聊城地区鸡源大肠杆菌毒力基因分析

为了明确聊城地区养鸡场大肠杆菌毒力基因的携带及分布情况,试验采集聊城地区养鸡场样品,分离、鉴定大肠杆菌菌株,并利用PCR方法检测18种毒力基因(aatA、papC、tsh、fimC、mat、ibeB、vat、yijp、ibeA、ompA、neuC、cvaC、iss、iroN、fyuA、iucD、irp2、chuA)的分布情况。结果表明:共分离、鉴定到212株大肠杆菌;阳性率超过50%的毒力基因有yijp、fimC、mat、ompA、ibeB、iroN等6种,阳性率为20%～49%的毒力基因有7种(aatA、tsh、vat、cvaC、iss、iucD、irp2),阳性率为20%以下的毒力基因有5种(papC、ibeA、neuC、fyuA、chuA);分离菌株同时携带10种及以上毒力基因的比例为10%,大多数菌株携带5～9种毒力基因,占比为73%。说明聊城地区鸡源大肠杆菌普遍携带5～9种毒力基因,且侵袭及毒素相关基因yijp的携带率最高。     

家禽细菌性疾病病原基因功能及致病机理研究

禽致病性大肠杆菌侵袭相关基因ibeA的致病机理研究肠道外致病性大肠杆菌(ExPEC),如尿源性大肠杆菌(UPEC)、新生儿脑膜炎大肠杆菌(NMEC)、禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)等,它们在基因组结构上很相似,且具有很高的同源性;在遗传进化和生态分布中也有较高相似性.NMEC和APEC拥有许多共同的毒力基因,如毒力岛GimA.NMEC和APEC都可引起相应宿主的脑膜炎症状.     

不同禽源致病性大肠杆菌毒力基因分布规律研究

禽致病性大肠杆菌的毒力因子在其致病过程中发挥了重要作用,目前研究较多的毒力因子包括:菌毛、非菌毛黏附素、耶尔森菌强毒力岛(HPI)、溶血素、抗血清存活因子、毒素、侵袭素等。为了解不同毒力基因在菌株间分布规律,选定7个主要毒力因子的编码基因:fimC(Ⅰ型菌毛)、kpsM(荚膜多糖)、cvaC(大肠杆菌素)、sodA(超氧化物歧化酶)、csgA(curli菌毛)、tsh(温度敏感性血凝素)和marA(多重耐药调控基因),通过对本实验室保存的34株不同禽源的禽致病性大肠杆菌进行毒力基因的检测,结果发现,fimC(94.1%)、cvaC(82.4%)、sodA(97.1%)、csgA(97.1%)、tsh(76.5%)和marA(100%)这6个毒力基因的分布率均较高,但相互之间也存在差异。kpsM基因的分布率较低,只有0.09%,并且仅在鸡源性禽致病性大肠杆菌中检测到。     

phoP/Q双组分系统对禽致病性大肠杆菌的毒力调控作用

phoP/Q作为一种外在环境感受器,参与调节细菌对外部环境的适应性。本研究拟探讨phoP/Q双组分系统对禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)的生长、定植、毒力等生物学特性的影响。利用Red重组系统构建APEC AE 17株的phoP/Q双组分调控系统缺失株,并构建phoP/Q双组分调控系统回复质粒,转化缺失株,构建回复株。通过生长运动性试验、黏附入侵CEF细胞试验、毒力基因转录水平检测以及半数致死量(LD50)等试验比较野生株、缺失株、回复株的生物特性。与野生株相比,phoP-phoQ缺失不改变其生长特性;运动性较野生株下降63%;黏附与入侵CEF细胞能力分别降低69.83%(P0.01)和62.17%(P0.05);LD50显示毒力减弱13.3倍;polA、tsh基因转录水平分别上调41%、54%;sodA、iss分别下调64%和98%。phoP/Q双组分系统参与对APEC致病性的调控,该系统的缺失会降低APEC的致病性。     

禽致病性大肠杆菌ibeA基因缺失及其特性分析

运用大肠杆菌Red同源重组系统,对禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)DE02株的ibeA基因进行了缺失,其结果为揭示IbeA的功能奠定了基础.通过对APEC ibeA基因缺失株与人脑微血管内皮细胞(Human brain microvascular endothelial cells,HBMECs)的黏附与侵袭,发现ibeA基因缺失后与HBMECs的黏附率为45%,侵袭率为1.2%,相对于野生型APEC均显著降低;提示ibeA基因是APEC的重要致病因子.     

云南省昆明市动物园大肠杆菌分离株毒力基因分布特征

为研究云南省昆明市动物园动物体内大肠杆菌(E.coli)分离株毒力基因的分布特征,从圆通山动物园37个动物种群粪便中分离出37株E.coli,采用生化鉴定方法鉴定大肠杆菌,PCR方法检测19种毒力基因。鉴定结果表明:37株E.coli中,ompA、iroN、fimC、aatA、vat 5种毒力基因携带率分别为100%、95.49%、83.78%、70.27%、51.35%,ibeA、neuC、iutA、traT、stx 5种毒力基因携带率为0,其他9种毒力基因携带率均低于40.00%;分离菌株普遍携带8种以下毒力基因,同时携带10种以上毒力基因的概率为8.10%;分离株强毒力岛基因携带率较高,分布较为普遍。结果表明,昆明市圆通山动物园内流行的大肠杆菌以致病性大肠杆菌为主,不同种类动物体内大肠杆菌的毒力基因携带率存在较大差异,其原因可能与动物的饲养环境以及动物自身的适应能力和抵抗力有关。因此,对于动物园内具有较高大肠杆菌致病风险的动物,要采取相应防治措施,防止大肠杆菌病发生与流行。     

华南虎源大肠杆菌耐药性与致病性研究

为了解华南虎源大肠杆菌的耐药性与致病性情况,采集龙岩梅花山虎园老虎粪便分离大肠杆菌,并对分离株进行药敏试验、动物毒力试验以及毒力基因检测。结果表明,分离株对复方新诺明(100%)、多西环素(75%)和阿莫西林/克拉维酸(75%)产生耐药;对庆大霉素的敏感性较好;对头孢呋辛和头孢噻呋敏感性下降。动物毒力试验显示,分离株具有较强的致病性,同时毒力基因aat A的检出率为100%,irp2检出率为75%;papC、iucD、vat和iss检出率均为50%,tsh和cva/cvi未检出。虎源大肠杆菌对常用药物具有一定的耐药性,同时表现出较强的致病性,其毒力基因的携带率较高。该结果为兽医临床合理用药提供一定的科学依据。     

四黄止痢复方醇提物(CSME)抗禽大肠杆菌的作用机制

为了探讨四黄止痢复方醇提物(CSME)对禽大肠杆菌的抗菌机制。采用微孔-平板法检测其对禽大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);用吸光光度法检测其对细菌生长曲线、细胞膜通透性和能量代谢活力的影响;荧光定量PCR法检测其对禽大肠杆菌4种主要毒力因子(tsh、iss、ibeA和fimC)表达的影响。结果显示,CSME对禽大肠杆菌(CVCC251)的MIC为125 g/L,1/2MIC就能显著抑制细菌生长,破坏细菌细胞膜结构,使核酸、蛋白质外泄,并抑制了琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的活性;1/8MIC能显著抑制了禽大肠杆菌tsh、iss和fimC毒力因子基因的表达(P<0.01)。结果表明,CSME可以通过破坏细菌细胞膜结构、造成细菌能量代谢紊乱、抑制毒力基因表达发挥抗菌活性。     

APEC强毒力岛核心基因irp2、fyuA敲除对其致病性影响的研究

采用Red同源重组技术分别构建出APEC irp2单基因敲除株△AE17和irp2、fyuA双基因敲除株△△AE17。运用活菌计数法分别观察AE17、△AE17、△△AE17黏附鸡胚成纤维细胞DF-1的能力。并且应用Real-time PCR检测AE17、△AE17和△△AE17中的luxs,pfs,tsh,ibeA,stx2f,iss,ompA,fimC 8个毒力基因转录水平。结果成功构建出基因敲除株△AE17和△△AE17,它们黏附DF-1细胞的能力分别下降为AE17的66.04%和53.54%。同时,Real-time PCR结果显示,△AE17的luxs,iss,ompA和fimC等4个毒力基因的转录水平均极显著下降(P<0.01),△△AE17的luxs,pfs,tsh,iss,ompA和fimC等6个毒力基因的转录水平极显著的下降(P<0.01)。结果表明强毒力岛中核心基因的敲除能够减弱APEC黏附DF-1的能力,并且使其毒力基因的转录水平有所降低。irp2、fyuA双基因敲除较irp2单基因敲除对APEC的致病性影响更显著。     

禽源致病性大肠杆菌的耐药性和毒力基因研究

为了解广东省佛山市禽源致病性大肠杆菌抗生素敏感性及其毒力因子携带情况,采集疑似禽大肠杆菌患病禽的肝脏和肺脏病料,用于禽源致病性大肠杆菌的分离培养、形态学观察、生化鉴定,并运用药敏片检测菌株对13种抗菌药的体外敏感性,采用PCR方法调查了9种毒力因子携带情况。结果显示:108株分离株的生化特性基本一致;所有菌株均具有5种以上的药物耐受性,95%以上对阿莫西林、氯霉素和头孢氨苄耐受,56.48%以上菌株对所检测的12种抗菌药耐受;分离株pap C和vat基因的检出率最低分别为2.78%和5.56%,分布率最高的基因为iuc D(74.07%)、iss(62.96%)、tsh(56.48%)和hly F(55.56%);耐药性和毒力之间的分析结果表明,25%的菌株是含有5种以上毒力基因的强毒株,强毒株中66.67%的菌株对12种抗菌药耐受。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.