犬瘟热鉴别诊治(三)

2．2 组织学检查 患犬肺脏广泛瘀血、水肿，肺泡壁增厚、细胞增多。部分肺泡腔中充满浆液、嗜中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和脱落的肺泡上皮细胞，有些部位的肺泡壁坏死、溶解。患犬支气管和细支气管上皮细胞坏死、脱落．固有膜内有嗜中性粒细胞浸润，管腔中充积多量化脓性渗出物。少数病犬支气管和细支气管上皮细胞浆中可见嗜酸性病毒包涵体。     

绵羊肺腺瘤病毒自然感染病例的病理学观察

通过对2只自然感染绵羊肺腺瘤病毒的病羊进行剖检及病理组织学观察,了解此病毒对绵羊机体的主要侵害器官及其他各器官所发生的一系列变化。试验结果表明:剖检可见肺脏膨隆,体积增大、充满胸腔;肺的表面和切面上见到大小不一、质度较实的黄白色小结节;有些病例肺胸膜的脏层与壁层发生黏连;在支气管、细支气管内可见白色泡沫状的黏液。组织学检查可见肺泡壁上皮细胞和细支气管上皮细胞增生,呈乳头状向肺泡腔内或细支气管腔内生长;邻近部位的肺泡腔内有大量的巨噬细胞增生。从观察结果中可以看出,绵羊肺腺瘤病毒主要侵害肺脏和机体的免疫器官,可为绵羊肺腺瘤病的进一步研究提供参考。     

兔胎儿肺脏发育的组织形态学特征

为阐明兔胎儿肺脏发育的组织形态学特征,采集4组兔胎儿(平均体长分别为1.9、2.75、4.7 cm和10.35 cm)肺脏,经制备石蜡切片,显微镜观察组织结构变化。结果显示,1.9 cm组,肺脏只见两条主支气管,由假复层柱状上皮组成;2.75 cm组,已形成支气管树,分支形成许多腺管状的细支气管结构,末端形成终蕾;在4.7 cm组,已形成终末细支气管,由单层立方上皮构成;10.35 cm组,已形成终囊(原始肺泡),囊壁较厚,只有少量终囊分化出肺泡Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型细胞,但也存在未形成终囊及终末细支气管的肺间质区域。这些结果表明,4组兔胎儿肺脏发育分别处于肺芽期、假腺期、小管期和终囊期。     

HIF-2α在藏羊肺脏的表达分布研究

目的:研究藏羊肺脏组织中低氧诱导因子(Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α,HIF-2α)的表达分布。方法:取藏羊肺脏组织作为试验样本,制成石蜡切片,通过HE染色法观察藏羊肺脏组织的形态结构,之后通过免疫组织化学染色观察藏羊肺脏组织的形态,并分析HIF-2α在藏羊肺脏器官中的表达分布结果。结果:HIF-2α表达为强阳性的是藏羊肺脏中的肺泡导管、末端细支气管和肺泡Ⅱ细胞部位。结论:此次试验通过研究HIF-2α在藏羊肺脏中的表达结果的分布,表明藏羊肺脏在肌细胞等结构的表达程度远低于肺泡导管、终末支气管上皮细胞和Ⅱ型肺泡细胞的表达程度。     

血管内皮生长因子在绵羊肺脏中的表达分布研究

目的研究血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）在绵羊肺脏中的表达分布特征。方法取成年绵羊肺脏组织,制备石蜡切片,利用HE染色法观察绵羊肺脏组织的形态结构,采用免疫组织化学方法检测VEGF在绵羊肺脏组织中的分布。结果肺脏的各类型细胞均可见VEGF表达,在绵羊肺脏导气部的细支气管和终末细支气管的上皮细胞,呼吸部的肺泡管和呼吸性细支气管的上皮细胞,以及肺的血管内皮细胞均可检测到VEGF的强阳性表达信号。结论VEGF广泛分布于绵羊肺脏组织中,对其形态结构和功能的维持具有重要作用。     

5例绵羊尘肺自然病例的病理观察

对5例购自金塔县成年绵羊的肺脏、支气管淋巴结和纵隔淋巴结进行了组织学研究。结果表明,5例绵羊肺脏均有程度不等的尘肺病变。绵羊尘肺病变可为局灶型或弥漫型。局灶型尘肺表现为,尘细胞结节与尘灶呈散在分布于肺泡隔、细支气管周围和肺胸膜结缔组织中;弥漫型尘肺则尘细胞与尘灶弥漫性分布于整个肺组织中。在尘灶周围常大量淋巴细胞浸润,局部结缔组织程度不等增生,肺泡隔显著增宽,肺泡腔萎缩。同时,5例病羊肺脏均有程度不等单核巨噬细胞性肺炎。病变肺组织周围有程度不等肺气肿区。5例病羊支气管淋巴结和纵隔淋巴结均有严重的尘灶和尘细胞结节。     

运输应激对小鼠肺脏显微和超微结构及热休克蛋白表达的影响

为阐明运输应激对小鼠肺脏的病理损伤及热休克蛋白表达的影响,本实验运用HE染色、醋酸铀-枸橼酸铅染色、免疫组织化学染色和图像分析等方法,分析运输应激小鼠显微结构、超微结构以及HSP27、HSP70和HSP90表达的变化情况。结果表明:运输应激小鼠肺泡腔塌陷或发生融合,肺泡腔中可见脱落的细胞及胞质内容物,肺泡隔增厚,毛细血管明显扩张,炎性细胞浸润,肺泡Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型上皮细胞均发生明显的超微病理损伤,部分细支气管上皮脱落;与对照组相比,运输应激小鼠肺脏HSP27蛋白表达未见明显变化,HSP70蛋白表达量是对照组的10倍(P0.01),HSP90蛋白表达量下降。综上可知,运输应激对小鼠肺脏组织结构造成较大损伤,细胞病变较明显,HSP70和HSP90蛋白与肺脏应激损伤的发生发展存在一定的关联。     

藏獒和松狮犬犬瘟热的病理学观察

对藏獒和松狮犬的犬瘟热自然感染病例进行了临床观察、尸体剖检以及病理组织学检查.结果显示,病毒主要侵害犬的呼吸、消化、神经、心血管和免疫系统.肺脏呈严重的间质性肺炎和支气管肺炎的变化,肺泡壁结构消失,肺泡腔内有大量巨噬细胞;胃、肠黏膜充血、水肿,上皮细胞坏死、脱落;脑膜和实质充血、水肿,可见微血栓形成;心脏明显扩张,右心肥大,心室腔内有鸡脂样凝血块;免疫器官受损严重,脾脏和淋巴结均呈明显退行性病变.在胃腺上皮细胞、肝细胞、肺泡上皮细胞和细支气管上皮细胞内发现嗜酸性的核内或胞浆包涵体.     

香烟烟雾对小白鼠肺部组织结构的影响研究

旨在研究被动吸烟对小白鼠肺部组织结构的影响。对小白鼠进行烟熏处理后,取其肺部组织,制作石蜡切片,进行HE染色,借助显微镜观察小白鼠肺部组织结构的变化。研究结果表明,烟熏后小白鼠肺部出现肺泡扩充,肺泡壁变薄;肺泡隔出现不同程度的组织增生;肺泡囊、肺泡管扩大或受损;细支气管管壁受损,黏膜上皮柱状纤毛细胞数量增多,排列凌乱,管腔内有异物积累,管腔变窄;终末细支气管黏膜皱襞受损严重,管壁增厚。并且通过比较可观察到香烟烟雾对成年小白鼠肺部组织结构的影响变化较幼年小白鼠更明显。由该试验结果可以得出,随着烟熏时间的延长,香烟烟雾中的某些物质会引起小白鼠肺部组织结构发生明显变化,且被动吸烟对成年小鼠肺部组织结构造成的影响较幼年小鼠严重。     

宁夏某羊场绵羊肺炎支原体的分离鉴定及病理组织学观察

为了确定宁夏某羊场发生一起以体温升高、咳嗽、呼吸困难为临床特征且具有传染性的疾病的病原，采集濒死病羊的病理组织，应用细菌分离培养、分子生物学鉴定、病理组织学观察及免疫组织化学分析等方法对采集的病料进行病原检测和诊断。结果显示，细菌分离培养获得3株支原体分离株，分子进化分析发现其均属于绵羊肺炎支原体，与国际标准株Y-98的序列一致性为100%。病理组织学观察显示，肺泡上皮细胞坏死、增生，支气管管腔内和肺泡腔内大量炎性细胞浸润，支气管和气管黏膜上皮细胞坏死、脱落、固有层水肿、炎性细胞浸润。对不同脏器的免疫组织化学分析显示，绵羊肺炎支原体主要集中于肺脏和气管内，且肺脏的阳性组织百分比最高，其次是支气管和气管。结合疫病的流行病学调查，该羊场所发疾病为运输应激后感染绵羊肺炎支原体导致，该病原侵染并定植于肺脏、气管及支气管上皮细胞，引起羊严重的呼吸道病症。     

体细胞克隆山羊"元元"肺的形态学观察

动物体细胞克隆是指由一个体细胞产生一个和亲代遗传基因一致、形态非常相像的动物。体细胞克隆已相继在牛、小鼠、山羊、猪、野牛、马、猫、大鼠等动物上取得成功。2000年6月中旬,西北农林科技大学生物工程研究所利用成年山羊耳部皮肤成纤维细胞作为核供体,获得两只体细胞克隆山羊——“元元”和“阳阳”。“元元”因呼吸衰竭仅存活36．05h。为了了解“元元”肺的发育情况,作者对“元元”的肺进行了肉眼、光镜和透射电镜观察。     

延边黄牛体细胞核移植的研究进展

牛体细胞核移植(somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT)是一套极其复杂的技术体系,它包括卵母细胞的成熟、供核细胞的准备、卵母细胞的显微操作、细胞融合、卵母细胞激活和胚胎培养。因此,许多因素影响着核移植胚胎发育。虽然陆续有克隆牛出生的报道,但是克隆效率依然低下。本综述对延边黄牛体细胞核移植体系的6个方面进行简单综述,以期为探究延边黄牛体细胞克隆的最优化条件、建立最优化的培养体系、提高克隆效率提供参考。     

Research Advances on Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Yanbian Yellow Cattle

Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a sophisticated technique system,including oocyte maturation,donor cell preparation and oocytes microscopic operation,fusion,activation and culture.Although the birth of cloning cattle has been reported recently,the efficiency of somatic cell cloning has remained lowly.In order to establish the optimization somatic cell nuclear transfer system of Yanbian Yellow cattle,this review summarized only from 6 main aspects mentioned above in this field.     

Scanning electron microscopic study of the lower respiratory tract in calves and adult cattle

The surface characteristics of the lower respiratory tract of two groups of cattle were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Group A comprised six one-week-old calves and group B four adult cows. None of the animals had overt respiratory disease or gross morphological evidence of pulmonary lesions. The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli of the cranial and the caudal lobes of the right lung were examined. In both groups the luminal surface of the trachea and large bronchi were completely covered by cilia, apparently forming an efficient mucociliary escalator. In the adult animals there were some patchy areas in the trachea and large bronchi devoid of ciliated cells; these were considered abnormal. In the bronchi, non-ciliated cells, mainly mucus-secreting, were not easily identified unless they were discharging secretion. In small bronchi, non-ciliated cells were more evident and easily seen. The bronchioles had many non-ciliated cells and very few ciliated cells capable of forming a complete carpet for a mucociliary escalator. Types 1 and 2 alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages were identified in both groups. Pores of Kohn were found in the alveolar walls in all animals.     

Factors Affecting the Development of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos in Cattle

Nuclear transfer is a complex multistep procedure that includes oocyte maturation, cell cycle synchronization of donor cells, enucleation, cell fusion, oocyte activation and embryo culture. Therefore, many factors are believed to contribute to the success of embryo development following nuclear transfer. Numerous attempts to improve cloning efficiency have been conducted since the birth of the first sheep by somatic cell nuclear transfer. However, the efficiency of somatic cell cloning has remained low, and applications have been limited. In this review, we discuss some of the factors that affect the developmental ability of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in cattle.     

Envision免疫组化技术在诊断猪繁殖与呼吸综合征中的应用

为探讨免疫组织化学Envision法在诊断猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)中应用的可行性,采用免疫组织化学Envision二步法对30例疑似PRRS病猪肺组织的病毒抗原进行定位、半定量检测。结果表明,Envision法可原位检测病猪肺组织PRRSV抗原的分布;其抗原的阳性表达主要出现在肺巨噬细胞胞浆内,其次为肺泡上皮细胞和细支气管黏膜上皮细胞。依据阳性细胞百分率,进行染色结果判断,检出阳性病猪23例,阳性检出率为76.7%。试验证明,Envision法具有高敏感、低背景、快速简便的特点,可在PRRS诊断中推广应用。     

Health status and productive performance of somatic cell cloned cattle and their offspring produced in Japan

Since the first somatic cell cloned calves were born in Japan in 1998, more than 500 cloned cattle have been produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer and many studies concerning cloned cattle and their offspring have been conducted in this country. However, most of the results have been published in Japanese; thus, the data produced in this country is not well utilized by researchers throughout the world. This article reviews the 65 reports produced by Japanese researchers (62 written in Japanese and 3 written in English), which employed 171 clones and 32 offspring, and categorizes them according to the following 7 categories: (1) genetic similarities and muzzle prints, (2) hematology and clinical chemistry findings, (3) pathology, (4) growth performance, (5) reproductive performance, (6) meat production performance and (7) milk production performance. No remarkable differences in health status or reproductive performance were found among conventionally bred cattle, somatic cell cloned cattle surviving to adulthood and offspring of somatic cell cloned cattle. Similarities in growth performance and meat quality were observed between nuclear donor cattle and their clones. The growth curves of the offspring resembled those of their full siblings.