红星苹果和肥城桃果实软化的酶学基础

以红星苹果穴Malusdomesticacv.Starking雪和肥城桃穴Prunuspersicacv.Feicheng雪果实为试材,结合乙烯利和1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理,分别研究了2者软化的酶学基础,并就其差别作了探讨。结果表明:红星果实软化中起主要作用的酶为内切和外切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(endo-和exo-PG);肥城桃果实软化的前20d则以纤维素酶(EGase)为主,20d后软化以endo-PG为主。研究同时发现,脂氧合酶(LOX)在这2种果实软化的启动阶段都起了明显的促进作用。1-MCP通过对红星果实中PG、肥城桃果实贮藏前期EGase和后期endo-PG活性的抑制,以及对2者软化启动阶段LOX活性的抑制,延缓了果实硬度的下降。     

草莓果实软化机理及调控研究进展

综述了草莓果实软化过程中细胞及呼吸作用的变化；细胞壁水解酶（多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、纤维素酶）在果实成熟软化过程中的活性及其作用；内源激素（乙烯、生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸）在果实成熟软化过程中的含量变化及其与果实软化的关系；钙对草莓果实成熟的影响及其与软化的关系。总结了近年来控制果实软化的主要措施，包括草莓果实的采前处理和采后处理，介绍了草莓果实的采前保护、采前喷钙、采后冷藏、气调贮藏、涂膜处理、辐射电磁处理、热处理以及防腐保鲜剂等技术的应用情况。     

PG酶与果实的成熟软化

多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PGs）是一种在细胞壁结构的改变中起重要作用的酶，它可以催化果胶分子中α～（1、4）－聚半乳糖醛酸的裂解，从而参与果胶的降解，它与果实的软化密切相关。PGs具有2或3种同工酶，它们分别出现于果实发育的不同阶段。PGs是由多基因家族编码的，各基因家族成员分别调节不同时空的表达，通过反义RNA技术和插入失活的方法可对PG基因进行调控。乙烯在翻译水平控制PG基因的表达而对PGmRNA的转录没有影响。气调贮藏、热处理、钙处理等贮藏措施能抑制果实PG酶的活性，延缓果实的后熟软化进程。综述了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG酶）在果实成熟中的作用、PG酶同工酶、PG酶基因及其表达调控、乙烯及贮藏措施对PG酶活性和果实软化的调控。     

果实成熟软化过程中主要相关酶作用的研究进展

果实成熟软化的外在表现是硬度下降、质地变软,硬度和质地是果实成熟标准和果实品质的重要指标,影响到果实采前采后处理方法、货价期的长短及其风味、口感等.因此,了解果实成熟软化过程中主要相关酶的作用机理及其与果实软化的关系,可以提供通过基因改良和作物育种控制果实软化的方法.现对果实成熟软化相关的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、β－半乳糖苷酶、葡聚糖内切酶(EGase)(CMCase)和木葡聚糖内切转糖基酶(XET)等的几种主要酶的研究进展进行了综述.     

1-甲基环丙烯处理对美味猕猴桃果实后熟软化的影响

 以美味猕猴桃‘布鲁诺’为试材，研究了1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)对果实后熟软化进程的调控作用。结果表明，猕猴桃果实后熟软化进程表现为前期的软化启动阶段和后期的快速软化阶段，1-MCP对果实后熟软化的作用表现在果实快速软化阶段，同时显著推迟乙烯跃变高峰的出现，并不同程度地影响乙烯合成上游调控因子脂氧合酶(LOX)和丙二烯氧合酶(AOS)的活性变化，明显地推迟了二者活性高峰的出现。     

软/硬肉葡萄果实细胞壁结构、组分及降解酶活性的变化

【目的】探讨葡萄果实发育成熟过程中软/硬肉果实软化与细胞壁结构、组分以及降解酶活性之间的关系。【方法】以硬肉品种黎明无核和软肉品种灰比诺花后35、49、63、77、91 d的果实为试材，对细胞壁组分及相关降解酶活性、细胞形态进行分析研究。【结果】在果实成熟过程中，果实硬度呈现先上升后下降的趋势，成熟时黎明无核果实硬度比灰比诺高2.8倍；果实硬度与原果胶含量呈显著正相关，与纤维素酶活性呈显著负相关。黎明无核果实硬度与原果胶和半纤维素含量呈显著正相关，灰比诺果实硬度则与纤维素含量呈显著正相关。随着果实成熟软化，果肉细胞逐渐表现大小不均匀、排列不整齐的趋势；灰比诺果肉细胞壁在果实转色时开始降解，而黎明无核则基本保持稳定。【结论】葡萄果实成熟软化过程中，原果胶和半纤维素快速降解导致果肉细胞壁破裂是葡萄果实软化的关键因素；果实细胞壁组分降解是由多种酶共同作用的结果，其中以纤维素酶的作用较为显著。     

浸钙对猕猴桃果实硬度变化影响的生化机制

猕猴桃果实在贮藏过程中硬度下降分为两个明显的阶段，第一阶段硬度下降较快，主要与淀粉的快速水解有关，由于采后浸钙不能有效地降低淀粉酶的活性，因而钙处理对第一阶段硬度下降的影响不大。第二阶段的硬度下降主要与果胶物质的水解有关，钙处理后的果实，多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（ＰＧ）的活性降低，非水溶性果胶物质的降解及水溶性果胶物质的上升速度变慢，从而有效地减缓了果实的软化速度。钙处理对猕猴桃果实的ＡＣＣ氧化酶及纤维素酶的活性没有明显的影响。     

桃果实缝合线软化与糖代谢的关系

为进一步说明桃果实缝合线过早软化的原因,测定了不同发育时期大久保桃果肉软化果和正常果缝合线部位的蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇的含量以及蔗糖代谢的相关酶——酸性转化酶、中性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶及山梨醇代谢的关键酶山梨醇脱氢酶(SDH)和山梨醇氧化酶(SOX)的酶活性,并对软化果和正常果果实中糖积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析比较,结果表明,糖代谢是影响桃果肉缝合线软化的重要因子之一;软化果在硬核期缝合线果肉快速生长,且糖代谢和相关酶活性都较旺盛,以单糖代谢为主,主要受中性转化酶的调节;果实发育进入阶段Ⅲ时,软化果的糖代谢比正常果的进程和速度都快,此阶段前期软化果的糖代谢快速旺盛,蔗糖快速大量合成,后期糖积累减少且糖含量大幅降低,果实出现未熟缝合线先软的现象。     

京白梨果实采后PG、糖苷酶和LOX活性变化及其基因表达特性

 以京白梨为试材,测定贮藏期间果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、糖苷酶（β-Gal、α-L-Af）及脂氧合酶（LOX）活性及其基因表达变化及对1-MCP和低温的响应。结果表明,果实软化呈慢（3 d内）、快（3 ~ 9 d）、慢（9 d后）的变化趋势;PG、β-Gal、α-L-Af和LOX活性及其基因表达量均随果实软化呈不同程度增加,且β-Gal和LOX的活性均在果实采收后3 d内上升快,其基因的表达量亦迅速增加,由此认为β-Gal和LOX可能在果实软化早期起着更为重要的作用。经1-MCP处理和冷藏后,β-Gal、α-L-Af、LOX和PG的活性及基因表达显著受抑,延缓了果实软化进程,且1-MCP对β-Gal和LOX的抑制作用最强烈,尤其在处理前期。在果实冷藏过程中PG和β-Gal活性基本维持原有水平,其基因表达在贮藏前期受到抑制,LOX活性和基因表达均维持在极低水平,说明LOX对低温较其它酶敏感。因此认为,PG、β-Gal、α-L-Af和LOX均不同程度地参与了京白梨果实的后熟软化,在早期软化阶段β-Gal和LOX可能起着更为重要的作用,1-MCP对β-Gal和LOX活性和基因表达具有更显著的调控作用,而低温可能主要是通过抑制LOX活性和基因表达来抑制果实软化。     

不同软化速率山楂果实软化相关酶活性分析

以采收期果实硬度迅速下降的‘软肉3号’和仍保持较高硬度的‘秋金星’山楂果实为试材，通过对发育期果实软化相关酶的活性分析，研究了‘软肉3号’果实的软化特点，以期为山楂果实的软化机理研究提供参考依据。结果表明：‘软肉3号’果实在盛花后100 d迅速变软，而‘秋金星’果实的硬度在盛花后120 d缓慢下降，且显著高于‘软肉3号’;多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)在‘软肉3号’中先呈现较低的活性，后伴随果实硬度的快速下降而大幅上升，而其在‘秋金星’中保持较高活性；果胶甲酯酶(PME)在‘软肉3号’中的活性较稳定且均高于‘秋金星’;纤维素酶(Cx)活性在2个品种中均先下降后上升，伴随果实的成熟活性显著升高；β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)在‘软肉3号’的活性较低，在‘秋金星’果实的活性较高，且随果实的成熟急剧上升；脂氧合酶(LOX)均在盛花后60 d出现活性高峰，且伴随果实的成熟出现小幅度上升。综上所述，‘软肉3号’山楂果实质地的改变可能受PG、PME和Cx等多种酶的共同影响和调控。     

Cropping effects on the loss of apple fruit firmness during storage: The relationship between texture retention and fruit dry matter concentration

Firmness is a primary measure of apple fruit texture, the key determinant of eating quality of apples. Despite the well developed understanding of the process of firmness loss in storage, there is very limited information concerning pre-harvest and at-harvest causes of the variation in fruit quality in the marketplace. The objective of the present study was to investigate the respective roles that the factors of time and intensity of crop thinning, fruit size and fruit dry matter concentration (DMC) each may have in determining fruit firmness of ‘Royal Gala’ apple at harvest and during storage. Loss of firmness during storage of all thinning treatments and of fruit size and DMC categories was described by a bilinear equation. Time of thinning did not influence any aspect of fruit softening during air storage at 0.5 °C. Comparing the crop loads, a lower crop load (100 fruit per tree) resulted in firmer fruit at harvest. The loss of firmness during storage associated with crop load occurred because fruit from the lowest crop load softened more rapidly during the second slow phase of softening. Fruit firmness was positively correlated with fruit size where larger fruit were slightly firmer than smaller fruit at harvest but not after storage. The softening profiles of different sized fruit were similar except for a class of extremely small fruit, which appeared to soften more rapidly during the second slow softening phase of storage. Both at-harvest and post-harvest fruit firmness were influenced by fruit DMC. Fruit firmness at harvest increased significantly as fruit DMC increased from 13% to above 16%. Despite having significantly different initial firmness, all fruit classes with DMC higher than 13% softened at a similar rate during both the initial rapid and second slow softening phases and the transition between the two phases occurred after the same time in storage. In contrast, fruit with very low DMC, less than 13%, had a greater rate of softening in the second phase. These results indicate that variation in fruit firmness at harvest and after storage is influenced by processes that affect and alter fruit DMC during fruit development. In this respect crop load control, which is used to improve fruit size, was also an important factor in altering fruit DMC, thereby affecting firmness at harvest and after storage. Furthermore, the effects of DMC on fruit firmness were independent of fruit size.     

猕猴桃总淀粉酶活性与果实软化的关系

猕猴桃采后的软化过程分为两个明显的阶段，其中第一阶段果实的快速软化与淀粉酶活性的上升所引起的淀粉的快速降解显著相关（Ｒ＝０．９９）。用机械伤或乙烯处理可提高淀粉酶的活性，加速淀粉的降解，从而促进了果实的软化。与冷藏相比，气调贮藏可明显地阻止淀粉酶活性的上升，减少淀粉的降解，因而较好地保持果实的硬度。     

Enzyme Activity Regarding Sugar and Organic Acid Changes during Developmental Stages in Rainfed Fig (Ficus carica L.cv Sabz)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of invertase and amylase enzyme activities on starch, individual sugars, and organic acid changes during developmental stages (before caprification, fruit set, softening, and senescence) in Ficus carica L.cv Sabz with three replicates. The initial stage of fruit development showed the highest stored carbohydrates and the lowest total sugar and whilst the senescence stage obtained the lowest stored carbohydrates and the highest total sugar. Furthermore, high-performance of liquid chromatograph analysis revealed that the value of glucose and fructose significantly increased as fruits developed. Citric acid was the most abundant organic acid followed by malic acid. Moreover, invertase activity increased sharply before the caprification stage up to the senescence stage. We found that fig fruit possess α- and β-amylase activities, which increased dramatically up to the ripening stage and then slightly decreased at the senescence stage. The present study showed that this cultivar is a rich fruit based on glucose and fructose as well as citric and malic acid.     

不同贮藏处理对‘槜李’果实采后生理特性的影响

本研究以‘槜李’果实为材料,分别进行外源乙烯、减压浸钙和低温贮藏处理,研究各处理条件下‘槜李’果实成熟软化过程中硬度、乙烯释放量、ACS和ACO活性等指标的变化。结果表明:‘槜李’果实软化过程中,硬度逐渐降低,乙烯释放量和ACS活性的峰值同时出现在软化后期;外源乙烯(0.5μl·L^-1)处理后,果实硬度迅速下降,乙烯跃变提前,乙烯释放量增大,ACS活性增强,促进果实迅速软化;用2%CaCl2溶液浸泡处理显著减缓果实软化,降低乙烯释放速率;低温贮藏显著抑制果实硬度下降,表明一定条件的低温贮藏对乙烯释放速率及其相关酶活的控制效果极为显著。     

Relationship between ADH activity,ripeness and softness in six tomato cultivars

Fruit from six tomato cultivars were harvested at progressive stages of ripeness. Fruit softness was measured together with the activity of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme in the pericarp tissue. The rate of increase in ADH activity in the ripening fruit was found to be strongly correlated (r=0.970) with the rate of softening of the fruit suggesting that induction of ADH activity in the fruit was possibly a function of the softening of the fruit rather than a direct function of ripening. As the ADH enzyme is involved in several aspects of flavour development in the ripening tomato fruit, in particular the regulation of accumulation of some aldehydes and alcohols, a correlation between fruit softening and activity of the enzyme has important implications regarding flavour development in tomato fruit of firm or soft varieties.     

丙烯和1–甲基环丙烯处理对采后柿果实XTH基因表达的影响

 为了进一步探索木葡聚糖内糖基转移/水解酶（XTH）在柿（Diospyros kaki L.）采后软化中的分子调控机制,应用实时荧光定量PCR 技术检测常温下丙烯和1–甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）处理的‘富平尖柿’果实中XTH 基因表达量的变化。结果显示,丙烯处理能够促进柿果实成熟软化,增加乙烯释放并使高峰提前到来,而1-MCP 处理能够延缓果实软化,抑制乙烯释放。随着柿果实成熟软化推进,4 个XTH 基因呈现不同的表达方式,且丙烯处理促进了4 个XTH 基因的表达,而1-MCP 处理则抑制它们的表达。其中,DkXTH1 和DkXTH2 在柿果实成熟软化过程中表达量较高,且二者表达高峰分别在果实成熟的初期和中期,说明DkXTH1 和DkXTH2 分别与采后柿果实初期和中后期的软化关系密切。结合乙烯释放量结果分析显示,柿果实XTH 基因的表达受乙烯调控,对柿果实的成熟软化中具有一定的促进作用。     

1-MCP对‘磨盘柿’采后成熟软化的调控效应

为了探讨1-MCP抑制柿果成熟软化的关键酶,以‘磨盘柿’为试材,研究1-MCP处理对常温柿果的生理指标以及软化酶系的影响。结果表明,1-MCP处理均有效的延缓了柿果硬度和可溶性单宁的下降,抑制了果实的呼吸强度和乙烯生成量的增加,并推迟了呼吸高峰和乙烯高峰出现的时间,有效抑制贮藏后期果实MDA和膜相对电导率的增加,延缓了果实成熟衰老进程;抑制了PG活性、Cx活性、淀粉酶活性的增加,延缓果实软化进程;但对果实PE活性没有抑制作用。导致果实软化的影响因素次序为:PG>Cx>淀粉酶>PE。1-MCP能够有效抑制柿果的成熟软化,与果实中PG、Cx和淀粉酶活性密切相关。