5种常用消毒剂对锦鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在水温为26～28℃条件下,使用静水试验法,进行了5种常用消毒剂对全长(4. 73±0. 82) cm的锦鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验。结果显示:5种试验药物对锦鲤幼鱼的安全浓度分别为二氧化氯(4. 960 mg/L)、高锰酸钾(0. 773 mg/L)、溴氯海因(0. 290 mg/L)、三氯异氰尿酸(0. 057 mg/L)、聚维酮碘(0. 071 mg/L)。5种试验药物毒性大小依次为三氯异氰尿酸聚维酮碘溴氯海因高锰酸钾二氧化氯。     

鳗鱼养殖常用药物对铜绿微囊藻繁殖的影响

本文研究了鳗鱼养殖常用6种药物对铜绿微囊藻繁殖的影响,结果表明,二氧化氯、二氯海因、土霉素、敌百虫和高锰酸钾对铜绿微囊藻的96EC50依次为：2.09g/L、66.26mg/L、93.85mg/L、153.54mg/L、1.62mg/L,其对铜绿微囊藻繁殖的抑制效应强度分别为：高锰酸钾〉二氯海因〉土霉素〉敌百虫〉二氧化氯;而甲苯咪唑在0.25-50mg/L验浓度范围内对铜绿微囊藻的繁殖表现出积极的效应,随着浓度的增大铜绿微囊藻的繁殖逐渐递增。     

五种常用水产药物对白斑狗鱼幼鱼的急性毒性研究

研究了5种常用水产药物对白斑狗（EsoxLuciusLinnaeus）~幼鱼的急性毒性。使用常温静水试验法,探讨了溴氯海因、高锰酸钾、氯化钠、敌百虫和氯氰菊酯5种常用水产药物对白斑狗鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应,分别在试验24h、48h和96h后记录白斑狗鱼幼鱼的死亡尾数和试验药液的安全质量浓度。结果表明,5种药物的安全浓度分别为1．10mg·L^-1、1．37mg·L^-1,3309mg·L^-1、0．57mg·L^-1和0．0080mg·L^-1,这5种药物对白斑狗鱼幼鱼毒性依次顺序为氯氰菊酯〉敌百虫〉溴氯海因〉高锰酸钾〉氯化钠。     

4种消毒剂对麦瑞加拉鲮鱼幼鱼的急性毒性研究

2005年7~8月在浙江省余姚市青港野生苗种场,以体长(4.92±0.44)cm的麦瑞加拉鲮鱼幼鱼Cirrhina mrigola为实验动物,开展鱼安、二溴海因、菌毒清和溴氯海因等4种消毒剂对该鱼幼鱼的急性毒性试验。结果表明,鱼安、二溴海因、菌毒清和溴氯海因对麦瑞加拉鲮幼鱼的急性致毒时限为8h;鱼安对麦瑞加拉鲮鱼幼鱼2、4、6、8h的半致死浓度分别为16.070、16.267、15.780和15.687mg/L;二溴海因对麦瑞加拉鲮鱼幼鱼2、4、6、8h的半致死浓度分别为42.750、41.673、41.171和40.283mg/L;溴氯海因对麦瑞加拉鲮鱼幼鱼2、4、6、8h的半致死浓度分别为19.066、16.565、17.676和16.966mg/L;菌毒清对麦瑞加拉鲮鱼幼鱼2、4、6、8h的半致死浓度分别为6.267、5.785、5.451和5.451mg/L。麦瑞加拉鲮鱼幼鱼对鱼安、二溴海因、溴氯海因和菌毒清8h安全质量浓度分别为1.569、4.028、1.697和0.545mg/L,4种常用消毒剂的毒性大小依次为菌毒清、鱼安、溴氯海因和二溴海因。最后,还就鱼安、二溴海因、菌毒清和溴氯海因对麦瑞加拉鲮鱼幼鱼有效急性致毒实验时间的确定及其急性致毒效应特征,药物毒性蓄积系数MAC公式的解释与应用、诸药物间的致毒效果比较及其安全使用等进行了探讨。     

4种常用水产药物对西杂鲟幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在水温20~25℃条件下,采用静水试验法研究了聚维酮碘、溴氯海因、氯化钠和高锰酸钾等4种常用水产药物对西杂鲟幼鱼(平均体长11.40 cm,平均体质量10.10 g)的急性毒性。结果显示,聚维酮碘对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为8.81、8.50、8.34、8.17 mg/L,安全质量浓度(SC)为2.37 mg/L;溴氯海因对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为0.98、0.95、0.94、0.91 mg/L,SC为0.27 mg/L;氯化钠对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为13954.78、13545.83、13292.42、13139.48 mg/L,SC为3829.06 mg/L;高锰酸钾对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为2.94、2.89、2.82、2.77 mg/L,SC为0.84 mg/L。试验结果表明,聚维酮碘和氯化钠对西杂鲟幼鱼的安全质量浓度高于生产中的常用剂量,聚维酮碘可作为生产上的首选药物,氯化钠可放心使用但使用剂量不宜过高;高锰酸钾对西杂鲟幼鱼具有一定的毒性,使用后应适当投喂添加抗氧化剂和保肝的药物;溴氯海因对西杂鲟幼鱼的安全浓度低于生产常用剂量,因此不建议在养殖生产中使用。     

7种常规药物对鳜鱼苗的急性毒性试验

在水温为21~25℃的静水试验条件下,用水生生物毒性试验方法进行硫酸铜、二氧化氯、敌百虫、强氯精、高锰酸钾、溴氯海因和渔经杀虫精,对3~7日龄鳜鱼苗进行急性毒性试验。安全浓度分别为0.20mg/L、0.37 mg/L、0.26 mg/L、0.10 mg/L、0.18 mg/L、0.48 mg/L和0.002 mg/L。表明鳜鱼对药物的敏感性比一般鱼类高,渔经杀虫精不能用于鳜鱼的病害防治。     

11种常用渔药对淡水硝化细菌硝化作用的影响

在硝化作用稳定的试验系统中加人常用剂量的戊二醛0.5mg/L(全水体质量浓度,下同)、高锰酸钾3mg/L、聚维酮碘2mg/L、生石灰20mg/L,溴氯海因1 mg/L、漂白粉2mg/L、敌百虫1mg/L、指环净0.6mg/L、CuSO_4 0.5mg/L+FeSO_4 0.2mg/L合剂、氟苯尼考6mg/L和土霉素20...     

六种水产药物对草鱼鱼种的急性毒性试验

通过试验确定了兴棉宝、硫酸铜硫酸亚铁合剂、敌百虫、二溴海因、漂白粉、二氧化氯制剂对草鱼鱼种的最低致死质量浓度范围、半致死质量浓度和安全质量浓度。草鱼鱼种对6种药物的敏感性按96 h LC50值为标准依次为:兴棉宝>硫酸铜硫酸亚铁合剂>漂白粉>二氧化氯>敌百虫>二溴海因。它们的安全质量浓度分别为:0.047、0.11、2.75、6.34、8.48、14.1 mg/L。兴棉宝对草鱼鱼种的毒性最大且安全质量浓度低,应禁用;建议慎用硫酸铜硫酸亚铁合剂;而漂白粉、二氧化氯、敌百虫、二溴海因均可安全使用。     

4种常用水产药物对黄姑鱼幼鱼的急性毒性

为了解甲醛、高锰酸钾、氟苯尼考和聚维酮碘等4种常用药物对黄姑鱼幼鱼的急性毒性,在水温(17.0±1.0)℃,盐度24～26,pH 8.0～8.2的条件下,进行了4种药物对全长(5.61±0.07)cm,体质量(1.65±0.06)g的黄姑鱼幼鱼的急性毒性试验。结果显示：甲醛、高锰酸钾、氟苯尼考和聚维酮碘对黄姑鱼幼鱼的24 h半致死浓度分别为137.12、3.69、4 541.93、6.94 mg/L,48 h半致死浓度分别为116.77、3.23、3 724.95、6.57 mg/L,72 h半致死浓度分别为107.97、3.14、3 368.59、6.45 mg/L,96 h半致死浓度分别为98.67、3.09、3 261.90、6.37 mg/L,其安全浓度分别为25.40、0.74、760.64、1.77 mg/L。根据有毒物质对鱼类毒性的评价标准,高锰酸钾和聚维酮碘对黄姑鱼属中毒药物,甲醛和氟苯尼考属低毒药物。     

五种水产消毒剂对中华哲水蚤的毒性试验

进行5种水产消毒剂:氯氰菊酯、三氯异氰尿酸、高锰酸钾、溴氯海因、二氧化氯对中华哲水蚤的急性毒性试验,得出5种水产消毒剂对中华哲水蚤的24 h、48 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)和安全质量浓度。试验结果表明,5种水产消毒剂对中华哲水蚤的毒性由强到弱依次为:氯氰菊酯>三氯异氰尿酸>高锰酸钾>溴氯海因>二氧化氯;对中华哲水蚤安全质量浓度依次分别为0.02μL/L、0.05 mg/L、0.06 mg/L、0.19 mg/L、0.30 mg/L。试验取得较好效果,为正确合理使用该类药物提供参考依据。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.