阿莫西林在鸡组织中的残留消除规律

本试验旨在研究阿莫西林在鸡组织中残留消除规律。鸡组织样品经磷酸二氢钠溶液提取,乙腈去蛋白,正己烷去脂肪,饱和二氯甲烷萃取,上清液经水杨醛在酸性条件下沸水浴衍生化后,在激发波长358nm、发射波长440nm处用高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测。该方法测定鸡组织中阿莫西林的检测限为5μg/kg、定量限为13μg/kg。阿莫西林在鸡组织样品中平均回收率为73.64%~88.82%,相对标准差为6.21%~9.63%。各试验组京海黄鸡分别按体质量以30、60mg/kg剂量内服阿莫西林,每天1次,连续给药7d,休药4h后(零休药期)各组织中阿莫西林残留量最高,休药第3天各组织中阿莫西林残留量均迅速降低;休药后第5天阿莫西林残留量低于最高残留限量(50μg/kg);休药第9天所有组织中阿莫西林残留量均低于检测限;休药后相同时间点鸡肌肉中药物残留量最低,肝脏中的药物残留量最高;阿莫西林在鸡肾脏中残留比鸡肌肉、肝脏消除缓慢且消除时间长;阿莫西林在鸡组织中的残留量与给药剂量呈正相关。根据WT1.4软件计算所得,建议黄羽肉鸡按体质量以30、60mg/kg剂量给药,每天1次,连续7d后,其休药期(WT)分别为3、4d。     

氨苄西林在鸡排泄物中的残留消除规律

为了研究氨苄西林(AMP)在鸡排泄物中残留消除规律,将鸡排泄物用乙腈去蛋白处理,再用饱和的二氯甲烷萃取后,在酸性条件下上清液用水杨醛沸水浴衍生化后,在激发波长354 nm、发射波长445 nm处用高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测。结果显示:该方法测定鸡排泄物中AMP的检测限为1.2μg/kg(S/N≥3)、定量限为3.5μg/kg(S/N≥10)。AMP在鸡排泄物样品中平均回收率为74.96%~80.41%,变异系数均低于9.77%。试验鸡按体重以60.0、120.0 mg/(kg·d)剂量内服AMP,每天给药1次,连续5 d。AMP在投药第1 d时,鸡排泄物中AMP残留量被检测到,投药第5 d时达到峰值。休药后AMP在鸡排泄物中残留量迅速降低。正常剂量组,休药第7 d时,AMP在鸡排泄物中残留量低于检测限。双倍剂量组,在休药第9 d时,鸡排泄物中AMP残留量低于检测限。AMP在鸡排泄物中的残留量与给药剂量呈正相关,鸡排泄物中高含量AMP残留存在较大的环境风险。     

丁氨丙磷在马体内的药代动力学研究

健康赛马6匹,随机分为2组,分别以5 mg/kg体重和2.5 mg/kg体重2个剂量静注复方丁氨丙磷注射液。用液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS)测定血清中药物浓度,采用3p97药代动力学程序软件对所得药-时数据进行处理。结果表明,血清中丁氨丙磷的浓度下降很快,无论高剂量组还是低剂量组,24 h后血清中均无丁氨丙磷检出(检测限10 ng/mL)。高剂量和低剂量静注药-时数据均符合权重1/C2的二室模型。平均最高浓度分别为高剂量组87.81μg/mL和低剂量组10.22μg/mL,Tmax均为1 min。血药浓度-时间方程为高剂量:C=98.40e-0.31t 6.15e-0.0089t,低剂量:C=6.87e-0.048t 6.15e-0.0079t,高、低剂量组的消除相半衰期t1/2beta分别为77.78 min和87.37 min。药-时曲线下面积(AUC)高剂量组为1 005.55(μg/mL).min和低剂量组为565.16(μg/mL).min,说明该药在马体内的消除速度比较快。     

甲砜霉素在鸡肌肉中的残留消除规律

为研究甲砜霉素在鸡肌肉中的残留消除规律,鸡肌肉样品经丙酮、二氯甲烷提取,饱和正己烷脱脂,氮吹仪吹干浓缩后用流动相溶解,上高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测。测定鸡肌肉样品中甲砜霉素的检测限为1.5μg.kg-1(S/N=3)、定量限为5μg.kg-1(S/N=10)。各试验组鸡分别按体质量以10.0、20.0和50.0mg.(kg.d)-1剂量给药,每天1次,连续5d内服给药后,鸡肉中甲砜霉素残留量随给药剂量增大呈上升趋势,随休药期的延长而降低。休药第1天时,鸡肉中甲砜霉素残留量均达到峰值。休药前期甲砜霉素残留消除较快,后期消除缓慢。休药第5天时,鸡肉中甲砜霉素残留量均低于50μg.kg-1,休药第9天时,鸡肌肉中甲砜霉素残留量均低于检测限(1.5μg.kg-1);甲砜霉素在鸡肌肉中的残留量与给药剂量呈正相关。     

氨苄西林在鸡组织中的残留消除规律

旨在研究氨苄西林在鸡组织中残留消除规律。鸡组织样品经磷酸二氢钠溶液提取,乙腈去蛋白质,正己烷去脂肪,饱和二氯甲烷萃取,上清液经甲醛在酸性条件下沸水浴衍生化后,在激发波长327nm、发射波长409nm处用高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测。结果显示:该方法测定鸡组织中氨苄西林的检测限为3.5μg·kg-1(S/N=3)、定量限为10.0μg·kg-1(S/N=10)。氨苄西林在鸡组织样品中平均回收率在75.31%~85.87%,变异系数均低于10.20%。各试验组京海黄鸡分别按体重以120、240mg·(kg·d)-1剂量内服氨苄西林,每天1次,连续7d给药后,休药4h(零休药期),各组织中氨苄西林的残留量最高,并在休药后第3天迅速降低。休药第5天后所有组织中氨苄西林残留量均低于最高残留限量(50μg·kg-1),休药第9天各组织中氨苄西林残留量均低于检测限。休药后相同时间点鸡肌肉中药物残留量最低,肝中的药物残留量最高;氨苄西林在肾中残留比肌肉、肝消除缓慢且消除时间长。氨苄西林在鸡肌肉、肝和肾中的残留量均与给药剂量呈正相关。根据WT1.4软件按95%置信区间计算所得,建议黄羽肉鸡按体重以120、240mg·(kg·d)-1剂量给药,每天1次,连续7d后,其休药期(WT)分别为4和5d。     

牛奶中利福昔明残留消除规律研究

为研究新型奶牛干乳期乳房注入剂利福昔明在牛奶中的残留消除规律,在常规饲养条件下,选择处于干乳期的12头健康奶牛分为2组(每组6头),在预产期前60天,按推荐剂量(100mg)及2倍推荐剂量(200mg)两种剂量通过乳房注入方式给药,在产犊泌乳后的12、24、36、48、60和72h共6个时间点采集奶样,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测。液相条件：色谱柱为BEH C18(50?2.1mm,1.7μm),0.1%甲酸乙腈和0.1%甲酸水为流动相进行梯度洗脱。质谱条件：ESI＋离子源,MRM方式采集。结果表明：推荐剂量组12h时6头奶牛有2头检出利福昔明,残留量分别为2.84和4.50μg/kg;24h时已全部检不出药物。2倍推荐剂量组12h时6头奶牛均检出利福昔明,残留量仅在1.56~10.2μg/kg之间,24h时有2头检出,残留量分别为1.41和1.28μg/kg,36h时全部检不出药物。两组检出的残留量均远低于欧盟规定的牛奶中最高残留限量60μg/kg。因此,实验用12头干乳期奶牛使用利福昔明乳房注入剂后在产犊泌乳时牛奶中的休药期均为零。     

氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺在鸡肌肉中的残留消除规律

本试验旨在研究氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺在鸡肌肉中的残留消除规律。鸡肌肉样品经丙酮、二氯甲烷提取,饱和正己烷脱脂,氮吹仪吹干浓缩后,以乙腈-磷酸二氢钠溶液(0.01mol.L-1,含0.005mol.L-1十二烷基硫酸钠和0.1%三乙胺)(体积比35∶65)为流动相,流速为1.0mL.min-1,在激发波长225nm、发射波长285nm处用高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测。结果:测得鸡肌肉中氟苯尼考、氟苯尼考胺的检测限分别为1.5和0.5μg.kg-1(S/N=3)、定量限分别为5和2μg.kg-1(S/N=10)。各试验组京海黄鸡分别按体质量以25.0、50.0和100.0mg.kg-1.d-1剂量给药,每天1次,连续5d内服给药后,休药第1天时,鸡肌肉中氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺的残留量均达到峰值,且残留量随给药剂量的增大而增大,随休药期的延长而降低。休药第7天时,鸡肌肉中氟苯尼考及其代谢产物氟苯尼考胺的总残留量均低于MRLs(100μg.kg-1);休药第11天时,鸡肌肉中氟苯尼考及其代谢产物氟苯尼考胺的总残留量均低于检测限;氟苯尼考、氟苯尼考胺在鸡肌肉中的残留量及其总残留量均与给药剂量呈正相关。     

硫酸头孢喹肟乳房（干乳期）注入剂在奶牛乳汁中的残留消除研究

建立了牛奶中硫酸头孢喹肟残留超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法(UPLC-MS/MS)。选取18头刚进入干乳期的健康奶牛,随机分为6个组,分别于预产期前的42、35、28、21、14和7 d进行乳房注入硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(3 g∶150 mg/支),只用药一次,产犊后采集奶样。结果表明:预产期前7 d给药,奶牛产犊72 h后采集的奶样中头孢喹肟残留量降至MRL(20μg/kg)附近;预产期前14 d和21 d给药,奶牛产犊12 h后采集的奶样中头孢喹肟残留量降至MRL以下,均低于检测限;预产期前28、35和42 d给药,所有采集奶样的头孢喹肟残留量均低于检测限。建议在预产期前7、14和21 d给药硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂的弃奶期分别为产犊后5、1和0 d。     

丙磺舒对阿莫西林在猪体内的药代动力学影响

本实验采用高效液相色谱法测定猪血浆中阿莫西林的浓度,研究了丙磺舒对阿莫西林在健康猪体内药物动力学的影响。结果表明,单剂量肌肉注射阿莫西林后,阿莫西林吸收迅速,药峰时间为(0.19±0.11)h,药物浓度为(7.21±3.27)μg/mL,其动力学模型为一级速率一室模型。使用丙磺舒后,阿莫西林的半衰期由(0.86±0.18)h延长到(2.77±1.02)h(P<0.05),AUC由(12.38±5.69)μg/mL·h增加至(35.24±18.62)μg/mL·h,药峰时间为(0.42±0.32)h,药峰浓度为(6.24±3.43)μg/mL·h。     

恩诺沙星混悬液的研制及其在鸡组织中的残留研究

以恩诺沙星为主药,采用正交试验筛选配方,研制恩诺沙星混悬液,并对该制剂的药剂学特征及其在鸡组织中的残留进行研究。药剂学研究表明,混悬液的性状、pH及药物含量均符合混悬剂质量要求,且稳定性良好、易于再分散。健康鸡在饮水中添加75 mg/L(以恩诺沙星计)混悬液,自由饮水,连续用药5 d后休药;休药第5天,肌肉、肝脏及"皮肤+脂肪"组织中药物总残留量(恩诺沙星+环丙沙星)分别为11.12±10.53、79.29±28.86、50.08μg/kg±22.09μg/kg,而肾脏组织未检出;休药第8天,肌肉、肾脏、肝脏组织中均未检出恩诺沙星及环丙沙星,"皮肤+脂肪"的总残留量为13.84μg/kg±10.82μg/kg。采用WT1.4软件处理数据,计算出该混悬液在鸡体内的休药期为6 d。     

The influence of the width of the saddle tree on the forces and the pressure distribution under the saddle

As there is no statistical evidence that saddle fit influences the load exerted on a horse's back, this study was performed to assess the hypothesis that the width of the tree significantly alters the pressure distribution on the back beneath the saddle. Nineteen sound horses were ridden at walk and trot on a treadmill with three saddles differing only in tree width. Kinetic data were recorded by a sensor mat. A minimum of 14 motion cycles were used in each trial. The saddles were classified into four groups depending on fit. For each horse, the saddle with the lowest overall force (LOF) was determined. Saddles were classified as "too-narrow" if they were one size (2 cm) narrower than the LOF saddle, and "too-wide" if they were one size (2 cm) wider than the LOF saddle. Saddles two sizes wider than LOF saddles were classified as "very-wide". In the group of narrow saddles, the pressure in the caudal third (walk 0.63 N/cm(2)+/-0.10; trot 1.08 N/cm(2)+/-0.26) was significantly higher compared to the LOF saddles (walk 0.50 N/cm(2)+/-0.09; trot 0.86 N/cm(2)+/-0.28). In the middle transversal third, the pressure of the wide saddles (walk 0.73 N/cm(2)+/-0.06; trot 1.52 N/cm(2)+/-0.19) and very-wide saddles (walk 0.77 N/cm(2)+/-0.06; trot 1.57 N/cm(2)+/-0.19) was significantly higher compared to LOF saddles (walk 0.65 N/cm(2)+/-0.10/ 0.63 N/cm(2)+/-0.11; trot 1.33 N/cm(2)+/-0.22/1.27 N/cm(2)+/-0.20). This study demonstrates that the load under poorly fitting saddles is distributed over a smaller area than under properly fitting saddles, leading to potentially harmful pressures peaks.     

Monitoring of the mare during the perinatal period at the clinic and in the stable

Complications in late gestation are challenging problems for the equine clinician and are causes of considerable distress to owners. Health problems in a pregnant mare in each stage of gestation can adversely affect the pregnancy. It is important to obtain a thorough history and perform a detailed and systematic examination of the pregnant mare so that the mare may be classified as normal or high-risk. However, even after a thorough examination, practitioners may face problems with the interpretation and assessment of risk. Normal mares should foal in the stable or pasture. Mares classified as having a high-risk pregnancy need to be monitored precisely for signs of oncoming foaling with attendance of trained personnel when labour begins. A valuable method for monitoring of the high-risk mare is assessing fetoplacental well-being. Fetoplacental well-being is most accurately assessed with ultrasonography as well as several available hormone profiles. We are proposing our scoring system of the mare's health, which may be useful in the assessment of risk during pregnancy and help clinicians to decide whether sending the mare to the clinic is reasonable or unnecessary.     

中国饲料工业协会第五届理事会顾问、会长、常务副会长、副会长、秘书长、副秘书长、常务理事、理事名单

顾问刘中一张德邻宋瑞祥聂振邦张子仪戎易王维四会长白美清国务院原副秘书长、第四届理事会会长常务副会长(8人,以姓氏笔划为序)刘永好新希望集团董事长、第四届理事会副会长刘汉元通威股份有限公司董事长、第四届理事会副会长陈丹广东恒兴集团股份有限公司董事长、第四届理事会副会长张延喜农业部原副部长、第四届理事会副会长吴明夏湖南正虹科技发展股份有限公司董事长、第四届理事会副会长陶一山唐人神集团股份有限公司董事长、第四届理事会副会长温鹏程广东温氏食品集团有限公司董事长、第四届理事会副会长谭竹洲原化学工业部副部长、第…     

Harnessing the genetic toolbox for the benefit of the racing Thoroughbred

The understanding and application of genetics have grown extremely quickly since it has become possible to sequence the whole genome of an organism. The human genome sequence was completed in 2001 and that of the horse in 2007. The significance of this is that it makes it more feasible to explain how both genetically simple and complex traits are transmitted from one generation to the next and, therefore, to make informed breeding decisions, modify how horses are managed and trained to minimise the risk of disease and injury, and improve methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of many conditions. The science of genetics/genomics will continue to grow internationally, limited only by the funds available. The application of the science to man, horses and other species raises very complex moral and commercial issues. Thoroughbred breeders are perceived by some as resistant to change, but their apparent intransigence is often based on a genuine concern for the integrity of the breed. By taking control of the application of the advances in genetics, the Thoroughbred industry potentially has the opportunity to improve both the health and performance of Thoroughbreds. If, however, the science is applied in an uncoordinated manner, driven by commercial interests with no underlying concern for the horses themselves, there is a very real risk that breeders, the Thoroughbred breed and individual horses will all suffer as a consequence.     

鸡胆囊交感节后神经元的定位研究

为了找出支配鸡胆囊交感节后神经元的分布规律,选用体重1.5 kg～2.5 kg的成年母鸡6只,将CT-HRP溶液注入胆囊壁,动物存活3 d～4 d后,经左心室灌流固定,取内脏神经节、肾上腺神经节以及双侧胸、腰和荐段交感干神经节,制成50 μm的连续冰冻切片,TMB法呈色反应,置明视野显微镜下观片统计.结果发现,支配鸡胆囊的交感传出神经元胞体位于内脏神经节(占41.1%)、肾上腺神经节(占40.5%)和T2～T7交感干神经节(占18.4%),在交感干神经节中标记细胞的峰值位于T5、T6交感干神经节.所有的标记细胞以位于右侧的占优势.     

商品猪胴体性能对分割销售后效益的影响

试验以深圳某集团销售外三元商品猪为研究对象,分析了商品猪不同胴体性能对分割销售效益的影响.结果表明,销售完成率与胴体背膘厚呈正相关,不同背膘厚的销售完成率差异极显著(P<0.01);销售完成率与胴体重呈正相关,不同胴体重的销售完成率差异显著(P<0.05);销售毛利率与胴体背膘厚呈正相关,不同背膘厚的销售毛利率差异极显...     

犊牛腹泻与肠道菌群的变化

本文检测腹泻犊牛的直肠内8种主要正常菌群的变化,并与健康犊牛进行对比。结果发现,犊牛腹泻时,大肠杆菌、双岐杆菌和乳杆菌变化较大,而其它菌群变化较小。腹泻或将腹泻时,大肠杆菌数增加,双岐杆菌和乳杆菌数下降。腹泻康复或即将康复时,大肠杆菌减少,双岐杆菌、乳杆菌数增加。     

陕北白绒山羊繁育中心羊场绒山羊日粮的评价

试验选择陕北白绒山羊繁育中心羊场的成年健康母羊（怀孕前期）16只,育成母羊13只,育成公羊13只,空腹称重。测定每只羊1d的采食量,计算其摄入的营养成分含量,并与原苏联绒用山羊饲养标准比较,进行饲养水平评价。结果显示,与饲养标准比较,陕北白绒山羊繁育中心羊场的育成母羊代谢能高2．68MJ,粗蛋白低59．29g,钙低3．00g,磷低1．52g;育成公羊代谢能高3．47MJ,粗蛋白低81．92g,钙低4．42g,磷低2．62g;成年母羊代谢能高2．51MJ,粗蛋白低91．33g,钙低3．09g,磷低1．93g。结合羊的体况综合评价饲养水平基本合理,但尚需要按饲养标准增加粗蛋白、钙、磷等营养物质的供给量。     

猪獾全身骨骼的观测

对致死后的野生雄性猪獾作全身骨骼系统观察测定，共拍摄照片6幅，查明猪獾全身共有252共骨头，另有4块喉软骨，长约4．3cm，略弯圆柱状阴茎骨，16对肋软骨，上下各1对犬齿，较发达，分别长1．4cm,1.3cm，发现猪獾善于穴居或栖居，行动迟缓的骨骼特征：（1）胸椎发达，颈椎，腰椎较发达；（2）胸骨的前端愈合完全，后端膨大突出：（3）前肢短，有29．5cm，后肢长，有33．4cm，均有强大锐利的脚爪；（4）尾椎较长，全长16．9cm。