多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运移模拟试验研究

为了指导密植作物的滴灌系统合理设计,通过室内物理试验模拟了多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运移过程,重点研究了不同滴头流量下交汇湿润体内的土壤水分时空动态分布规律．多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运动遵循先点源入渗、再湿润锋交汇和最后形成湿润带的规律．灌水结束时,土壤水分分布呈现湿润体上部复杂、下部相对简单的特征．湿润体上部,在滴头下方存在土壤含水率相对较高的区域,2个滴头之间近地表处存在土壤含水率相对较低的区域;湿润体下部同一深度土层上的含水率有趋于一致的趋势．灌水结束后,由于土壤水分再分布,同一深度土层上含水率差异逐渐减小．灌水量相同条件下,灌水结束时,滴头流量小的入渗深度较大,湿润体内土壤平均含水率较低;灌水结束后,受土壤水分再分配的作用,不同滴头流量下入渗深度的差异较灌水结束时有所减小．     

A review of models for predicting soil water dynamics during trickle irrigation

Designing drip irrigation systems involve selection of an appropriate combination of emitter discharge rate and spacing between emitters for any given set of soil, crop, and climatic conditions, as well as understanding the wetted zone pattern around the emitter. The exact shape of the wetted volume and moisture distribution will depend on many factors, including soil hydraulic characteristics, initial conditions, emitter discharge rate, application frequency, root characteristics, evaporation, and transpiration. Multi-dimensional nature of water flow, plant uptake and high frequency of water application increase the complexity in modelling soil moisture dynamics from trickle irrigation. Researchers used analytical methods, semi-analytical methods and numerical methods to Richards’ equation using certain boundary conditions to model the infiltration from point source irrigation for use in design, install, and manage of drip irrigation systems due to their merits over direct measurements. Others developed models based on Green-Ampt equation, empirical models using regression techniques/dimensional analysis techniques/moment approach techniques/artificial neural networks on this topic to describe infiltration from a point/line sources. A review on these models developed under each category is presented in this study. Other knowledge gaps identified include (a) effect of variations in initial moisture content and packing conditions, (b) precision in observing the wetting front and soil–water content, (c) validity of soil surface boundary conditions, (d) effect of crop root architecture and its withdrawal pattern for different input parameters, (e) effects of gravitational gradients, (f) stratification in the soils, and (g) impact of soil hysteresis. The review promotes better understanding of the soil water dynamics under point source trickle emitters and helps to identify topics for more emphasis in future modelling activity.     

土壤初始含水率对地下滴灌线源入渗土壤水分运动影响的试验研究

通过室内试验,分析了4种土壤初始含水率对地下滴灌线源入渗土壤水分运动规律的影响,结果表明,随着初始含水率的增大,湿润锋向下运移的速度变大,向上和水平方向运移的速度均减小,且滴头下方的土壤含水率相对较高;水平方向在滴头左右相同位置处的土壤含水率基本相同,呈左右对称分布。在相同灌水量情况下,初始含水率越大,湿润锋向上运移的距离越小,向下运移的距离越大。     

入渗水矿化度对点源滴灌土壤水盐运移特征的影响

通过室内试验,初步研究了入渗水矿化度对点源滴灌土壤水盐运移特征的影响,结果表明,在入渗土层深度相同时,入渗水矿化度越高,土壤剖面含水率和土壤剖面含盐量相对越大;在入渗时间相同时,入渗水矿化度越高,湿润锋水平运移的距离越大;在点源滴灌条件下湿润锋水平运移距离随滴水时间的变化规律符合二次函数关系。     

线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性的影响因素试验研究

线源滴灌设计中,滴灌管出流均匀性与土壤湿润均匀性有本质不同,前者仅仅是后者必要的基础,但是要保证线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性,还需要考虑滴头间距、滴头流量、滴水量和土壤质地的差别。对影响线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性的主要因素进行了试验研究。试验中所用土壤为沙土和沙壤土;滴头间距为30 cm和50 cm;滴头流量为0.3~4 L/h;滴水量为10~25 L不等。试验表明,沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀度取决于湿润区的交汇程度,而湿润区的交汇程度又取决于土壤湿润区水平运移宽度和滴头间距。沙土沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀度随滴水量的增大而显著增大,沙壤土的相应指标则随滴头流量的增大而增大。土壤湿润均匀度随滴头间距的增大而减小。线源滴灌设计时,粘粒含量较少的土壤应该有一定的设计湿润深度和较小的滴头间距才能保证其湿润均匀度满足设计要求。研究结论对完善滴灌技术设计理论有帮助。     

不同灌水量和灌水器埋深下单坑渗灌红壤水分入渗特性及其模拟

[目的]探究灌水量和灌水器埋深对单坑渗灌红壤水分入渗特性的影响.[方法]通过室内土箱试验模拟大田单坑渗灌过程,研究了单坑渗灌红壤在不同灌水量(1、2L和3L)和不同灌水器埋深(10、15cm和20cm)条件下湿润锋运移距离、累积入渗量和土壤含水率的分布规律,并采用交替方向隐式差分法对土壤水分空间分布进行了模拟.[结果]...     

地面坡度对滴灌水分入渗过程的影响

通过土箱模拟滴灌实验,研究了不同地面坡度下滴灌水分运移规律。结果表明,地面各方向湿润半径、滴头下湿润深度和最大湿润深度均与时间呈显著的幂函数关系;随着地面坡度的增大,地面顺坡方向湿润锋推进加快,逆坡方向及滴头处横坡方向湿润锋推进减缓,横坡方向最大湿润宽度也随着坡度的增大而减小;在纵剖面上随着地面坡度的增大,滴头下入渗深度逐渐减小,而最大入渗深度则逐渐增加,最大入渗深度的位置也距滴头越远;地表和纵剖面湿润范围的变化表明,与水平地面相比,整个湿润体随着地面坡度的增大明显向下坡方向偏移,且坡度越大,偏移距离越大,湿润体形状由对称的半椭球形向下坡大而上坡小的梨形变化。     

不同灌溉定额对膜下滴灌棉花土壤盐分分布的影响研究

开展了不同灌溉定额对土壤盐分分布影响的试验研究。结果表明,灌溉定额越大,盐分运动和分布所受到的影响越大,盐分水平方向运动越远,相同距离处土壤盐分含量相对越低,垂直方向,土壤盐分向耕作层以下运移并发生聚积,毛管附近土壤盐分淋洗范围和淋洗程度均越大,远离毛管宽行距盐分聚集范围越大且较深。灌溉定额越小,浅层土壤盐分积盐率越高,毛管附近土壤盐分淋洗范围和淋洗程度均越小,远离毛管宽行距盐分聚集范围越小且较浅。     

新疆砾石地葡萄滴灌带合理设计及布设参数的数值分析

为了摸清新疆含砾石复杂土壤条件下土壤水分运动规律,优化葡萄滴灌系统设计中的各项设计参数及合理布设,该文通过田间交汇试验确定合适的滴头间距为30 cm,并借助Hydrus-2D数值模型确定了土壤水力参数,同时运用该数值模型模拟了不同滴头流量和滴灌带水平间距布设形式下地表滴灌土壤水分分布特征。根据土壤湿润体特征结合葡萄根系分布规律,确定新疆砾石地葡萄滴灌系统合理的滴头流量为2.5～3.0 L/h,滴灌带水平间距为60 cm。该结果可为新疆砾石地复杂土壤葡萄滴灌系统的科学设计和田间合理布设提供参考。     

地表积水条件下滴灌入渗特性研究

大流量供水条件下滴灌入渗地表积水区域不断变大,直到通过积水区域的水分渗透能力和滴头的供水强度达到平衡。不同滴头流量条件下水平和垂向湿润锋的推进速率和入渗时间存在极显著的幂函数关系。滴头流量对湿润体水平和垂向湿润距离的比值有显著的影响,滴头流量越大该值也越大,并且该值随着入渗时间的增加而逐渐变小。滴灌积水入渗的稳定渗透通量Jo大于垂直一维入渗的稳渗率,并且Jo随滴头流量的增加而减小,Jo和地表积水半径的倒数呈显著的线性关系,根据Wooding入渗方程可推导出该直线的截距代表了一维入渗条件下土壤的饱和导水率。     

水温对滴灌土壤水分入渗特性的影响

为了解水温对滴灌土壤水分入渗特性的影响,通过室内滴灌入渗模拟试验,研究了滴灌条件下西安粉壤土在不同水温(4,20,30,40 ℃)时的水分入渗特性．结果表明:水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离均随着入渗时间的延长而增大,相同入渗历时,入渗水温越高,滴头流量越大,入渗的水量越多,湿润锋运移距离越大;分别建立了滴灌条件下不同温度水分入渗时水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间和水温的关系模型,其相关系数均大于097．湿润体的平均含水量与入渗水温和时间密切相关,入渗水温越高,土体平均含水量越小;含水率等值线随着到滴头距离由近到远而从疏到密分布,离滴头越近,土壤含水率越高;随着入渗水温的不断升高,入渗到同一深度所需时间逐渐减小,对土层温度的影响越大,在入渗400 min内以土面至土面以下15 cm深度范围内的土温变化更为突出．结论可为更合理发展滴灌技术提供参考依据．     

垂直线源灌土壤湿润体尺寸预测模型研究

基于HYDRUS-2D模型建立了垂直线源灌土壤水分运动数学模型,设置81种情景,模拟获得不同土壤质地、初始含水率以及线源长度、线源直径和埋深条件下的湿润体变化过程。湿润体尺寸主要受土壤质地影响,土壤质地越粗,湿润锋运移越快,线源长度、线源直径和埋深对其影响较小。土壤湿润锋运移过程符合幂函数关系,幂函数指数在水平和垂直向上方向上变化较小,而在垂直向下方向上随饱和导水率(Ks)的增大而增大;幂函数系数随Ks的增大而增大。提出了包含Ks在内的垂直线源灌土壤湿润体尺寸预测模型,试验验证了所建模型的可靠性,MAE和RMSE接近0,PBIAS在-4%~9%之间,NSE不小于0.929,说明预测效果良好。所建模型仅需Ks即可推求,试验设计简单,初步实现了由土壤物理参数预测垂直线源灌土壤湿润锋运移距离的可能。     

滴灌水温对土壤入渗和土壤温度的影响

为了解水温对滴灌土壤入渗特征和土壤温度的影响,研制一套恒温试验装置,可使水温变化控制在±0.5 ℃范围内,选择5,20,35 ℃作为试验水温,进行不同水温室内滴灌入渗试验,分析各水温下土壤水分入渗和土壤温度变化特征.结果表明:在相同时段内,随滴灌水温升高,水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离增大,垂直湿润锋运移速率增大.分别建立水平、垂直湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间和滴灌水温的关系模型,决定系数R²均大于0.99.湿润土体平均含水量与入渗时间关系不大,但随入渗水温的升高而减小.土壤水分扩散率与水温成正比;水温升高,饱和导水率随之增大,二者呈指数函数关系;土壤吸持水分的能力随温度的升高而降低.不同灌溉水温改变了土体中的温度分布,随着距滴头距离的增加,由水温引起的土壤温度的变化量逐渐减小.结论可为指导大田和温室滴灌技术提供理论依据.     

滴灌方式对南疆沙区成龄红枣土壤水分的影响

【目的】确定南疆沙区红枣适宜的滴灌制度和滴灌方式。【方法】以7 a生矮化密植骏枣树为材料,设置枣树根部1个滴头灌水和多点滴灌灌水2种滴灌方式,每种方式设置3个灌水量(900、1 050、1 200 mm),进行了田间小区试验。【结果】多点滴灌方式下,不同灌水量土壤剖面水分分布有显著规律,表现为50 cm以上土层同层水平距离20 cm土壤含水率小于水平距离40 cm,50 cm以下土层则相反。110 cm土层以下单点滴灌土壤水分显著高于多点滴灌,110 cm以上土层单点滴灌土壤水分显著低于多点滴灌。受灌水量和滴灌方式的影响,同一处理不同土层土壤水分随时间推移其变化规律并不一致。【结论】单点滴灌与多点滴灌土壤水分分布规律差异显著,但耗水量无显著差异。     

Effect of irrigation methods,management and salinity of irrigation water on tomato yield,soil moisture and salinity distribution

The increasing demand for irrigation water to secure food for growing populations with limited water supply suggests re-thinking the use of non-conventional water resources. The latter includes saline drainage water, brackish groundwater and treated waste water. The effects of using saline drainage water (electrical conductivity of 4.2–4.8 dS m⁻¹) to irrigate field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Floradade) using drip and furrow irrigation systems were evaluated, together with the distribution of soil moisture and salt. The saline water was either diluted to different salinity levels using fresh water (blended) or used cyclically with fresh water. The results of two seasons of study (2001 and 2002) showed that increasing salinity resulted in decreased leaf area index, plant dry weight, fruit total yield and individual fruit weight. In all cases, the growth parameters and yield as well as the water use efficiency were greater for drip irrigated tomato plants than furrow-irrigated plants. However, furrow irrigation produced higher individual fruit weight. The electrical conductivity of the soil solution (extracted 48 h after irrigation) showed greater fluctuations when cyclic water management was used compared to those plots irrigated with blended water. In both drip and furrow irrigation, measurements of soil moisture one day after irrigation, showed that soil moisture was higher at the top 20 cm layer and at the location of the irrigation water source; soil moisture was at a minimum in the root zone (20–40 cm layer), but showed a gradual increase at 40–60 and 60–90 cm and was stable at 90–120 cm depth. Soil water content decreased gradually as the distance from the irrigation water source increased. In addition, a few days after irrigation, the soil moisture content decreased, but the deficit was most pronounced in the surface layer. Soil salinity at the irrigation source was lower at a depth of 15 cm (surface layer) than that at 30 and 60 cm, and was minimal in deeper layers (i.e. 90 cm). Salinity increased as the distance from the irrigation source increased particularly in the surface layer. The results indicated that the salinity followed the water front. We concluded that the careful and efficient management of irrigation with saline water can leave the groundwater salinity levels unaffected and recommended the use of drip irrigation as the fruit yield per unit of water used was on average one-third higher than when using furrow irrigation.     

滴灌控制土壤基质势对土壤水分分布和苜蓿生长的影响

采用在滴头正下20 cm深度处埋设负压计,分别设置-15、-25和-35 k Pa的土壤基质势控制滴灌,通过田间试验,研究了不同土壤基质势下土壤水分变化特点和紫花苜蓿的生长特性,分析了蒸发、降雨和灌水与土壤基质势之间的关系。从土壤剖面水分分布来看,整个生育期内-15 k Pa处理下的土壤剖面含水率整体集中在14%~15%,较-25和-35 k Pa处理的更为均匀,水分密集区域距离滴头最近;-15 k Pa处理下苜蓿株高达到41.7 cm,盖度为15.3%,生物量值达到了281.29 g/m~2,在所有处理中均为最高。     

塔里木河下游新生林地滴灌下土壤盐分分布特征研究

以塔里木河下游35团8连绿洲-荒漠交界处滴灌条件下的新生林地为研究对象,对滴灌结束24 h后不同滴头间距下的土壤盐分分布特征进行了分析,结果显示①水平方向上,在3 m滴头间距下出现盐峰是在75 cm点处的土壤剖面,这一剖面与60 cm点处的土壤剖面盐分在0.01水平上呈显著相关,随着距滴头距离的减小相关性递减;在1 m滴头间距下出现盐峰是在45 cm点处的土层,这一土层与各点处的土壤剖面盐分在0.01水平上呈显著相关;无论在3 m滴头间距下还是在1 m滴头间距下,45 cm点处的土壤剖面盐分分布较均匀,离滴头越近的土壤剖面盐分分布越不均匀。②垂直方向上,无论是在3 m滴头间距下还是在1 m滴头间距下,40~60 cm的土层是盐分聚集区。在3 m滴头间距下,40~60 cm的土层盐分与各土层间的相关系数均未达显著相关水平;在1 m滴头间距下,40~60 cm的土层盐分与其它各土层间均为负相关关系;无论是在3 m滴头间距下还是在1 m滴头间距下,中下层土壤盐分分布较均匀,而越接近表层的土壤盐分分布越不均匀,在2种滴头间距下,中下层土壤盐分变异系数都较小,表层土壤变异系数较大。③在研究区特殊的强蒸发力下,原本可到达底部土层的盐分在毛管作用下随着水分向上运动,最终导致了盐分聚集于50 cm深度处(3 m滴头间距)与65 cm深度处(1 m滴头间距)。     

地下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动模型

本文分析了线水源条件下地下滴灌土壤水运动的物理过程，认为其土壤水运动是一垂直毛管的平面二维流动；在此基础上，建立了饱和──非饱和土壤水二维流动的数学模型。采用ＡＤＩ法，结合Ｐ－Ｃ法对模型进行求解。计算结果与室内试验基本相吻合。     

Drip irrigation water and salt flow model for table grapes in Coachella Valley,California

Unlike annual crops where reclamation leaching of salts can be readily conducted between cropping, leaching of salts in permanent crops that are drip irrigated pose challenges. A need exists to formulate and test a management-type of salinity model for drip irrigation of table grapes. The model reported herein predicts the distribution of salts along the vine row and between the rows during the growing season, as affected by reactivity of salts of the applied irrigation water as well as rate and duration of drip application. The calibrated model reproduced the initial field salinity profiles after repeated irrigation cycles by adjusting only the routing factor α which is the ratio of horizontal to vertical water flow. After eight cycles the profiles stabilized and the calibrated horizontal to vertical flow routing ratio was 0.6. There is remarkable agreement between measured and simulated salinity. Corresponding soil moisture profiles show the expected high water content with depth at the emitter, the decrease in surface water content with radial distance and the increase with depth, at the distal end of the wedge. Although the model is location specific it can be applied knowing soil, initial and boundary conditions, as well as irrigation application quantity and quality and as such can be applied location by location in order to assess flow and quality of deep percolation recharging the groundwater system. With this capacity the model can predict soil water quantity and quality outcomes for possible land and water management scenarios.     

干旱区滴灌均匀系数对土壤水氮分布影响模拟

基于HYDRUS-2D软件建立了棉花膜下滴灌水氮运移模型,利用干旱区棉花膜下滴灌试验数据对模型进行了参数率定和验证。将灌水器流量沿毛管的变化离散为依次逐段减小,并假设土壤水分在各段之间不存在交换,利用验证后的数学模型研究了干旱区不同滴灌均匀系数时土壤水氮分布特征,评估了土壤空间变异对水氮分布均匀性的影响。模拟结果表明,随着灌水的进行,滴灌均匀系数Cu为0.60和0.80时,土壤含水率和NO-3-N质量浓度均匀系数均呈下降趋势,而Cu=0.95时变化较平稳;滴灌均匀系数越低,灌水后土壤含水率和NO-3-N质量浓度均匀系数降低的幅度越大;土壤NO-3-N质量浓度均匀系数的变化范围为0.35~1.00,低于土壤含水率均匀系数。田间试验存在的土壤空间变异在一定程度上增加了土壤水氮分布不均匀性。