产热模型及其在猪净能及代谢参数研究中的应用

为研究建立动物产热量(HP)和食入代谢能(MEI)关系的模型,通过模型测定出20～80 kg生长猪不同体重阶段的维持代谢能(ME_m)、K_g(NEg/MEg)、K_pr(NE_pr/ME_pr)、K_f(NE_f/ME_f)等重要参数和净能需要(NER)。建立了HP/W^0.75与MEI/W^0.75的理论模型为:当MEI≥ME_m时,HP/W^0.75=C×K_g+(1-K_g)MEI/W^0.75,式中,HP为产热量(W^0.75);C=ME_m/W^0.75;ME_m为维持需要代谢能(CW^0.75);W^0.75为代谢体重(kg);K_g=NE...     

竹丝鸡屠宰体重和肤色指标相关性分析

为了研究竹丝鸡屠宰体重与肤色性状指标间的相关性,试验选取第8世代1日龄N611品系竹丝鸡337只(公鸡165只、母鸡172只)为研究对象,测定63日龄公鸡和70日龄母鸡的屠宰体重,同时利用色差仪测定公母鸡肩部、背部、翅下、尾椎、胸部和颈部肤色L^*、a^*、b^*值,对上述指标及屠宰体重间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明：竹丝鸡母鸡肩部、翅下、尾椎、胸部、颈部肤色L^*值均显著或极显著小于公鸡(P<0.05或P<0.01),提示母鸡总体肤色比公鸡黑;竹丝鸡胸部肤色L^*值与屠宰体重呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数为0.140,各部位肤色L^*值间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);背部肤色a^*值与屠宰体重呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数为-0.119;各部位肤色b^*值与屠宰体重相关性不显著(P>0.05)。说明在竹丝鸡育种过程中可以将胸部肤色L^*值作为辅助选育指标...     

板蓝根多糖对缺乳仔鼠免疫器官发育及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

试验应用流式细胞术检测缺乳仔鼠CD3⁺、CD4⁺和CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞含量来研究添加不同剂量的板蓝根多糖(RIP)对缺乳仔鼠免疫器官及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。结果表明:①RIP可增加缺乳仔鼠胸腺指数和脾脏指数。对胸腺指数和脾脏指数效果最好的RIP剂量随日龄增大而减小。②RIP可以增加缺乳仔鼠外周血CD3⁺、 CD4⁺ 、CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞数量。7~28日龄时初乳组(A组)、缺乳+中RIP组(C组)和缺乳+高RIP组(D组)3组CD3⁺ T淋巴细胞含量与缺乳组(B组)相比差异显著(P<0.05)。7~21日龄时初乳组(A组)、缺乳+中RIP组(C组)和缺乳+高RIP组(D组)3组CD4⁺ T淋巴细胞含量与缺乳组(B组)相比差异显著(P<0.05)。各处理组CD3⁺、 CD4⁺、CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞含量及CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值随着日龄的增加有所下降。适宜剂量的RIP可促进缺乳仔鼠免疫器官发育,提高T淋巴细胞亚群的水平。     

黔东南小香鸡、矮脚黄鸡及其F1代生长性能和生长曲线的拟合分析

本研究旨在探索黔东南小香鸡、矮脚黄鸡及其F₁代的生长发育规律。实验选用Logistic、Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy 3种生长曲线拟合模型分析黔东南小香鸡、矮脚黄鸡及其F₁代公母鸡的体重增长规律。结果表明：3种模型均能较好地拟合3个鸡群的体重增长曲线，且拟合度(R²)均在0.990以上。黔东南小香鸡生长曲线拟合以Von Bertalanffy模型最好，公母鸡R²均为0.997；矮脚黄鸡和F₁代的公鸡均以Gompertz和VonBertalanffy模型的R²最高，2个鸡群R²分别为0.999和0.998；由于Gompertz模型的估计值更接近实际观测值，所以Gompertz模型更适合拟合矮脚黄鸡和F₁代的体重增长曲线；矮脚黄鸡和F₁代的母鸡均以Von Bertalanffy模型R²最好，2个鸡群R²分别为0.996和0.997。...     

日粮能量水平对当雄牦牛肉品质的影响

为了探讨日粮能量水平对当雄牦牛肉品质的影响,试验将9头体况良好、年龄和体重相近[3周岁左右、体重(112.09±2.31)kg]的当雄牦牛公牛随机分为3个处理组[低能量(LE)组、中能量(ME)组和高能量(HE)组],分别饲喂综合净能为5.16,5.71,6.26 MJ/kg的试验日粮,以组为单位进行舍饲,预试期12 d,正试期78 d,正试期结束后,将所有试验牛屠宰,取背最长肌样品,测定各组肌肉的理化性质(pH值,肉色的L^*值、a^*值和b^*值及失水率、蒸煮损失、剪切力)和营养成分(水分、脂肪和蛋白质含量及氨基酸、脂肪酸组成)。结果表明：各处理组肌肉pH值,肉色的L^*值、a^*值和b^*值及失水率、蒸煮损失均差异不显著(P>0.05);ME和HE组的肌肉剪切力显著低于LE组(P<0.05),ME和HE组的肌肉剪切力差异不显著(P>0.05)。各处理组肌肉中水分和蛋白质含量差异不显著(P>0.05),LE组、ME组和HE组肌肉中脂肪含量随...     

母鼠孕期和哺乳期连续染毒双酚A对子代雄鼠睾丸发育的影响

旨在探究双酚A (BPA)对子代雄鼠睾丸发育的影响。本研究将8周龄体重18～22 g的SPF级母鼠随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只,A组每天给予普通蒸馏水,B组每天饮水给予0.05 mg·kg^-1 BPA,C组每天饮水给予0.5 mg·kg^-1 BPA组,D组每天饮水给予5 mg·kg^-1 BPA,E组每天饮水给予10 mg·kg^-1 BPA,F组每天饮水给予20 mg·kg^-1 BPA,G组每天饮水给予50 mg·kg^-1 BPA。F0代母鼠自怀孕起直至F1代子鼠断奶止饮水染毒BPA,F1代雄鼠于断奶(21日龄)处死。ELISA结果显示,母鼠染毒BPA剂量5 mg·kg^-1以上时,子代血清和睾丸组织BPA含量显著增加(P<0.05)。睾丸器官指数测定结果证明,染毒BPA剂量大于等于20 mg·kg^-1可导致子代雄鼠睾丸指数显著增大(P<0.05)。H&E染色显示,母鼠染毒BPA剂量大于等于10 mg·kg^-1可导致睾丸生精小管萎缩,小管间隙变大。彗星试验结果证明,染毒BPA大于等于5 mg·kg^-1可使子代睾丸细胞核DNA损伤显著上升(P<0.05)。免疫组化结果显示,母鼠染毒BPA剂量大于等于20 mg·kg^-1时子代睾丸雄激素受体(AR)表达量显著减少(P<0.05)。转录组测序结果显示,母鼠染毒50 mg·kg^-1BPA后子代雄鼠睾丸剪切体代谢通路U5 snRNA亚基编码基因Snrnp40上调,剪切体通用蛋白组件编码基因Hnrnpu下调,导致mRNA转录后修饰第一步受阻,荧光定量PCR结果与转录组测序结果一致,证实了转录组结果。结果表明,母鼠暴露于低剂量BPA可以引起子代睾丸发育异常,其分子机制可能与剪切体进行mRNA转录后修饰第一步反应受阻有关。     

不同月龄湖羊体重与体尺的多元回归分析

实验旨在建立湖羊不同月龄体重-体尺最优回归模型，并探讨湖羊不同月龄选择的主要因素。随机选取苏州市种羊场生长发育良好、健康的湖羊公羊96头、母羊118头，在相同饲养条件下测定初生、2月龄及6月龄体重及体尺指标，利用相关分析、通径分析、多元回归分析建立湖羊体重-体尺最优回归模型。结果表明：体长、体高、胸围和管围与公羊(初生和2月龄)、母羊(初生和6月龄)体重呈正相关关系(P<0.01),体长、体高和胸围与公羊(6月龄)呈正相关关系(P<0.01)，体长、胸围和管围与母羊(6月龄)呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。体重与体尺多元回归分析，建立湖羊不同月龄体重-体尺最优回归模型：初生公羊为Y=-6.914+0.080X1+0.051X2+0.114X₃+0.353X₄,R²=0.851;2月龄公羊为Y=-30.07+0.203X1+0.172X₂+0.241X₃+1.833X4,R²=0.807;6月龄公羊为Y=-43.801+0.381X_...     

和田羊体重与体尺指标的多元回归分析

本研究旨在探索新疆和田地区和田羊体重与体尺指标的相关性。研究测定了326只(公羊60只,母羊260只)2周岁健康且无病和田羊的体重(Y)以及体高(X₁)、胸围(X₂)、胸深(X₃)、胸宽(X₄)、管围(X₅)6个指标。通过相关性分析和多元线性回归建立最优回归模型。结果表明：影响和田羊公羊体重的主要体尺指标是胸围、体高、胸深,且胸围、体高与体重呈极显著正相关,胸深和体重呈显著负相关。主要影响和田羊母羊体重的体尺指标是胸围、管围、胸深,且胸围、管围与体重呈极显著正相关,胸深与体重呈极显著负相关。和田羊公羊体重的最优回归方程为Y=1.397X₁+1.096X₂–0.69X₃–117.06(P<0.01,R²=0.757);母羊体重的最优回归方程为Y=1.098X₂–0.573X₃+4.555X₅–64.006(P<0.0...     

溶血卵磷脂对降能饲粮饲喂良凤花鸡生长发育的影响

旨在研究在两种能量水平饲粮中添加不同水平溶血卵磷脂(lysolecithin, LPL)对良凤花鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、消化道酶活性以及养分消化率的影响。试验选用健康、体重相近的1日龄良凤花鸡1 080只,随机分为6个处理：1)对照组：饲喂基础饲粮;2)对照+500LPL组：在基础饲粮基础上添加500 mg·kg^-1的LPL;3)降能组：饲喂降能饲粮(在基础饲粮水平上降低251 kJ·kg^-1的代谢能);4)降能+500LPL组：在降能饲粮基础上添加500 mg·kg^-1的LPL;5)降能+750LPL组：在降能饲粮基础上添加750 mg·kg^-1的LPL;6)降能+1000LPL组：在降能饲粮基础上添加1 000 mg·kg^-1的LPL,每组6个重复,每个重复30只鸡。试验期52 d,分为前期(1～21日龄)和后期(22～52日龄)。试验结束后,屠宰取样测定相关指标。结果表明,降能饲粮组良凤花鸡料重比高于对照组,在添加750 mg·kg^-1 LPL...     

瑞香狼毒根对长爪沙鼠的急性毒力测试

本文采用含17%瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)根粉末的毒饵,依据孙氏改良寇氏综合计算法,实验室内测定了其对长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)的急性毒力。根据预试验结果,采用最低剂量为7.0 g·kg^-1,最适剂量梯度比值K=0.65的5个剂量梯度的瑞香狼毒根毒饵饲喂长爪沙鼠。结果显示:试验组试鼠体重明显下降(P=0.029<0.05),完全致死组肝脏重/体重比对照组明显减小(P=0.014<0.05),但肾脏略增大(P=0.102>0.05)。其对长爪沙鼠的LD50为(20.37±0.086)g·kg^-1,95%平均可信限为(20.37±7.84)g·kg^-1,属弱毒水平。     

波尔山羊×隆林杂交羔羊育肥期能量和蛋白质营养需要的研究

试验旨在研究育肥期波本杂肉羊能量和蛋白质营养需要量参数,筛选出一个最佳能量和蛋白质搭配的饲料配方,为科学饲养提供理论依据和生产指导。试验选择16只3月龄断奶波隆杂交F1代公羔,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以NRC（1981）营养需要推荐量为参考设计了低能低氮、高能低氮、低能高氮和高能高氮（NRC）4种能氮比日粮,分别为日粮1、2、3和日粮4。试验结果表明,舍饲波隆杂交羔羊育肥期对象草 玉米型日粮干物质采食量与代谢体重和日增重的关系为：DMI（g/d）=181.3W0.75－0.61ΔW－886.2（r=0.9287）;舍饲波隆杂羔羊育肥期粗蛋白质（CP）、总能（GE）、消化能（DE）需要量的估测模型分别为：CP（g/d）=19.56 W0.75＋0.25ΔW－128.6（r=0.7836）,GE（MJ/d）=2.98 W0.75＋0.023ΔW－18.69（r=0.8257）,DE（MJ/d）=1.26 W0.75－.006ΔW－3.56（r=0.6236）;3~6月龄舍饲育肥期波隆杂羔羊,日粮总能代谢率平均为0.49%,粗蛋白质的消化率平均为0.63%,每增重1 g体沉积蛋白质需要量为0.32 g。     

成年梅花鹿维持能量需要的研究

选用4头成年梅花公鹿,采用回归分析法,设置不同的能量进食水平,应用北京农业大学KB-Ⅰ型呼吸测热室测定其各自的产热量,将所测得的梅花鹿的代谢能日采食量(MEI)与日产热量(HP)代入Lofgreen的曲线回归方程(1gHp=a+bMEI),求得梅花鹿的维持代谢能需要量(MEm)为516KJ/W~(0.75)kg;维持代谢能利用效率(Km)为0.707;每日产热量与食入代谢能水平呈强直线相关(P<0.01):HP/W~(0.75)=304.84+0.413MEI/W~(0.75)。     

Estimation of net energy requirements (NEm and NE delta) of lactating beef cows.

Spring-calving Angus cows (n = 24) in moderate body condition were assigned to either a high (H), maintenance-high (MH) to support superior milk, maintenance-low (ML) to support average milk, or low (L) energy diet at 12 d (SD = 4) postpartum. Energy balance for individual cows was determined by body condition change, weight change, and weigh-suckle-weigh milk production estimates. High energy intake increased (P < .05) BW, body condition score (BCS), and megacalories of body energy (BE) by 94 d postpartum. Neither dietary nor BCS accounted for significant (P > .30) variation in days to first ovulation or conception. Fasting heat production was estimated to be 72.5 kcal/BW.75 from the regression of log daily heat production/BW.75 on daily ME intake/BW.75. Rate of daily BW change did not affect concentration of energy in the weight change. Body condition score change was highly correlated (r = .98) to BW change, with each unit of BCS (1 to 5 scale) change associated with 68 kg of BW change. Two methods were used to determine NE for weight change (NE delta) based on empty body weight (EBW) change. Method 1 used the equation: BCS change = -.404 + .0147 (BW change) and Method 2 used only the regression coefficient of this equation to predict daily BCS change. Methods 1 and 2 resulted in similar regression equations: NE delta (Mcal/kg EBW change) = 1.590 + 1.251 (BCS) and NE delta (Mcal/kg EBW change) = 1.317 + 1.251 (BCS). Ranges of estimated protein and lipid in the EBW change, respectively, were 10.0 to 13.7% and 17.1 to 77.2%.     

1～3周龄黑羽公番鸭代谢能和粗蛋白质需要量的研究

本试验旨在确定1～3周龄黑羽公番鸭代谢能和粗蛋白质的需要量.采用3×3双因子试验设计,设3个代谢能水平( 11.72、12.14、12.55 MJ/kg)和3个粗蛋白质水平(17％、19％、21％),配制9种试验饲粮.选取1日龄黑羽公番鸭378羽,随机分为9个处理,每处理设6个重复,每重复7只鸭,每组试鸭随机饲喂1种试...     

生长期秦川牛能量代谢规律与需要量研究

本试验旨在研究生长期秦川牛能量代谢规律与需要量。选择30头体况良好、体重[(336.33±18.28)kg]相近的生长期秦川牛公牛,随机分为5组,每组6头牛,分别饲喂按我国《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)提供的预期平均日增重900 g/d所需净能的85.0%(Ⅰ组)、92.5%(Ⅱ组)、100.0%(Ⅲ组)、107.5%(Ⅳ组)、115.0%(Ⅴ组)配制的5种试验饲粮。采用饲养试验和消化代谢试验测定秦川牛生长性能及能量代谢指标,并建立消化能和代谢能需要量预测模型。预试期10 d,正试期42 d。结果表明,Ⅲ组秦川牛平均日增重为880.15 g/d,较预期的结果略低;Ⅳ组平均日增重达到最大值(1 160.10 g/d),能量利用效率最高;总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率平均值分别为(76.44±3.23)%、(66.75±3.16)%、(87.31±0.54)%;秦川牛的消化能和代谢能需要量的回归方程分别为:DER=0.778W0.75+37.05ADG;MER=0.668W0.75+33.49ADG[DER为消化能需要量(M J/d),MER为代谢能需要量(M J/d),W0.75为单位代谢体重(kg),ADG为平均日增重(kg/d)]。综合得出,生长期秦川牛的维持消化能和代谢能需要量分别为0.778、0.668 MJ/(kg W0.75·d),每千克增重的消化能和代谢能需要量分别为37.05、33.49 M J。     

Interspecies variations in plasma half-life of ampicillin, amoxycillin, sulphadimidine and sulphacetamide related to variations in body mass.

The relationships between the half-lives during the elimination phase (t1/2 minutes) of ampicillin, amoxycillin, sulphadimidine and sulphacetamide and body mass (W, kg) between species of mammals and birds were examined using data from the authors' experiments and collected from the literature. Linear regression of the log half-lives of ampicillin, amoxycillin and sulphadimidine following intravenous injection on the log body mass for a variety of species of mammals and birds revealed significant correlations (r = 0.7709, n = 8, r = 0.7712, n = 8, r = 0.7749, n = 10). The interspecies relationships were described by the allometric equations t1/2 = 31.3 W0.16, t1/2 = 32.7 W0.12 and t1/2 = 129.2 W0.28, respectively. These equations may be of value for estimating dose intervals in species for which no relevant pharmacokinetic data are available.     

Basic data on food intake, nutrient digestibility and energy requirements of lorikeets

Although knowledge of the nutrient requirements of pet birds has increased a lot over the last few years, basic data on food and water intake and the energy requirements of nectarivorous species, such as lorikeets, are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to try to generate some of these data for lorikeets kept at maintenance. Determination of the daily maintenance energy requirement enables calculation of the daily ration and thus, the appropriate nutrient concentrations in order to maintain body weight. Investigations were carried out with six Goldie's lorikeets (GL; Trichoglossus goldiei: 40-50 g BW; 1-4 years) and six rainbow lorikeets (RL; Trichoglossus haematodus haematodus: 120-140 g BW; 1-12 years). Three of the most commonly used diets/foods (commercial 'lory soup'/apples/pollen: crude ash - 52.9/17.8/18.8; crude protein - 178/32.5/191; crude fat - 52.8/0.89/73.1; crude fibre - 17.9/40.5/30.4; starch - 139/not detectable/127; sugar - 522/859/418 g/kg DM; ME - 13.9/14.6/10.9 MJ/kg DM) were individually offered ad libitum. The measured dry matter (DM) intake (g/100 g BW) corresponded well to the values reported for granivorous bird species of similar body mass. Both lorikeet species achieved an apparent digestibility of organic matter of more than 90% for apples, approximately 82% for 'lory soup' and approximately 55% for pollen. The water content of the food affected the DM content of the excreta; 8% when fed 'lory soup', 2% for apples and approximately 30% when fed pollen. Regression analysis of body weight change relative to energy intake demonstrated constant body mass (assuming no change in body composition) when the daily energy intakes were 860 (GL) or 650 (RL) kJ ME/kg BW(0.75).     

Allometric analysis of thiamphenicol disposition among seven mammalian species

The pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol (TAP), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, was determined in male mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, sheep and calves. The relationship between the main pharmacokinetic parameters of TAP and body weight (W) was studied across these seven mammalian species, using double-logarithmic plots. The experimental values of volume of distribution (Vss), clearance (Cl) and elimination half-life (t(1/2)beta) were plotted, and extrapolated values were determined from corresponding allometric equations. These parameters were fitted to the following equations: Vss=0.98W0.92, Cl=15.80W0.76 and t(1/2)beta=0.94W0.20, and present good correlation (Vss: r2=0.997, P < 0.001; Cl: r2=0.976, P < 0.001, t(1/2)beta: r2=0.852, P < 0.005), that is expected of a drug eliminated primarily by renal glomerular filtration, with insignificant hepatic metabolism. For the t(1/2)beta, the extrapolated and observed values were similar. The extrapolated values of Cl were close to the experimental values, except for the mouse and pig mean percent error [(M.E.) equal to 62 and 119%, respectively], while the extrapolated and observed values for the Vss were very similar. The comparison between experimental and extrapolated values suggests that it could be possible to extrapolate, with good prediction, the kinetic parameters of this drug for mammalian species, using allometric scaling, except for the species that eliminate the drug by a combination of renal excretion and hepatic metabolism.     

Effects of body composition, pre- and postpartum energy intake and stage of production of energy utilization by beef cows

Mature Charolais x Angus cows (n = 128) were adjusted to a body condition score (BCS) of 3 (1 = very thin, 3 = moderate, 5 = very fat) between 130 and 190 d of gestation. When cows averaged 190 d of gestation, they were assigned randomly to a maintenance energy diet (ME) or to a diet very low in energy (LE). Cows were allotted within these prepartum (PRP) diets to a high-energy (HE) or LE diet at parturition. At 30 d postpartum (PP), cows were allotted to four treatments: a) slaughter at 0 (n = 32) or b) 48 h after calf removal (n = 32), c) cows whose calves were early weaned at 30 d PP (n = 32) or d) normally weaned at 205 d PP (n = 32). Low energy PRP intake reduced (P less than .01) BCS, cow weight, total empty body lipid (TEBL), body energy (BE) and daily predicted maintenance energy (PME)/W.75 by parturition. Pre- and postpartum energy intake combined to affect (P less than .10) these same factors in a similar manner at 30 d PP. From 30 to 60 d PP, early weaning reduced (P less than .05) PME/W.75. Cow BCS at 190 d of gestation had little effect (P greater than .10) on PME/W.75 or PME/Mcal of BE. Body condition score at parturition, however, affected (P less than .05) delta BCS, delta BE and PME/Mcal of BE by 30 and 60 d PP, with thinner cows losing less condition and requiring more PME/Mcal of BE. Cow BCS had a similar effect from 30 to 60 d PP. Total daily PME was greater for the fat cows during both the PRP and PP periods. Body composition, PRP and PP energy intake and early weaning affect energy requirements and energetic efficiency of beef cows.     

Equine energetics. I. Relationship between body weight and energy requirements in horses

Energy balance studies using indirect calorimetry were conducted with four mature equids ranging in weight from 125 to 856 kg. Each animal was fed three different levels of intake of the same diet. The amounts of digestible and metabolizable energy required for zero energy balance were determined by calculating regression equations for energy balance against energy intake. It was concluded that the maintenance requirements of equids vary linearly with body weight. No advantage was found for the use of weight for the comparison of equids within the range studied. The digestible energy (DE) requirement for equids confined to metabolism stalls was DE (kcal/d) = 975 + 21.28 X W where W equals body weight in kg. If a factor for activity similar to that suggested by the National Research Council was included, the requirement could be calculated by the equation: DE (kcal/d) = 1,375 + 30.0 X W.