黄土塬区农田土壤温度变化特征研究

根据长武农业生态试验站深剖面土壤水热观测场2011年的观测资料,分析了农田土壤温度日变化、季节变化特征及其与休闲地土壤温度的差异。结果表明:农田0—20 cm（冬季0—10 cm）土层土壤温度呈正弦曲线趋势变化;垂直剖面上,土层越深,土壤温度的日振幅越小;土壤日最高和最低温度出现的时间越晚。土壤温度的日振幅,春季最大,夏秋次之,冬季最小;土壤日最高和最低温度出现的时间春、夏季较早,秋季次之,冬季较晚。典型晴天的土壤温度的日变化曲线较典型阴天的平滑且土壤温度的日振幅较大。就季节变化而言,农田与休闲地土壤温度的季节变化趋势一致,但是农田0—70 cm土层的月平均最高温度出现的时间较休闲地有所滞后;农田0—110 cm间各土层的月平均最高温度低于休闲地0.6~1.5℃,月平均最低温度低于休闲地0.2~1.1℃。7—8月农田土壤日平均温度显著低于休闲地,而降雨会明显降低农田与休闲地的土壤温度差异。     

河北省土壤温度与干湿状况的时空变化特征

土壤温度和干湿状况是表征土壤特性的重要参数,在土壤系统分类中作为诊断土壤某些亚纲、土类及亚类划分的参考依据。基于河北省142个气象观测站1951—2010年的日值气象数据,利用GIS空间分析技术,对河北省近60年的土壤温度和干湿状况的时空变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:(1)1951—2010年的平均土温和平均干燥度指数呈现上升趋势,且1981—2010年的上升速率均高于1951—1980年。(2)河北省主要有冷性和温性两种土壤温度状况,与1951—1980年相比,1981—2010年的温性土壤向北有所移动,移动的距离和面积大约为14.26 km和5 665 km2。(3)河北省的土壤干湿状况分布具有明显的地域差异,地表干湿状况可分为湿润、半湿润和半干旱三个等级;东部和北部区域气候湿润状况优于西部和南部,也间接表明了土壤的干湿分布状况。该研究结果为土壤系统分类定量化的诊断特性取代传统土壤分类中的地带性概念提供参考。     

中国年均地温的估算方法研究

年均地温是土壤重要的物理性质,对区域农业生产有着重要意义。对中国1981—2010年间895个气象站的地面气候资料进行整理,按全国一级标准耕作制度分区分析。结果表明:各区5~40 cm内各深度年均地温均高于相应气象站点的年均气温。同一分区内,各气象站点5~40 cm年均地温随深度增加未表现出相同的变化规律;不同深度的年均地气温差平均值在5~20 cm深度范围内变化≤0.1℃,在20~40 cm深度范围变化较大,个别分区达0.4℃。各分区之间比较,5~40 cm年均地气温差平均值存在地域差异性:自北向南,年均地气温差平均值表现为先减小后增加的变化规律;自东向西,纬度接近的分区年均地气温差平均值逐渐增大;不同分区年均地气温差平均值的变化较大,20 cm深度为1.4~3.9℃,40 cm深度为1.1~4.3℃。利用回归方程法和年均地气温差平均值法,在各标准耕作制度一级区分别建立年均地温估算公式,回归方程法的准确性高于年均地气温差平均值法,但青藏高原区和内蒙古高原及长城沿线区的估算公式未达到很好的估算效果。对各分区5、10、15、20和40 cm年均地温观测数据完整的262个气象站的数据进行分析表明,5~40 cm深度范围内,多数分区年均地温每5 cm变化量的均值≤0.1℃,20~40 cm深度的变化量更小。对于单一估算点,其40 cm和50 cm年均地温的最大差距≤0.4℃,所以,在中国土壤系统分类中,可以考虑用40 cm的地温代替50 cm的地温。     

不同灌溉模式下土壤温度的变化及对气温的响应特征

在内蒙古河套灌区分别选取了黄灌、井灌、滴灌3种灌溉模式,用土壤温度自动记录仪监测了土壤5、15、25、40 cm处膜内、膜外玉米田土壤温度,研究了膜内表层5 cm土壤温度旬变化、膜内土壤温度日变化、灌溉前后土壤温度变化过程及对气温的响应特征。结果表明:黄灌、井灌土壤膜内5 cm土层旬温度与气温变化显著相关,而滴灌主要受灌水的影响,与气温相关性较差;土壤日温度随土壤深度的增加均出现明显的滞后效应,土壤深度每增加5 cm,黄灌和井灌土壤温度滞后2.7 h左右,滴灌土壤温度滞后2.4 h左右;气温变化显著影响0~40 cm土壤温度日变化;6月中下旬灌水前后黄灌显著提高作物根层底部(40 cm)土壤温度,井灌使得土壤温度降低,滴灌对土壤温度的影响剧烈而短暂;灌后一段时间黄灌和井灌15 cm、25 cm处土壤温度对气温的响应过程与灌前差异明显,而滴灌则是25 cm处灌前灌后差异显著。膜下滴灌较地面灌溉(黄灌、井灌)对气温变化响应迅速且在玉米苗期土壤温度高于地面灌溉,故河套灌区井灌区玉米宜选择膜下滴灌。     

雪盖影响下季节性冻土消融期的土壤温度特征分析

土壤温度的变化直接影响到季节性冻土的冻融过程,进而影响融雪径流的产流机制,且往往是春洪发生的关键之所在,故深入研究土壤温度的时空变化特征具有重要的现实意义.以天山北坡军塘河流域为研究区,采用定点对比连续观测的方法,利用2010年3月13日至4月1日融雪期观测到的雪盖和裸地两种不同下垫面的浅层(5,10,20,30,40 cm)土壤温度气温资料,对比分析各层深度的土温变化情况、雪盖对其产生的影响及其与近地面气温之间的关系.结果表明:雪盖对浅层土壤具有明显的绝热保温作用,由浅到深各层土温变化具有传递和延迟现象;土壤日温差也会随土层深度的增加而减小;近地面气温与土壤温度存在较高的相关关系,土壤温度日变化表现为单峰单谷型波动.     

土壤Eh和温度对稻田甲烷排放季节变化的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了土壤Ｅｈ和温度对稻田甲烷（ＣＨ４）排放季节变化时影响。结果表明,当水稻生长期土壤Ｅｈ处于适宜ＣＨ４产生的水平时,土壤Ｅｈ对ＣＨ４排放季节变化没有显著影响,这时土壤温度却显著影响ＣＨ４排放季节变化。土壤Ｅｈ的季节变化与ＣＨ４排放季节变化间存在显著相关性,而土壤温度却没有。     

土壤微生物体氮的季节性变化及其与土壤水分和温度的关系

以杨陵土垫旱耕人为土(中等肥力红油土)为供试土壤进行田间试验和室内培养试验,研究土壤微生物体氮的动态变化及其土壤含水量和温度的关系。结果表明,田间土壤微生物体氮的变化有明显的季节性;夏季最高,冬季最低,其它时期居中;且与土壤温度有显著或极显著的正相关性,相关系数在0.855以上;试验期间土壤水分含量在10%以上,基本能满足微生物活动所需,因而微生物体氮的变化与水分关系并不密切。应用培养试验结果进一步证明了田间试验结果,即在4～36℃范围内,微生物体氮与温度呈线性相关,而在土壤含水量为6.75%～23.23%范围内,与水分呈指数相关关系,当土壤水分小于10.87%时,水分对微生物体氮有突出结果,当超过10.87%后,几乎没有影响。频繁的干湿交替会使微生物体氮显著减少,但冻融交替却无明显影响。     

不同耕作措施对土壤温度的影响研究

陕北黄土丘陵区植被稀疏、地形破碎、降水不足且分布不均等导致水土流失较为严重,该区作物的产量低而不稳定。为了探索不同耕作措施下的土壤温度动态变化,本文以位于黄土丘陵沟壑区的陕西省米脂县为代表,通过对传统耕作、填闲作物、秸秆覆盖和裸地对照4种不同耕作措施下土壤温度时空变化的研究,得出结论:在气温低时,秸秆覆盖有增温作用,随着土层的加深,秸秆覆盖对土壤温度的调节作用越来越小。     

中国土壤温度的空间预测研究

土壤温度栅格数据是很多区域性宏观研究的重要基础,对离散的土壤温度数据进行空间预测分析获取空间上连续的土壤温度数据具有重要意义。本文用我国698个气象站点的年均土壤温度和年均气温数据以及数字高程模型数据,分析不同气象和地形因素对年均土壤温度的影响;根据全国各地可获取数据源的不同,分别用3组不同的影响因素为辅助变量:(1)年均气温;(2)经度、纬度和海拔;(3)年均气温、经度、纬度和海拔,采用回归克里格法预测我国年均土壤温度空间分布。结果表明年均气温、经度、纬度和海拔对年均土壤温度空间变异均有显著影响。土壤温度空间预测结果的准确性检验显示用经度、纬度和海拔预测土壤温度的精度最高,基于年均气温、经度、纬度和海拔预测的稍差,只用年均气温预测的最差。辅助变量数据的精度及其与年均土壤温度的相关性对预测效果的影响较大。     

长寿湖水中磷形态的季节性变化特征

为进一步了解湖泊表层水中磷形态的季节变化特征,在2009年7月（丰水期）和11月（平水期）、2010年3月（枯水期）连续监测长寿湖水中不同形态磷的含量,分析磷形态含量与水质参数之间的相关关系。结果表明,各个水期长寿湖水中的总磷（TP）都以溶解态磷（DTP）为主要存在形式,DTP在丰水期与平水期以可溶性正磷酸盐（DP）为主要存在形式,在枯水期以溶解性有机磷（DOP）为主要存在形式。总体来说,长寿湖水中TP和DTP含量呈现枯水期〉丰水期〉平水期;DP含量呈现丰水期〉平水期〉枯水期的季节变化特征。相关关系分析发现,磷形态含量与湖水的溶解氧（DO）和电导的相关性明显,与pH和高锰酸盐指数无明显的相关关系。     

少免耕土壤结构与导水能力的季节变化及其水保效果

通过对黑土坡耕地免耕、少耕与传统耕作土壤物理性状全生育期观测,比较研究土壤结构和导水性状季节变化差异及其与水土流失的关系。结果表明,表层0~20 cm土壤,免耕土壤容重全生育期维持在1.20~1.30 g cm-3,变化小,大于0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量(WR0.25)和平均重量直径(MWD)高于传统耕作,初始和稳定入渗速率均高于少耕和传统耕作,土壤含水量分别较少耕和传统耕作高4.7和4.4个百分点,较传统耕作分别减少地表径流和土壤流失量86%和100%;少耕除夏季各项性状均介于免耕和传统耕作之间,夏季垄沟深松后,垄沟土壤容重显著降低,较免耕和传统耕作降低0.15 g cm-3以上,提高土壤初始入渗速率30%以上,较传统耕作减少水和土壤流失量20%和40%。传统耕作土壤容重,垄台由播种时的0.91 g cm-3增加至收获时的1.23 g cm-3,垄沟一直维持在1.30 g cm-3左右,WR0.25、MWD、土壤稳定入渗速率、含水量均较低,全生育期10%的雨水流失,土壤流失量615 t km-2a-1。免耕土壤结构稳定,蓄水保水最佳,为效果显著的水土保持耕作措施,少耕也有一定的保水保土作用;免耕和少耕均能够改善土壤物理性状。     

Seasonal and long-term resource-related variations in soil microbial communities in wheat-based rotations of the Canadian prairie

Like all other living organisms, microorganisms depend on nutrients, carbon and energy. Since microorganisms are central to most soil processes, the sustainable management of agricultural soils may need to consider the impact of soil fertility management on the soil microbial community. We tested the hypothesis that different rates of N and P fertilizers, and cropping frequency (modifying C input to soil) influence the size, structure and physiological condition of soil microbial populations residing in the plough layer (top 7.5 cm). For this study, we used a 37-yr old long-term wheat-based rotation experiment located in the semiarid Brown soil zone of Saskatchewan. The experiment included (1) four input treatments: (i) no N or (ii) no P fertilizer application to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W) rotations, and (iii) recommended rates of both N and P fertilizer applied to fallow-wheat (F-W) and (iv) to F-W-W; (2) two rotation phases: fallow and wheat-after-fallow; and (3) four sampling times: 8 June, 4 July, 5 August and 16 September 2003. Increased partitioning into storage lipids of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biomarker 16:1ω5 (P=0.04), suggested the accumulation of storage material under low soil N availability. Discriminant analysis detected modifications in soil microbial community structure due to cropping frequency (P=0.001) and sampling time, the effect of which was different in the fallow (P<0.0001) and wheat-after-fallow (P<0.0001) phases of the rotations. Correlation analysis of soil variables conducted in plots growing wheat revealed a dual effect of plants, which stimulated active soil microbial biomass (SMB), possibly through the release of soluble extractable C (C_sol−ext) in soil and, at the same time, SMB competed with wheat for soil water and N. The 37 y of different nutrient input treatments had no effect upon the active soil microbial biomass according to PLFA measurements, despite changes in soil resource-related variables (soil water potential, soil PO₄-P and NO₃-N fluxes, and C_sol−ext concentrations) (P?0.003). The biomass of each of three microbial populations monitored was lowest on 4 July, when the amounts of the soil resources monitored were average, and greatest on 5 August, when N, P and soil moisture availability was lowest. The temporal effect on the biomass of microbial populations seemed unrelated to variation in nutrient or water availability. We conclude that the soil microbial community is adaptable to a wide range of soil conditions. We propose therefore that the occurrence of sudden and dramatic events, such as a heavy rainfall on a dry soil, is the most important determinant of seasonal variation in active soil microbial biomass.     

Above- and belowground carbon inputs affect seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass in a subtropical monsoon forest of southwest China

Soil microbial activity drives carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil microbial biomass is commonly limited by environmental factors and soil carbon availability. We employed plant litter removal, root trenching and stem-girdling treatments to examine the effects of environmental factors, above- and belowground carbon inputs on soil microbial C in a subtropical monsoon forest in southwest China. During the experimental period from July 2006 through April 2007, 2 years after initiation of the treatments, microbial biomass C in the humus layer did not vary with seasonal changes in soil temperature or water content. Mineral soil microbial C decreased throughout the experimental period and varied with soil temperature and water content. Litter removal reduced mineral soil microbial C by 19.0% in the ungirdled plots, but only 4.0% in girdled plots. Root trenching, stem girdling and their interactions influenced microbial C in humus layer. Neither root trenching nor girdling significantly influenced mineral soil microbial C. Mineral soil microbial C correlated with following-month plant litterfall in control plots, but these correlations were not observed in root-trenching plots or girdling plots. Our results suggest that belowground carbon retranslocated from shoots and present in soil organic matter, rather than aboveground fresh plant litter inputs, determines seasonal fluctuation of mineral soil microbial biomass.     

西北各省季节降水变化及其贡献的差异分析

利用中国西北地区124个气象台站1951?2015年逐日降水资料,通过计算各季节降水量及降水日数贡献率,解析西北五省（区）不同季节各等级降水量及降水日数贡献率差异,明确不同季节降水量和降水日数变化对年降水量和降水日数变化,以及同季节内不同等级降水量和降水日数变化对当季降水量和降水日数变化的作用,以探究西北地区降水的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）1951-2015年,西北地区年降水日数以0.1d·10a-1（P＜0.01）的速率极显著减少,各站点年平均降水日数及线性变化趋势差异较大;（2）1951-2015年,西北地区年平均降水量以3.9mm·10a-1（P＜0.01）的速率极显著增加,变化显著区域主要分布在新疆及青海地区;（3）研究区域降水季节分布不均,主要集中在夏季,其中各省（区）夏季降水量贡献率在50%～63%,降水日数贡献率在35%～48%,春秋两季降水接近,冬季降水最少;各季节降水均以小雨和中雨为主,各省（区）两者降水日数累计贡献率均在90%以上,暴雨仅发生在夏季且降水日数贡献率低于1%,秋季各等级降水分布与春季基本一致;（4）夏、秋季节降水量和降水日数变化是年降水和降水日数变化的主要原因,小雨至中雨降水量和日数变化是导致季节总降水量和降水日数变化的最主要原因,而春、冬季降水在年降水、大雨至暴雨在当季（年）降水中不占优势,故其作用不明显。     

Spatial and seasonal variations in soil respiration in a temperate deciduous forest with fluctuating water table

Our objectives were to determine both spatial and temporal variations in soil respiration of a mixed deciduous forest, with soils exhibiting contrasting levels of hydromorphy. Soil respiration (R_S) showed a clear seasonal trend that reflected those of soil temperature (T_S) and soil water content (W_S), especially during summer drought. Using a bivariate model (RMSE=1.03), both optimal soil water content for soil respiration (W_SO) and soil respiration at both 10 °C and optimal soil water content (R_S10) varied among plots, ranging, respectively, from 0.25 to 0.40 and from 2.30 to 3.60 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Spatial variation in W_SO was related to bulk density and to topsoil N content, while spatial variation in R_S10 was related to basal area and the difference in pH measured in water or KCl suspensions. These results offer promising perspectives for spatializing ecosystem carbon budget at the regional scale.     

施肥对农田土壤螨季节性变化的影响

对农田土壤螨季节性变化进行试验研究结果表明,农田土壤螨1年有2个发生高峰,即春季5月份高峰和秋季8－9月份高峰。EM堆肥区土壤螨数量年波动平缓,稳定性高;化肥区土壤螨数量年波动性大,中气门目击壤螨7月份后才出现。     

Effect of temperature on soil microbial biomass and its metabolic quotient in situ under different tillage systems

Variations in the microbial biomass and the in situ metabolic quotient (qCO₂) due to climatic conditions were determined in a typical soil from the Argentine Rolling Pampa. Microbial C was evaluated by fumigation-incubation and qCO₂ was calculated using soil respiration in the field. An inverse relationship between microbial C and soil temperature was fitted to a model (r ²=0.90, P=0.01). No significant association with the soil water content was detected because the soil was generally near field capacity and thus water availability did not limited microbial growth and activity. Values of qCO₂ increased (r ²=0.89, P=0.01) as the result of metabolic activatìon, likely induced by a higher maintenance energy requirement at high temperatures. The highest values of qCO₂ were obtained when microbial C was the lowest, which was attributed to self consumption of microbial C in the presence of high temperatures. Consequently, microbial C was generally higher (P=0.05) in winter than in summer. Therefore, when microbial C is used as an index of soil biological activity, the influence of temperature should be taken into account.