Full three-dimensional photonic bandgap crystals at near-infrared wavelengths

An artificial crystal structure has been fabricated exhibiting a full three-dimensional photonic bandgap effect at optical communication wavelengths. The photonic crystal was constructed by stacking 0.7-micrometer period semiconductor stripes with the accuracy of 30 nanometers by advanced wafer-fusion technique. A bandgap effect of more than 40 decibels (which corresponds to 99.99% reflection) was successfully achieved. The result encourages us to create an ultra-small optical integrated circuit including a three-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide with a sharp bend.     

The goldfish ear codes the axis of acoustic particle motion in three dimensions

Auditory and vestibular nerve fibers of the goldfish are strongly directionally sensitive to whole-body acceleration at audio frequencies. The three-dimensional pattern of sensitivity shows that input from a receptor ensemble (hair cells) is essentially equivalent to that expected from a single hair cell having a given three-dimensional orientation of best sensitivity. Fibers from the sacculus, lagena, and utriculus differ with respect to distributions of directional orientation, but are similar in best threshold (less than 1 nanometer, root mean square, at 140 hertz). In combination with other mechanisms for detection of sound pressure, this directionality is a likely basis for directional hearing in fishes, and it could allow the determination of underwater acoustic intensity.     

灵石山国家森林公园三维可视化研究

以灵石山国家森林公园为例,利用ArcGIS的3D扩展模块,在ArcScene中导入灵石山国家森林公园的数字高程模型,结合遥感数据,实现灵石山国家森林公园的三维可视化。该方法改变传统的园林三维景观制作的固定模式,操作均在ArcGIS中进行,具有可更新、易操作等优势。     

High-temperature molecular magnets based on cyanovanadate building blocks: spontaneous magnetization at 230 k

The molecular-based magnetic materials Cs(2)Mn(||)[V(||)(CN)(6)] (1) and (Et(4)N)(0.5)Mn(l.25)- [V(CN)(5)].2H(2)O (2) (where Et is ethyl) were prepared by the addition of manganese(II) triflate to aqueous solutions of the hexacyanovanadate(II) ion at 0 degrees C. Whereas 1 crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice, 2 crystallizes in a noncubic space group. The cesium salt (1) has features characteristic of a three-dimensional ferrimagnet with a Néel transition at 125 kelvin. The tetraethylammonium salt (2) also behaves as a three-dimensional ferrimagnet with a Néel temperature of 230 kelvin; only two other molecular magnets have higher magnetic ordering temperatures. Saturation magnetization measurements indicate that in both compounds the V(II) and high-spin Mn(II) centers are antiferromagnetically coupled. Both 1 and 2 exhibit hysteresis loops characteristic of soft magnets below their magnetic phase-transition temperatures. The high magnetic ordering temperatures of these cyano-bridged solids confirm that the incorporation of early transition elements into the lattice promotes stronger magnetic coupling by enhancing the backbonding into the cyanide pi* orbitals.     

Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects

The time required to recognize that two perspective drawings portray objects of the same three-dimensional shape is found to be (i) a linearly increasing function of the angular difference in the portrayed orientations of the two objects and (ii) no shorter for differences corresponding simply to a rigid rotation of one of the two-dimensional drawings in its own picture plane than for differences corresponding to a rotation of the three-dimensional object in depth.     

现代热带立体农业发展模式的思考

概述了立体农业概念及特点,分析了我国现代热带立体农业发展模式,在此基础上提出了我国现代热带立体农业发展功能及发展对策,为今后热带立体农业的发展提供借鉴。     

城市景观三维可视化系统的应用研究——以青岛市为例

为了全面、综合地安排城市空间,合理利用土地,实现对城市景观的合理规划和管理,对城市景观三维可视化系统进行了研究。利用数据三库（DEM、DOM、DLG）一体化管理的功能,并基于数字摄影测量工作站（DPW）在VRMAP软件下建立三维城市模型。利用航空相片,通过数字摄影测量工作站制作数字地面高程模型（DEM）及正射影像（DOM）,两者通过地理坐标叠加套合,生成地表模型。然后对模型进行编辑和贴纹理,建筑物顶面的纹理可以从航空像片及DOM上提取,侧面的纹理要用数码相机在实地拍摄。对于独立地物（如树、电杆、花坛等）可用VRMODEL或3DMAX单独建立,力求形象逼真。对于建筑物、街道（包括路坎）、独立地物（包括树、路灯、花坛等）、三维注记等,将三维模型与地表模型精确套合,在统一的坐标体系中逼真表现三维景观,从而为三维空间信息的查询和分析奠定了基础。对城市实体的数据进行采集与数字建模,并将三维城市景观模型应用到城市景观设计,城市景观规划,城市景观评价,城市景观设施查询等领域,建立三维可视化应用系统,实现对应用系统的三维可视化操作和分析。结果表明上述方法切实可行,所形成的城市景观三维系统能够实现对城市景观的规划和管理。     

Structure of a psoralen cross-linked DNA in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance

One- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods were used to determine a three-dimensional model of an eight-base-pair DNA fragment (d-GGGTACCC) cross-linked with psoralen in solution. Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect experiments were used to assign the spectrum and estimate distances for 171 proton pairs in the cross-linked DNA. The NMR-derived model shows a 53 degree bend into the major groove that occurs primarily at the site of drug addition and a 56 degree unwinding that spans the eight-base-pair duplex.     

Diffusing-Wave Spectroscopy of Dynamics in a Three-Dimensional Granular Flow

Diffusing-wave spectroscopy was used to measure the microscopic dynamics of grains in the interior of a three-dimensional flow of sand. The correlation functions show that minutely separated grains fly from collision to collision with large random velocities. On a time scale 10(3) to 10(4) times longer than the average time between collisions, the grains displayed slow, collective rearrangements, which, at the long-time limit, produced diffusive dynamics.     

An antimony sulfide with a two-dimensional, intersecting system of channels

A novel open antimony sulfide framework of composition [Sb(3)S(5)](-) has been synthesized hydrothermally, in the presence of tetramethyl ammonium ions. Determination of the crystal structure demonstrates that the (Me(4)N)(+) molecules (Me, methyl) occlude a system of intersecting channels at 90 degrees to one another. The three-dimensional framework is assembled from a new building unit, flat s-shaped buckled sheets of edge-linked 4-rings containing Sb(2)S(2) moieties. These are cross-linked in two directions to form the system of channels.     

古建筑木构件缺陷及评价残余弹性模量的初步研究

以现场检测古建筑木构件的缺陷和评价残余弹性模量为目的,采用三维应力波的方法对保国寺大殿C1柱进行了现场勘查。结果表明:三维应力波无损检测技术可较好地进行现场古建筑木构件内部缺陷的检测,不仅可以现场检测同一高度截面内的缺陷状况,而且还可以现场检测不同高度的截面之间的缺陷状况;通过波速在不同截面之间的变化状况,说明柱子的缺陷主要存在于近地面区域;三维应力波无损检测技术还可较好地进行现场古建筑木构件平均残余弹性模量评价,传感器之间的距离对柱子的平均残余弹性模量的测定影响相对较小。     

工程结构蚀坑的腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命预测

为了研究腐蚀疲劳裂纹在蚀坑处萌生位置差异的本质及预测腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命,采用双参数模型描述点蚀坑形貌,并基于三维有限元模型分析不同点蚀坑形貌下的应力集中情况。基于此,分析了蚀坑深度、深径比及位置等参数对蚀坑不同位置应力集中的影响规律。依据腐蚀疲劳现象学观点,建立了三维双参数点蚀坑腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生评估模型,分析不同蚀坑形貌下腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生的临界值。研究表明:控制腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生的条件主要为蚀坑深度和蚀坑形状;萌生于蚀坑处不同位置的腐蚀疲劳裂纹的临界值均可采用蚀坑临界深度值表示。所建模型的有效性和合理性得到了有效验证,为工程实际中遭受腐蚀疲劳损伤结构的腐蚀疲劳起始寿命预测提供了一种可行性方法。     

农业院校图书馆为“三农”服务的意义及举措

我国是农业大国,农业、农村、农民即"三农"问题一定程度上影响到国民经济的发展.而具有科技文献丰富、电子信息资源齐全的农业院校图书馆是将现代信息技术服务"三农"的重要使者.分析了农业院校图书馆服务"三农"的意义与独特优势,并提出了6项具体措施.     

Dipolar antiferromagnetism and quantum criticality in LiErF₄

Magnetism has been predicted to occur in systems in which dipolar interactions dominate exchange. We present neutron scattering, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility data for LiErF(4), establishing it as a model dipolar-coupled antiferromagnet with planar spin-anisotropy and a quantum phase transition in applied field H(c|| = 4.0 ± 0.1 kilo-oersteds. We discovered non-mean-field critical scaling for the classical phase transition at the antiferromagnetic transition temperature that is consistent with the two-dimensional XY/h(4) universality class; in accord with this, the quantum phase transition at H(c) exhibits three-dimensional classical behavior. The effective dimensional reduction may be a consequence of the intrinsic frustrated nature of the dipolar interaction, which strengthens the role of fluctuations.     

The baryon halo of the milky way: A fossil record of its formation

Astronomers believe that the baryon (stellar) halo of the Milky Way retains a fossil imprint of how it was formed. But a vast literature shows that the struggle to interpret the observations within a consistent framework continues. The evidence indicates that the halo has built up through a process of accretion and merging over billions of years, which is still going on at a low level. Future satellite missions to derive three-dimensional space motions and heavy element (metal) abundances for a billion stars will disentangle the existing web and elucidate how galaxies like our own came into existence.     

Correspondence matching in apparent motion: evidence for three-dimensional spatial representation

The path of an object in apparent motion depends on correspondence matching, the decision that images seen at different places and at different times represent the same object. One determinant of correspondence is proximity. Still debated, however, is whether proximity is defined in a two- or three-dimensional spatial representation. Observers judged the motion path taken by an object with two neighbors of different apparent depth. Given similar two-dimensional distances, objects moved toward the neighbor of the same apparent depth. This is evidence that correspondence operates in a three-dimensional spatial representation.     

Hydrogen storage in microporous metal-organic frameworks

Metal-organic framework-5 (MOF-5) of composition Zn4O(BDC)3 (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) with a cubic three-dimensional extended porous structure adsorbed hydrogen up to 4.5 weight percent (17.2 hydrogen molecules per formula unit) at 78 kelvin and 1.0 weight percent at room temperature and pressure of 20 bar. Inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy of the rotational transitions of the adsorbed hydrogen molecules indicates the presence of two well-defined binding sites (termed I and II), which we associate with hydrogen binding to zinc and the BDC linker, respectively. Preliminary studies on topologically similar isoreticular metal-organic framework-6 and -8 (IRMOF-6 and -8) having cyclobutylbenzene and naphthalene linkers, respectively, gave approximately double and quadruple (2.0 weight percent) the uptake found for MOF-5 at room temperature and 10 bar.     

Characterization of a helical protein designed from first principles

The question of how the primary amino acid sequence of a protein determines its three-dimensional structure is still unanswered. One approach to this problem involves the de novo design of model peptides and proteins that should adopt desired three-dimensional structures. A systematic approach was aimed at the design of a four-helix bundle protein. The gene encoding the designed protein was synthesized and the protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The protein was shown to be monomeric, highly helical, and very stable to denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). Thus a globular protein has been designed that is capable of adopting a stable, folded structure in aqueous solution.     

基于Simulink船用智能柴油机共轨喷射系统视景仿真

选择合适的建模工具搭建船用智能柴油机燃油共轨喷射系统三维视景模型,在Matlah／Simulink开发环境中设计该系统的数学模型,在此基础上,开发数据交互与通信模块,将上述两种模型进行有机融合,在网络化三维场景中实现燃油喷射过程的高逼真度可视化仿真．     

Interplane Tunneling Magnetoresistance in a Layered Manganite Crystal

The current-perpendicular-to-plane magnetoresistance (CPP-MR) has been investigated for the layered manganite, La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 (x = 0.3), which is composed of the ferromagnetic-metallic MnO2 bilayers separated by nonmagnetic insulating block layers. The CPP-MR is extremely large (10(4) percent at 50 kilo-oersted) at temperatures near above the three-dimensional ordering temperature (Tc approximately 90 kelvin) because of the field-induced coherent motion between planes of the spin-polarized electrons. Below Tc, the interplane magnetic domain boundary on the insulating block layer serves as the charge-transport barrier, but it can be removed by a low saturation field, which gives rise to the low-field tunneling MR as large as 240 percent.