The effects of irrigation methods with effluent and irrigation scheduling on water use efficiency and corn yields in an arid region

A great challenge for the agricultural sector is to produce more food from less water, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions which suffer from water scarcity. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation methods, using effluent versus fresh water, on water savings, yields and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). The irrigation scheduling was based on soil moisture and rooting depth monitoring. The experimental design was a split plot with three main treatments, namely subsurface drip (SSD), surface drip (SD) and furrow irrigation (FI) and two sub-treatments effluent and fresh water, which were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted at the Marvdasht city (Southern Iran) wastewater treatment plant during 2005 and 2006. The experimental results indicated that the average water applied in the irrigation treatments with monitoring was much less than that using the conventional irrigation method (using furrows but based on a constant irrigation interval, without moisture monitoring). The maximum water saving was obtained using SSD with 5907 m³ ha⁻¹ water applied, and the minimum water saving was obtained using FI with 6822 m³ ha⁻¹. The predicted irrigation water requirements using the Penman-Monteith equation (considering 85% irrigation efficiency for the FI method) was 10,743 m³ ha⁻¹. The pressure irrigation systems (SSD and SD) led to a greater yield compared to the surface method (FI). The highest yield (12.11 × 10³ kg ha⁻¹) was obtained with SSD and the lowest was obtained with the FI method (9.75 × 10³ kg ha⁻¹). The irrigation methods indicated a highly significant difference in irrigation water use efficiency. The maximum IWUE was obtained with the SSD (2.12 kg m⁻³) and the minimum was obtained with the FI method (1.43 kg m⁻³). Irrigation with effluent led to a greater IWUE compared to fresh water, but the difference was not statistically significant.     

灌水量对烤烟产量和水分利用效率的影响

灌水时期不当或灌水量过大会降低烟叶的产量,同时造成水分的浪费,探究烟草适宜的灌水量至关重要。在蒸渗仪中开展试验,研究了不同灌水量对土壤水分、烤烟的水分利用效率和产量的影响。结果表明：烤烟 K326各处理不同土层含水率变化规律比较一致,（0,10]cm 土层含水率受气温、日照等气候因素较大;（10,20]cm 土壤含水率变化较剧烈;（20,60]cm 土壤含水率在整个生育期变化比较平缓,尤其在成熟后期各处理均出现不同程度的回升趋势,结合烤烟成熟期生理活动减弱、需水量减少,说明成熟期采取较小的灌水量比较适宜。成熟期烤烟的干物质产量在一定范围内随灌水量的增大而增加,如果继续加大灌水量将出现“报酬递减”现象。结合烟叶产量、烟株长势、耗水量和水分利用效率的结果,表明2700～3000 m3／hm2可以作为烤烟K326适宜的灌水量。在烤烟生产中,应均衡协调产量、水分利用效率与耗水量之间的关系,在高产前提下,适当减少灌水量,可达到既高产又节水的协调统一。     

Effects of arrangement of surge-rootirrigation emitters on growth,yield andwater use efficiency of apple trees

Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment. The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards. There were three factors: the buried depth H( 25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L( 30,40,60 cm) between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N( 1,2,4). The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency( IWUE) of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75% of the field water capacity. The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28 388. 17 kg/hm2 and 16. 83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively. At the same L and N levels( T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22% and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02% and 18.12% compared with T3,respectively. At the same H and N levels( T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level. Especially,when L was 30 cm( T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest. The same L and H levels( T3,T6,and T7) could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2( T3). Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%. Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.     

Effect of timing of first and last irrigation on the yield and water use efficiency in cotton

With increasing concern about declining water resources, there is increasing thrust in improving water management in farming systems to improve water use efficiency. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the optimum timing for the first and last irrigation of cotton on the basis of meteorological approach for scheduling irrigations. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three timings of first irrigation as main-plots and three timing of last irrigation as sub-plots. Delay of first irrigation from 28 days after sowing (DAS) to 42 DAS, irrespective of last irrigation, resulted in an increase of 8, 14 and 17% in seed cotton yield during first, second and third year, respectively. The corresponding increases due to delay in the last irrigation from 130 to 170 DAS were 14, 32 and 8%, respectively. On the basis of 3 years average, application of first and last irrigation at optimum time (after 42 and 170 days after sowing) resulted in an increase of 36% in seed cotton yield without involving any additional cost. Water expense efficiency (WEE) increased by 54%.     

水肥耦合对温室番茄产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响

为指导日光温室番茄高产节水优质的灌溉施肥,以番茄为研究对象,设置3种施肥方式(总施肥量相同,施肥时间不同,其中F₁:不施底肥,番茄移栽后随水追施总肥量的30%,剩余70%平分6次追肥,F₂:底肥施1/2,剩余平分6次追肥,F₃:全施底肥不追肥)和3种土壤水势的灌水下限(W₁:-30 kPa,W₂:-50 kPa,W₃:-70 kPa),研究滴灌条件下水肥耦合对番茄耗水量、产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响.结果表明:施肥方式对番茄的耗水量差异不具有统计学意义,而灌水下限对耗水量有极显著性影响,且耗水量与灌水量呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);与产量最大处理F₂W₁相比,F₂W₂处理产量降低6.91%,但节水14.83%,水分利用效率提高8.51%;TTS质量分数与平均单果重呈极显著负相关,而与除糖酸比外其他影响品质指标呈显著性正相关关系;综合考虑产量、WUE及TTS质量分数,利用TOPSIS综合评价方法,确定了温室滴灌条件下番茄节水调质的最优灌溉施肥模式为:移栽前施入底肥为总肥量的50%,移栽后灌水20 mm,进入开花坐果期以后,20 cm土层的土壤水势控制在-50 kPa以上,每次灌水定额为10 mm,剩余肥料每隔1次灌水追肥1次,将剩余50%的肥料分6次追肥.研究成果为制定日光温室番茄节水高产优质的灌溉模式提供了理论依据.     

Influence of single and multiple water application timings on yield and water use efficiency in tomato (var. First power)

A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Japan International Research Center for Agriculture Science (JIRCAS), Okinawa Subtropical Station, Ishigaki, Japan with three multiple water application and two single water applications to study the effects of them on tomato yield, soil water content and water use efficiency. Multiple water application is a technique use to add the required amount of water during irrigation in multiple equal parts a day instead of one complete set (single water application) during the irrigation event. The multiple water application treatments were the day time (DT), day-night time (DNT) and night time (NT) while the single water application treatments were morning time (MT) and evening time (ET). In multiple water irrigation treatments the water was added to the soil into three equal parts. The supplied irrigation water was the same for all treatments and gradually increased with plant age to cover the crop water requirement during the growing season.The results revealed that multiple water application increased tomato yield by 5% over the highest yield of single water application. The DT treatment increased tomato yield by 5% and 15% compared to ET and MT treatments, respectively. For multiple water application, the DT was the best irrigation timing because it increases the tomato yield by 8% and 12% compared to DNT and NT, respectively. ET irrigation was better than MT irrigation for single water application. Multiple water application led to an increased in soil water content compared to single water application. By applying the same amount of water for all treatments, the DT treatment increased water use efficiency by 5-15% compared to ET and MT treatments of single water application. In conclusion, multiple water application is better than single water application and by choosing the proper irrigation timing, higher tomato yield resulting from efficient water management can be obtained.     

Different drip irrigation regimes affect cotton yield, water use efficiency and fiber quality in western Turkey

Decreasing in water availability for cotton production has forced researchers to focus on increasing water use efficiency by improving either new drought-tolerant cotton varieties or water management. A field trial was conducted to observe the effects of different drip irrigation regimes on water use efficiencies (WUE) and fiber quality parameters produced from N-84 cotton variety in the Aegean region of Turkey during 2004 and 2005. Treatments were designated as full irrigation (T₁₀₀, which received 100% of the soil water depletion) and those that received 75, 50 and 25% of the amount received by treatment T₁₀₀ on the same day (treatments T₇₅; T₅₀ and T₂₅, respectively). The average seasonal water use values ranged from 265 to 753 mm and the average seed cotton yield varied from 2550 to 5760 kg ha⁻¹. Largest average cotton yield was obtained from the full irrigation treatment (T₁₀₀). WUE ranged from 0.77 kg m⁻³ in the T₁₀₀ to 0.98 kg m⁻³ in the T₂₅ in 2004 growing season and ranged from 0.76 kg m⁻³ in the T₁₀₀ to 0.94 kg m⁻³ in the T₂₅ in 2005 growing season. The largest irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was observed in the T₂₅ (1.46 kg m⁻³), and the smallest IWUE was in the T₁₀₀ treatment (0.81 kg m⁻³) in the experimental years. A yield response factor (k_y) value of 0.78 was determined based on averages of two years. Leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter yields (DM) increased with increasing water use for treatments. Fiber qualities were influenced by drip irrigation levels in both years. The results revealed that well-irrigated treatments (T₁₀₀) could be used for the semi-arid climatic conditions under no water shortage. Moreover, the results also demonstrated that irrigation of cotton with drip irrigation method at 75% level (T₇₅) had significant benefits in terms of saved irrigation water and large WUE indicating a definitive advantage of deficit irrigation under limited water supply conditions. In an economic viewpoint, 25.0% saving in irrigation water (T₇₅) resulted in 34.0% reduction in the net income. However, the net income of the T₁₀₀ treatment is found to be reasonable in areas with no water shortage.     

不同水量交替灌溉对木薯产量和水分利用的影响

为探讨作物旱后复水的补偿效应,采用不同水量交替灌溉方式研究木薯的生长、产量及水分利用效率的变化规律,设计了5种水分处理模式,分别为3种常规灌水处理(T1,T2和T3处理的灌水定额分别为10,20,30 mm)和2种交替灌水处理(T4处理:即对灌水定额10和20 mm进行轮回交替;T5处理:即对灌水定额10和30 mm进行轮回交替).结果表明:与T2处理相比,T5处理的总叶面积、总干物质质量、产量和水分利用效率分别显著增加31.1%,20.3%,64.6%和114.0%.与T3处理相比,T5处理节水33.3%,其总干物质质量下降较小,而根系干物质质量、水分利用效率和产量分别显著增加11.2%,119.0%和13.3%.因此,T5处理是有利于木薯产量和水分利用效率提高的最佳灌溉模式.     

Effect of soil matric potential on tomato yield and water use under drip irrigation condition

Field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of soil matric potential (SMP) on tomato yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under drip irrigation condition in North China Plain. The experiment included five treatments, which controlled SMP at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter higher than −10 (S1), −20 (S2), −30 (S3), −40 (S4) and −50 kPa (S5), respectively, after tomato plant establishment. The results showed that different SMP affected irrigation amount and tomato ET. Irrigation amount decreased from 185 mm (S1) to 83.6 mm (S5) in 2004, and from 165 mm (S1) to 109 mm (S5) in 2005, respectively. The ET decreased from 270 mm (S1) to 202 mm (S5) in both years. However, it was found that SMP did not affect the tomato yield significantly, for the range of SMP investigated. Both WUE and IWUE increased as SMP decreased. The maximum WUE (253 and 217 kg/ha mm) and IWUE (620 and 406 kg/ha mm) were for S5 in 2 years, whereas the minimum WUE (178 and 155 kg/ha mm) and IWUE 261 and 259 kg/ha mm) were for S1 in 2004 and 2005. Based on the above results, therefore, it is recommended that if the tomatoes are well irrigated (SMP is higher than −20 kPa) during establishment, controlling SMP higher than −50 kPa at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter can be used as an indicator for drip irrigation scheduling during following period of tomato growth in North China Plain.     

灌水量及灌水频率对玉米生长和水分利用的影响

利用遮雨棚蒸渗桶栽试验,研究灌水量和灌水频率对夏玉米生长、产量和水分利用的影响.试验以“郑单958”为研究材料,设置3个灌水量水平W1(120%ETc),W2(100%ETc)和W3(80%ETc)和3个灌水频率D1(3 d),D2(6 d)和D3(9 d)共9个处理,在生育期内对桶栽玉米的各项生长指标进行观测,分析不同处理对玉米的影响.结果表明:玉米的株高、叶面积、干物质量和产量随着灌水量的增大,均呈现出增加趋势;随着灌水频率的增大,均呈现出下降趋势.显著性分析表明,灌水量对夏玉米生长特性和产量的影响程度大于灌水频率.单株玉米产量在W₁D3处理下达到最大值,在W₃D1处理下玉米产量最小,差异具有统计学意义.水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率则随灌水量的增大呈现先增大后减小趋势,且随灌水频率的增加逐渐降低.W₂D3处理的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用率最高,分别为1.83和1.61 kg/m3.基于各处理水分利用效率和产量变化,W₁D3(120%ETc,9 d)可作为基于试验条件下较适宜的灌水技术.     

控制灌溉条件下增氧对超级稻根系生长及水分利用效率的影响

以超级稻“陵两优268”为试验材料,采用控制灌溉与增氧灌溉技术相结合,设置4组处理,分别为机械控制灌溉增氧(JX)、超微泡控制灌溉增氧(WP)、控制灌溉(CK)、淹水灌溉(YS),研究控制灌溉条件下增氧对水稻根系生长特征及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:控制灌溉条件下增氧与淹水灌溉条件相比,有效节约用水最大达15.3%,有利于促进根系生长,增大了水稻的根部干物质质量,降低了水稻的茎叶干物质质量;提高了水稻根体积、根粗及干物质的质量,能显著增强水稻的根系活力,延缓水稻根系的衰老;产量上,控制灌溉增氧处理基本与淹灌处理接近,但结实率、千粒重、水分利用效率都优于淹灌处理.     

Deficit irrigation in maize for reducing agricultural water use in a Mediterranean environment

Research on crop response to deficit irrigation is important to reduce agricultural water use in areas where water is a limited resource. Two field experiments were conducted on a loam soil in northeast Spain to characterize the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to deficit irrigation under surface irrigation. The growing season was divided into three phases: vegetative, flowering and grain filling. The irrigation treatments consisted of all possible combinations of full irrigation or limited irrigation in the three phases. Limited irrigation was applied by increasing the interval between irrigations. Soil water status, crop growth, above-ground biomass, yield and its components were measured. Results showed that flowering was the most sensitive stage to water deficit, with reductions in biomass, yield and harvest index. Average grain yield of treatments with deficit irrigation around flowering (691 g m⁻²) was significantly lower than that of the well-irrigated treatments (1069 g m⁽²). Yield reduction was mainly due to a lower number of grains per square metre. Deficit irrigation or higher interval between irrigations during the grain filling phase did not significantly affect crop growth and yield. It was possible to maintain relatively high yields in maize if small water deficits caused by increasing the interval between irrigations were limited to periods other than the flowering stage. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was higher in treatments fully irrigated around flowering.     

Effects of deficit irrigation on the yield and yield components of drip irrigated cotton in a mediterranean environment

A field study on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., cv.) was carried out from 2005 to 2008 in the Çukurova Region, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey. Treatments were designated as I₁₀₀ full irrigation; DI₇₀, DI₅₀ and DI₀₀ which received 70, 50, and 0% of the irrigation water amount applied in the I₁₀₀ treatment. The irrigation water amount to be applied to the plots was calculated using cumulative pan evaporation that occurred during the irrigation intervals. The effect of water deficit or water stress on crop yield and some plant growth parameters such as yield response, water use efficiencies, dry matter yield (DM), leaf area index (LAI) as well as on lint quality components was evaluated. The average seasonal evapotranspiration ranged from 287 ± 15 (DI₀₀) to 584 ± 80 mm (I₁₀₀). Deficit irrigation significantly affected crop yield and all yield components considered in this study. The average seed cotton yield varied from 1369 ± 197 (DI₀₀) to 3397 ± 508 kg ha⁻¹ (I₁₀₀). The average water use efficiency (WUE_ET) ranged from 6.0 ± 1.6 (I₁₀₀) to 4.8 ± 0.9 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ (DI₀₀), while average irrigation water use efficiency (WUE_I) was between 9.4 ± 3.0 (I₁₀₀) and 14.4 ± 4.8 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ (DI₅₀). Deficit irrigation increased the harvest index (HI) values from 0.26 ± 0.054 (I₁₀₀) to 0.32 ± 0.052 kg kg⁻¹ (DI₅₀). Yield response factor (Ky) was determined to be 0.98 based on four-year average. Leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter yields (DM) increased with increasing water use. This study demonstrated that the full irrigated treatment (I₁₀₀) should be used for semiarid conditions with no water shortage. However, DI₇₀ treatment needs to be considered as a viable alternative for the development of reduced irrigation strategies in semiarid regions where irrigation water supplies are limited.     

不同灌溉制度对制种玉米产量和阶段耗水量的影响

通过田间试验研究了相同灌水定额(900 m³/hm²)条件下,不同灌水次数(0,2,3,4次)对制种玉米生育期土壤水分分布特征、耗水规律以及产量影响.结果表明,不同灌溉制度主要影响作物拔节后0~100 cm土壤水分分布.相同灌溉定额条件下,灌水时间影响制种玉米的穗行数、行粒数产量特征值.各处理耗水强度均呈“低、高、低”的变化趋势,峰值主要出现在制种玉米抽雄期-灌浆期.制种玉米各生育阶段对缺水的敏感程度由大到小依次为灌浆期、拔节期、苗期、乳熟期、抽雄期.在西北干旱半干旱地区,制种玉米苗期-拔节期、拔节期-抽雄期、抽雄期-灌浆期进行3次灌水,灌水定额为900 m³/hm²,灌溉定额为2 700 m³/hm²的灌溉制度具有明显的经济产量效益和节水效益.     

控制灌溉增氧对超级稻生理生化特性及水分利用效率的影响

为了提升超级稻灌溉用水的利用效率,采用控制灌溉技术与增氧灌溉技术相结合的灌溉方式进行试验.以超级稻“陵两优268”为研究对象,设置4组处理:控制灌溉机械增氧(JX)、控制灌溉超微泡增氧(WP)、控制灌溉(CK)、淹水灌溉(YS),探究控制灌溉条件下增氧对超级稻返青期后的各生育期生理生化特性指标及产量的影响.试验表明,叶片叶绿素含量,在水稻分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期差异并不明显,但乳熟期最大提升了38.2%.净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度均有显著提升,其中在抽穗开花期,早稻分别提升了44.9%,18.5%,25.0%;晚稻分别提升了14.3%,11.5%,22.2%.根系活力,在抽穗开花期,对比YS组最大提升了44.6%,对比CK组最大提升了11.5%.同时,对土壤氧化还原电位进行定期监测,得知控制灌溉条件下增氧处理后,其各时期基本均处于氧化态,而淹水灌溉下基本处于还原态.在全生育期耗水量上,控制灌溉条件下3组处理的节水效率显著提高,控制灌溉增氧条件下全生育期最大有效节水达18.5%.     

交替隔沟灌溉对温室黄瓜生长及水分利用效率的影响

日光温室黄瓜生产中一直存在灌水量大,水分浪费严重等现象,针对这一问题,该试验以津育5号黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L）为试材,就交替隔沟灌溉和交替隔沟亏缺灌溉对日光温室黄瓜生长、灌溉水去向、水分利用效率和节水效果等的影响进行了研究。结果表明,交替隔沟灌溉减少了土壤水分的深层渗漏、土壤表面水分蒸发,植株蒸腾速率也略有下降,而植株光合作用没有受到明显影响,使同化产物有利于向果实分配,产量与对照持平,果实商品性和营养品质也有所提高。交替隔沟灌溉可节水37%～48%,作物水分利用效率提高47%～82%。此法简便易行,控漏减蒸效果明显,节水显著,在目前日光温室生产条件下极具推广应用价值。     

Field water supply:yield relationships of grain sorghum grown in three USA Southern Great Plains soils

Field water supply (FWS) combines the three sources of water used by a crop for evapotranspiration (ET), and consists of available soil water at planting (ASWP), rainfall, and irrigation. Examining the grain yield and FWS relationship (Y_g:FWS) may provide insight into the reported variability in crop water production functions such as water productivity (WP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP). Since water is most productive when entirely consumed in ET, diversion of FWS into non-ET losses such as drainage and excessive soil water evaporation results in declines in WP and IWP. The objective of this experiment was to examine the Y_g:FWS and Y_g:ET relationships of grain sorghum grown under a range of irrigation treatments (0, 25, 50, and 100% replacement of ET), beginning soil water contents, evaporative demands, in the Amarillo, Pullman, and Ulysses soils of the Great Plains. The purpose was to determine the amount of FWS beyond which declines in WP and IWP began to occur due to non-ET losses as indicated by a change in the slope and intercept of the Y_g:FWS and Y_g:ET relationships. Large amounts of non-ET irrigation application losses occurred in the finer-textured soils in the T-100 irrigation treatment. In both years, the T-100 irrigation application amounts and ASWP resulted in a FWS ranging from 750 to 870 mm which exceeded the maximum ET requirement of 530-630 mm and which reduced WP and IWP. Piecewise regression analysis of the Y_g:FWS and Y_g:ET relationships for the crops in the Pullman and Ulysses soils identified the knot point, or change in slope and intercept, in the FWS where both WP and IWP tended to be optimized. This was about 500 mm in both soils, and involved the utilization of about 250 mm in ASWP, irrigation applications averaging about 250 mm, and about 60-130 mm remaining in the soil at harvest. For the coarser-textured Amarillo soil, the yield response to increasing FWS was linear, because non-ET application losses such as drainage gradually increased with the irrigation application amount. The linear Y_g response in the sandy Amarillo soil and the piecewise Y_g responses in the clay and silt loams of the Pullman and Ulysses soils to FWS also reflected the difference in water-holding capacities of the soils that affected the amount of available water as irrigation increased. Irrigating without considering FWS resulted in non-ET irrigation application losses and declines in WP and IWP.     

灌水模式及下限对滴灌棉花产量和品质的影响

为探索滴灌条件下棉花优质高效灌溉指标,在新疆石河子研究了地下滴灌(SSDI)和膜下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同灌水控制下限对棉花耗水量、品质以及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,相同滴灌模式,棉花蕾期耗水量随灌水控制下限的提高而增加,花铃期水分胁迫处理的棉花阶段耗水量普遍低于对照处理;蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)花铃期充分供水(灌水控制下限为75% FC)处理(SDI-7和SSDI-7)有利于籽棉产量的提高,与对照处理相比,籽棉产量提高了14.48%(SDI-7)和11.60%(SSDI-7);水分处理对棉花衣分、棉纤维整齐度的影响不明显,蕾期和花铃期水分胁迫对棉纤维上半部平均长度的影响随水分胁迫程度的加重而加剧,蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高.相同水分处理,地下滴灌棉花产量和灌溉水利用率均高于膜下滴灌棉花.与对照处理相比,蕾期和花铃期灌水控制下限分别为60% FC和75% FC,灌水定额为30 mm处理在节约灌溉水的同时提高了籽棉产量并改善了棉纤维品质,可作为石河子垦区滴灌棉花适宜的灌水指标.     

咸水灌溉对覆膜棉花生长与水分利用的影响

为了揭示棉花生长发育对咸水灌溉的响应特征,采用小区对比试验,研究了不同矿化度咸水灌溉对棉花出苗、株高、叶面积、果枝数、地上部干质量等形态指标以及产量构成、耗水量和水分利用率的影响.结果表明,棉花出苗率和成苗率随着灌溉水矿化度的增大而减小,但3 g/L灌水处理与对照间的差异不具有统计学意义,而5,7 g/L处理与对照间差异极具统计学意义.在移栽补全苗情况下,咸水灌溉对棉花形态生长指标产生了一定的抑制效应,灌溉水矿化度愈大,抑制作用愈大;对株高、叶面积和地上部干质量的影响在蕾期最明显,花铃期之后开始逐渐减弱;对果枝数和棉铃生长的影响程度随着棉花生育进程的推进而降低.处理间棉花的耗水量差异不具有统计学意义,籽棉产量和水分利用率的大小顺序,按灌水处理依次为3,1,5,7 g/L,其中7 g/L处理与对照间的差异具有统计学意义.与灌水前初始值相比,试验结束后1,3 g/L灌水处理的0~40 cm土层盐分未增加,5,7 g/L灌水处理则形成了积盐.研究结果可为咸水安全利用提供重要参考.     

灌水控制下限对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

为制定冬小麦的优质高效灌溉指标,通过3个生长季（2005－2008年）的人工控水试验,研究了不同灌水控制下限对冬小麦生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,播种—拔节前期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长、产量及品质的负面影响不明显,且可节水11.68%～18.18%,水分利用效率提高8.33%～12.5%;拔节—抽穗前期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的抑制作用最明显,使籽粒出粉率、蛋白质质量分数显著降低,面团形成时间和稳定时间显著缩短,产量降低6.56%～9.08%,但可节水24.29%～31.95%,水分利用效率提高6.19%～10.63%;抽穗扬花期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长没有明显影响,虽显著提高了籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、氨基酸质量分数和出粉率,但减产9.96%～11.35%,水分利用效率仅提高了4.12%～5.62%;灌浆成熟期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长影响最小,籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、氨基酸质量分数和出粉率均显著提高,但大幅度降低了产量,水分利用效率只提高了1.03%～5.95%。华北地区冬小麦优质高效节水灌溉指标是：播种—拔节前期、拔节—抽穗前期、抽穗扬花期和灌浆成熟期的灌水控制下限分别为50%、65%、70%和65%田间持水率。