Increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase after an increase in cyclic AMP in intact smooth muscle

The role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase in relaxing smooth muscle was examined. The kinase was immunoprecipitated from tissue extracts and the phosphate content was determined. The addition of forskolin to resting or methacholine-contracted muscles resulted in an increase in myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase is one of the reactions in the process by which cyclic adenosine monophosphate causes relaxation of smooth muscle.     

Multiple phosphorylation sites confer reproducibility of the rod's single-photon responses

Although signals controlled by single molecules are expected to be inherently variable, rod photoreceptors generate reproducible responses to single absorbed photons. We show that this unexpected reproducibility-the consistency of amplitude and duration of rhodopsin activity-varies in a graded and systematic manner with the number but not the identity of phosphorylation sites on rhodopsin's C terminus. These results indicate that each phosphorylation site provides an independent step in rhodopsin deactivation and that collectively these steps tightly control rhodopsin's active lifetime. Other G protein cascades may exploit a similar mechanism to encode accurately the timing and number of receptor activation.     

Phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins in three ovine muscles during postmortem ageing

This study aimed to examine changes in phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins from longissimus lumborum, semitendinosus, and psoas major muscles during postmortem ageing for 5 d. These sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins were separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with phosphorous and protein specific stains. Myofibril fragmentation index, pH, the content of lactic acid and the relative activity of μ-calpain in three ovine muscles were measured. These results showed that the relative phosphorylation level of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins of psoas major muscle were lower compared with longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus muscles (P<0.05). The pH of psoas major muscle was the lowest at 0.5 h postmortem, and the highest after 12 h postmortem (P<0.05). In addition, the relative activity of μ-calpain was higher within 5 d postmortem and myofibril fragmentation index was higher after 1 d postmortem in psoas major muscle than those of longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus muscles (P<0.05). The sarcoplasmic protein phosphorylation may regulate the rate of pH decline to influence the μ-calpain activity and then proteolysis of proteins consequently. This study gives a new perspective of the mechanism of postmortem meat tenderization.     

肉食家畜不同部位肌肉组分及其系水力的比较性研究

本试验选用猪、牛和羊的躯干肌肉腰大肌及背最长肌和面部肌肉咬肌为样品,进行肌浆蛋白的电泳分析,测定了系水力、羟脯氨酸、肌红蛋白、脂肪、水分和氮的含量。结果表明:不同部位肌肉组分和系水力差异明显,咬肌肌浆蛋白电泳带与腰大肌和背最长肌差异显著,前者的系水力亦远高于后两者(P<0.01)。咬肌还具有肌红蛋白含量高(猪和牛P<0.01;羊P<0.05),羟脯氨酸、水分含量多(P<0.01)的特征,作者认为肌肉肌浆蛋白与其系水力关系密切,咬肌主要是由红肌纤维组成,此类肌肉具有较好的保水性能。     

Divalent cations directly affect the conductance of excised patches of rod photoreceptor membrane

Phototransduction in rod cells is likely to involve an intracellular messenger system that links the absorption of light by rhodopsin to a change in membrane conductance. The direct effect of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) on excised patches of rod outer segment membrane strongly supports a role for cGMP as an intracellular messenger in phototransduction. It is reported here that magnesium and calcium directly affect the conductance of excised patches of rod membrane in the absence of cGMP and that magnesium, applied to intact rod cells, blocks a component of the cellular light response. The divalent cation-suppressed conductance in excised patches showed outward rectification and cation-selective permeability resembling those of the light-suppressed conductance measured from the intact rod cell. The divalent cation-suppressed conductance was partly blocked by a concentration of the pharmacological agent L-cis-diltiazem that blocked all of the cGMP-activated conductance. Divalent cations may act, together with cGMP, as an intracellular messenger system that mediates the light response of the rod photoreceptor cell.     

Thermoregulation in endothermic insects

On the basis of body weight, most flying insects have higher rates of metabolism, and hence heat production, than other animals. However, rapid rates of cooling because of small body size in most cases precludes appreciable endothermy. The body temperature of small flies in flight is probably close to ambient temperature, and that of flying butterflies and locusts is 5 degrees to 10 degrees C above ambient temperature. Many moths and bumblebees are insulated with scales and hair, and their metabolism during flight can cause the temperature of the flight muscles to increase 20 degrees to 30 degrees C above ambient temperature. Curiously, those insects which (because of size, insulation) retain the most heat in the thorax during flight, also require the highest muscle temperature in order to maintain sufficient power output to continue flight. The minimum muscle temperature for flight varies widely between different species, while the maximum temperature varies over the relatively narrow range of 40 degrees to 45 degrees C. As a consequence, those insects that necessarily generate high muscle temperatures during flight must maintain their thoracic temperature within a relatively narrow range during flight. Active heat loss from the thorax to the abdomen prevents overheating of the flight motor and allows some large moths to be active over a wide range of ambient temperatures. Bumblebees similarly transfer heat from the flight musculature into the abdomen while incubating their brood by abdominal contact. Many of the larger insects would remain grounded if they did not actively increase the temperature of their flight muscles prior to flight. Male tettigoniid grasshoppers elevate their thoracic temperature prior to singing. In addition, some of the social Hymenoptera activate the "flight" muscles specifically to produce heat not only prior to flight but also during nest temperature regulation. During this "shivering" the "flight" muscles are often activated in patterns different from those during flight. The muscles contract primarily against each other rather than on the wings. However, the rate of heat production during shivering and flight is primarily a function of the action potential frequency rather than of the patterns of activation. Thermoregulation is a key factor in the energetics of foraging of some of the flower-visiting insects. The higher their muscle temperature the more flowers they can visit per unit time. When food supplies are ample, bees may invest relatively large amounts of energy for thermoregulation. While shivering to maintain high body temperatures during the short intervals they are perched on flowers (as well as while in the nest), bumblebees often expend energy at rates similar to the rates of energy expenditure in flight. Unlike vertebrates, which usually regulate their body temperature at specific set points, the body temperature of insects is labile. It often appears to be maintained near the lower temperature at which the muscles are able to perform the function at hand. The insects' thermal adaptations may not differ as much from those of vertebrates as previously supposed when size, anatomy, and energy requirements are taken into account.     

Identification of specific transducin alpha subunits in retinal rod and cone photoreceptors

Transducin is a guanyl nucleotide-binding protein that couples rhodopsin photolysis to hydrolysis of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in rod photoreceptor cells of vertebrate retinas. Several complementary DNA clones encoding transducin subunits have recently been characterized. One clone, isolated from a bovine retina complementary DNA library, encodes a previously unidentified polypeptide with an amino acid sequence 78% identical to the sequence of the alpha subunit of bovine rod outer segment transducin. Antibodies to a synthetic peptide with amino acid sequence derived specifically from this novel polypeptide recognize a 41-kilodalton polypeptide in homogenates of bovine retina. Localization of this polypeptide in bovine retina by indirect immunofluorescence demonstrates that it is expressed only in cone outer segments. Antibodies to specific sequences found only in the rod transducin alpha subunit recognize a polypeptide localized only in the rod outer segment. Therefore, bovine rod and cone cells each express structurally related yet significantly different forms of transducin.     

月季花瓣丝氨酸蛋白酶基因RhSep1的克隆及生物信息学分析

利用RT-PCR技术,从切花月季品种"Samantha"中克隆丝氨酸蛋白酶基因RhSep1。利用生物信息学技术对所得到的丝氨酸蛋白酶RhSep1序列进行结构与功能预测。结果表明:RhSep1基因全长2 442 bp,开放阅读框编码769个氨基酸,推定该丝氨酸蛋白酶分子质量为80.48 kD。通过NCBI和MEROPS肽酶数据库等对Rh-Sep1进行Protein Blast,发现RhSep1具有肽酶S8₃家族SA的典型结构域Petidase_S8₃（序列为Tyr-108-Leu-341）和PA_subtilisin_like的结构域（序列为Tyr-348-Ile-474）。预测RhSep1可能具有信号肽、明显疏水区和典型跨膜区,同时RhSep1氨基酸序列中存在较多蛋白激酶C和酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点、豆蔻酰化位点。这些活性位点往往与蛋白的磷酸化、G蛋白相互作用等信号转导事件有关,RhSep1可能存在复杂的蛋白水平调控机制。     

一种斜支杆的图解和计算

在农机设计制图中,常遇见一些斜支杆。它是用一根直的钢料折成三段,两端起连接作用,中段起支撑作用。在装配图中,由于它的位置是处于倾斜的,它的形状和位置难以确定。本文用图解和计算相结合的方法,讨论了当杆料长向和某一端的折痕垂直时,确定该杆的形状和位置。这种作图方法简便、可靠,易于满足设计要求。     

Adaptation in retinal rods of axolotl: intracellular recordings

Intracellular recordings of the late receptor potential from rods of isolated axolotl retinas revealed the existence of a dark adaptation mechanism that is independent of rod pigment regeneration. Response amplitude of individual rods was measured as a function of intensity both before and at various times after exposure to bleaching illumination. The rod sensitivity increased by at least 3 to 4 log units during a period of 15 to 25 minutes following the bleach. During this time rod pigment regeneration was either too small to be measured or was nonexistent in our preparation.     

螺杆式注射机螺杆强度的精确计算方法

针对螺杆式注射机螺杆设计存在的问题,根据注射机螺杆的工况、结构及受力与失效情况,提出了按疲劳强度理论进行螺杆强度精确计算的方法.实例计算表明,该方法能使螺杆的强度计算与实际符合.     

Disk-to-Disk Transfer as the Rate-Limiting Step for Energy Flow in Phycobilisomes

A broadly tunable picosecond laser source and an ultrafast streak camera were used to measure temporally and spectrally resolved emission from intact phycobilisomes and from individual phycobiliproteins as a function of excitation wavelength. Both wild-type and mutant phycobilisomes of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6701 were examined, as well as two biliproteins, R-phycoerythrin (240 kilodaltons, 34 bilins) and allophycocyanin (100 kilodaltons, 6 bilins). Measurements of intact phycobilisomes with known structural differences showed that the addition of an average of 1.6 phycoerythrin disks in the phycobilisome rod increased the overall energy transfer time by 30 +/- 5 picoseconds. In the isolated phycobiliproteins the onset of emission was as prompt as that of a solution of rhodamine B laser dye and was independent of excitation wavelength. This imposes an upper limit of 8 picoseconds (instrument-limited) on the transfer time from "sensitizing" to "fluorescing" chromophores in these biliproteins. These results indicate that disk-to-disk transfer is the slowest energy transfer process in phycobilisomes and, in combination with previous structural analyses, show that with respect to energy transfer the lattice of approximately 625 light-harvesting chromophores in the Synechocystis 6701 wild-type phycobilisome functions as a linear five-point array.     

单平行多杆式油菜钵苗移栽机构的设计及优化试验

为了解决黏重土壤油菜移栽时易出现钵体入土困难、栽植速度缓慢的问题,设计了单平行多杆式油菜钵苗推苗式移栽机构.该机构由曲柄摇杆机构和平行四杆机构组合而成.平行四杆机构上端短杆固定,长杆通过连杆与曲柄连接,并随曲柄的转动前后摆动,在开沟装置完成开沟后,从水平方向上将油菜钵苗进行推苗移栽.在曲柄长度为20 mm,转速为90 ...     

基于有限元法的农用车辆发动机连杆动静态态特性分析

连杆是农业车辆发动机的重要组成部分,由于农业车辆作业强度大,连杆作业过程中其结构、位移及应力变化严重影响作业性能。针对以上问题,本文以某厂生产的内燃机连杆为研究对象,利用三维建模软件NX10.0建立连杆组模型。采用有限元法对连杆杆身,大头轴瓦,小头衬套进行受力分析。研究表明:连杆受拉伸载荷时最大应力为199Mpa,受压缩载荷时最大应力为230Mpa,且在杆身两侧会发生翘曲变形,最大变形量为0.03mm。对连杆在自由模态和预应力模态下进行了动态特性分析,在设置了相同的接触条件和约束条件下,得到自由模态下前10阶的振型和预应力下前6阶的振型,发现变形总是在大、小头处,杆身与两端的过渡处,杆身的中间部位。本文研究结果为指导连杆组及发动机设计提供理论依据。     

Phagocytosis of light- and dark-adapted rod outer segments by cultured pigment epithelium

Pigment epithelial cells in culture retain their ability to phagocytize rod outer segments. These cells phagocytize rod outer segments isolated from light-adapted rats, or from dark-adapted rats killed after the time at which the lights would normally be turned on. However, they phagocytize for fewer rod outer segments prepared in the dark from the retinas of rats killed before the onset of the normal light cycle. Phagocytosis of dark rod outer segments is variable, but that of light outer segments is reproducible. It is postulated that the effect of light is to synchronize the chemical events that occur at the surface of the rods to prepare them for phagocytosis. These processes also occur in the dark, but more slowly and irregularly than in the light.     

黑木耳新品种F-1号区域试验简报

黑木耳F-1号是由吉林省农作物新品种审定委员会于2008年审定的高产优质黑木耳(Auricularia auricula)新品种,2009年对F-1号进行新一轮的区域试验,结果表明,利用周转棒封口,提高了生产效率,降低了菌袋的污染率,提高了菌袋的成品率,污染率降至2%以下。F-1号干耳平均产量为467.60kg/万袋,比对照品种丰收2号增产14.86%,适合春秋栽培。     

Operant conditioning of specific patterns of neural and muscular activity

In awake monkeys we recorded activity of single "motor" cortex cells, four contralateral arm muscles, and elbow position, while operantly reinforcing several patterns of motor activity. With the monkey's arm held semiprone in a cast hinged at the elbow, we reinforced active elbow movements and tested cell responses to passive elbow movements. With the cast immobilized we reinforced isometric contraction of each of the four muscles in isolation, and bursts of cortical cell activity with and without simultaneous suppression of muscle activity. Correlations between a precentral cell and specific arm muscles consistently appeared under several behavioral conditions, but could be dissociated by reinforcing cell activity and muscle suppression.     

Reconstitution and phosphorylation of chloride channels from airway epithelium membranes

Airway epithelial chloride secretion is controlled by the apical-membrane chloride permeability. Purified apical-membrane vesicles from bovine tracheal epithelium have now been shown to contain functional chloride channels by using the planar-bilayer technique. Three types of chloride channels were observed; a voltage-dependent, calcium-independent, 71-picoSiemen (in 150 mM NaCl) channel accounted for more than 80 percent of the vesicular chloride conductance and was under strict control of phosphorylation. The channel underwent a fast rundown in less than 2 to 3 minutes of recording, and reactivation required in situ exposure to a phosphorylating "cocktail" containing the catalytic subunit of the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. Mean open time and open probability were increased after phosphorylation, whereas slope conductance remained unchanged. Thus, metabolic control of tracheal chloride single channels can now be studied in vitro.     

湖湘岳阳张氏正骨流派源流及学术思想简析

湖湘岳阳张氏正骨是一个理论体系完整、学术内涵和诊疗经验丰富的中医骨伤科学术流派。岳阳张氏正骨第四代传人黄会保先生将岳阳张氏正骨前人的学术思想和宝贵经验,归纳总结为以“和”为核心,强调“去瘀生新,气血相和”“筋骨并重、内外调和”“正骨理筋,君臣相和”,以气血学说为立论依据,强调内外兼治,筋骨并重,并独创君臣佐使的正骨理筋手法使用原则,构建了岳阳张氏正骨独特的湖湘中医学术体系。