by the supply of Mn. At Mn limitation, low rates of plant growth were associated with high values of specific leaf area (37 versus 36 m(2) kg(DW) (-1)), and lower values of leaf weight ratio (40 versus 61%) and net assimilation rate (3 versus 10 kg(DW) (-1) m(-2) day(-1)) than were found at higher R(Mn).     

马占相思扦插快繁育苗技术研究

通过双因素试验设计研究了3种不同木质化程度插穗(A)、4种不同浓度生根促进剂ABT-1#(B)和不同扦插基质(C)对马占相思扦插生根率、生根数及根长的影响差异,结果表明:未木质化的嫩枝(A1)+生根促进剂ABT-1#400 mg.kg-1(B2)生根率高、生根数多及生根长,生根率最高达83.3%;不同基质扦插中以未木质化的嫩枝(A1)+生根促进剂ABT-1#400 mg.kg-1(B2)+80%红心土和20%珍珠岩混合基质最佳。