中草药的采收、干燥与贮藏

1中草药的采收1．1中草药的产量和质量与采收关系重大，为了达到优质丰产的目地，必须根据中草药生长状况和有效成分含量变化确定合理采收期、采收次数和采收季节。1．l采收期与有效成分的关系必须掌握中草药发育规律，在有效成分达到最高峰时采收。1．2采收期与地区的关系不同地区气候、土壤、耕作条件不同，生长发育也不同，故采收期也各异。因此，确定采收期要考虑不同地区自然条件的差异。豆．3采收期与植物再生关系多年生中草药采收时应考虑到再生问题。如麻黄，立夏后不能采收，因此时麻黄素含量低，采收后植株易死亡，应在秋后至清明…     

不同采收期对北五味子木脂素含量的影响

采用高效液相色谱法对五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素4种木脂素,在不同采收期分别在五味子种子和果肉中的含量进行了测定和分析。结果表明,在种子中,五味子醇甲和五味子乙素在9月上旬达到最高值。五味子酯甲和五味子甲素在9月中旬含量达到最高值。应根据实际需要选择最佳采收时期。     

延胡索(元胡)栽培简介

延胡索(元胡),维语:塔格旦为罂粟科植物。延胡索入药部分为其块茎。有活血散淤,理气止痛的作用。主治胃痛、腹痛、痛经、产后淤血、跌打损伤等。(妇科病多用元胡止痛)     

适期采收药材 提高药材质量

药材的采收期直接影响药材的产量、品质和收获效率 ,适期采收对药材的产量、品质和收获效率都有良好作用。1.根、根茎类药材采收根、根茎类药材应以秋冬或初春季节 ,植物地上部分枯萎后比较适宜。此时植物处于休眠状态 ,营养物质消耗少 ,有效成分积累较高。丹参在第四季收获 ,其丹参酮及次甲丹参醌含量较其他季节收获高 2～ 3倍。石菖蒲挥发油含量在冬季高于夏季。牛膝根中甾酮含量在 11月15日最高 ,同期 ,地上部分甾酮含量降到最低。姜黄、郁金生产上常在 1月采收 ,实际上两者的姜黄素含量在 10月份即达最高 ,此时姜黄、郁金药材外观饱满 ,…     

不同采收时期对香椿饲用品质的影响

[目的]对不同采收时期所得香椿复叶的粗蛋白、类黄酮、总硝酸盐含量及其抗氧化活性进行分析比较,确定饲用香椿复叶的最佳采收时期。[方法]以5月15日至11月1日逐月采收的香椿复叶为材料,测定其粗蛋白、类黄酮及总硝酸盐含量,并利用ORAC、DPPH、FRAP法测定其抗氧化活性,综合营养及保健活性分析,筛选最适饲用采收时期。[结果]不同采收期,香椿复叶粗蛋白、类黄酮、硝酸盐含量及抗氧化活性差异显著(P0.05)。其中,复叶粗蛋白含量(全采收期13.17%～22.65%)随其成熟度增加而呈下降趋势,除10月中旬后的样品外,其余采收期复叶粗蛋白含量均大于15%,远高于常规粮食饲料,具有高蛋白的饲用优势;类黄酮含量突出(全采收期均值15.87 mg·g~(-1)),远高于蓝莓等常见果蔬,且随复叶成熟而持续积累,并于10月达到最高27.02 mg·g~(-1);ORAC、DPPH、FRAP法测定结果均表明香椿复叶具有突出的抗氧化活性,且随复叶成熟而持续增加,并与其类黄酮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);香椿复叶大量富集硝酸盐(全采收期2 306.39～7 346.80 mg·kg~(-1)),且随其叶片成熟呈"V"形积累,7—8月中旬采收的香椿复叶硝酸盐含量处峰谷阶段,此间均值为2 603.78 mg·kg~(-1),相对适于进行饲用采收。[结论]不同采收期香椿复叶的饲用品质差异显著,综合考虑其营养价值及保健功效, 7—8月中旬是对香椿复叶进行饲用采收的最适采收时期。     

摘蕾和采收期对桓仁山参品质的影响研究

以桓仁山参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer cv.Silvatica)为试材,研究了不同坡位、不同参龄摘蕾处理以及不同采收期对桓仁山参品质的影响。结果表明:上坡位和中坡位花前摘蕾处理极显著提高了10年和15年生桓仁山参的单株产量,但总皂苷含量略有降低。10月中旬采收的桓仁山参单支鲜重和Rg1+Re含量最高,9月中下旬采收的总皂苷和Rb1含量最高。     

连翘果实的采收期研究

通过对山西省长治市长子县仙翁山连翘基地的多年生连翘开展适宜采收期的研究,发现不同采收期连翘果实外观、含水量、有效成分及产量都有较大变化:随时间变化,连翘果实外观逐渐成熟,含水量逐步下降,连翘苷的含量整体呈下降趋势,连翘酯素的含量逐渐上升;产量在8月中旬达到最大,10月底后果实自然开裂,产量骤降后趋于平缓.结合连翘所有因...     

中华苦荬菜干物质和有效成分积累动态研究

采用称重法测定中华苦荬菜干物质积累程度,UV法测定其总黄酮和总三萜含量,分析中华苦荬菜不同生长发育时期干物质积累及有效成分积累的变化。结果表明,中华苦荬菜的干物质积累呈＂S＂形曲线变化,在4月底至6月初逐渐增加,6月上旬达到高峰,随后降低;总黄酮的含量逐渐增加,在6月初达到顶点;总三萜的含量在4月末最高,之后逐渐降低;适宜采收期在5月末～6月初之间。     

岩桂枝叶最佳采收季节研究

对不同季节岩桂枝叶中精油含量和精油中黄樟油素含量进行分析研究,并对不同季节黄樟油素单位产量的变化情况进行综合评价。结果表明:8月至11月份为岩桂枝叶的最佳采收季节,其他季节采收将会降低其经济价值,也不利于岩桂产业的可持续发展。     

不同采收期对山楂品质的影响

为了探究不同采收期对不同品种山楂果实的营养品质影响,测定了大金星和大五棱在不同采收期的营养成分,对其营养品质进行了综合分析。结果表明:随着采收期的延后,2个品种山楂中的含酸量、黄酮含量、维生素C含量等均好于前期采收;大五棱药用价值较高,大金星营养价值较高;2个品种均为晚熟型,张掖地区的适宜采收期为10月21日左右。     

The potential rural development impacts of utilizing non-merchantable forest biomass

The development of a market for currently non-merchantable forest material, such as harvest residues or small diameter trees, has been suggested as a possible win-win solution that could: (i) provide a material that can be processed in rural communities reeling from changes in the forest products industry and policy environment; (ii) capture more value from timber management activities; and (iii) provide a financial incentive for treatments to reduce wildfire risk or restore forest stands. Modeling the supply of this material with spatially-explicit potential demand locations allows for a realistic analysis of the feasibility of such a market to stimulate rural development. We model multiple scenarios for the utilization of harvest residues within the current forest products market in western Oregon. Sensitivity analysis explored the effects of cost of the depots on feasibility, including policy designed to support depot establishment through subsidies. Scenarios were also used to assess the effects of increases in federal harvest activities. Results suggest that with relatively high biomass prices, there is some potential for investment in depots to aid rural communities in western Oregon, but there is little change in either the overall feasibility or the location of depot establishment under scenarios of increased federal harvest.     

不同月份对互叶白千层精油得油率及主要化学成分含量的影响

为探究互叶白千层(Melaleuca alternifolia)无性系植株精油的品质,选择合适的收获时间,连续15个月取2年生互叶白千层无性系植株带叶枝条,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析不同月份精油得油率及主要化学成分含量的变化。结果表明,该无性系植株为4-松油醇型优良品系,4-松油醇平均含量高达38.39%,1,8-桉叶素含量仅为1.05%。随砍伐时间间隔的延长,得油率、4-松油醇、γ-松油烯和α-松油烯含量呈上升趋势,1,8-桉叶素含量则呈下降趋势,间隔5个月后各成分指标均符合ISO 4730:2017标准,因此建议砍伐间隔至少保持5个月以上。得油率和主要化学成分含量受收获时间影响,9月至次年2月得油率较高,尤其是次年1-2月,此时4-松油醇含量高,1,8-桉叶素含量低,所得油的品质最佳。     

Quantification of Armillaria rhizomorphs in Wisconsin aspen sucker stands

Weights of rhizomorphs of undetermined Armillaria sp. obtained using ring-trench and core soil sampling methods around aspen stumps in stands at different intervals after harvest were correlated. The core method was used to sample a second series of stands twice (at an interval of two growing seasons) at radial distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 meters from stump centers. Stands were uncut (at both samplings) or 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 years after harvest (at the time of the initial sampling). Rhizomorphs were obtained from less than half the cores from the uncut stand, and the quantities (weights and lengths) were relatively small from both samplings. Mean numbers of soil cores yielding rhizomorphs and the mean quantities obtained generally increased as a function of the interval after harvest (and from the first to the second sampling), except for the oldest stand.     

不同采收期对蓝莓抗氧化物质的影响

以蓝莓为材料,研究了不同采收期对蓝莓果实中一些重要抗氧化物质积累的影响。主要结果如下：在成熟后的7、14、21d北村和美登2种蓝莓主要活性物质花色素苷和总类黄酮含量均呈上升趋势;超氧化物歧化酶SOD活性呈上升趋势;过氧化物酶POD活性呈下降趋势。试验表明,蓝莓果实中主要活性物质含量及活性与不同采收时期有关,并且主要活性物质的含量及其活性的变化规律在两品种间一致。     

Biofuel harvests, coarse woody debris, and biodiversity - A meta-analysis

Forest harvest operations often produce large amounts of harvest residue which typically becomes fine (foliage, small limbs and trees) and coarse woody debris (snags and downed logs). If removed at harvest, residual biomass has potential to be a local energy source and to produce marketable biofuel feedstock. But, CWD in particular serves critical life-history functions (e.g., breeding, foraging, basking) for a variety of organisms. Unfortunately, little is known about how forest biodiversity would respond to large scale removal of harvest residues. We calculated 745 biodiversity effect sizes from 26 studies involving manipulations of CWD (i.e., removed or added downed woody debris and/or snags). Diversity and abundance of both cavity- and open-nesting birds were substantially and consistently lower in treatments with lower amounts of downed CWD and/or standing snags, as was biomass of invertebrates. However, cumulative effect sizes for other taxa were not as large, were based on fewer studies, and varied among manipulation types. Little is currently known about biodiversity response to harvest of fine woody debris. Predicting the effects of biomass harvests on forest biodiversity is uncertain at best until more is known about how operational harvests actually change fine and coarse woody debris levels over long time periods. Pilot biomass harvests report post-harvest changes in CWD levels much smaller than the experimental changes involved in the studies we analyzed. Thus, operational biomass harvests may not change CWD levels enough to appreciably influence forest biodiversity, especially when following biomass harvest guidelines that require leaving a portion of harvest residues. Multi-scale studies can help reduce this uncertainty by investigating how biodiversity responses scale from the small scale of manipulative experiments (i.e., 10-ha plots) to operational forest management and how biodiversity response to CWD levels might vary at different spatial and temporal scales and in different landscape contexts.     

Improving sustainability of value-added forest supply chain through coordinated production planning policy between forests and mills

Commonly-used sustained yield harvest policies ensure sustained supply of harvest timber volume over a planning horizon. However, implemented policies gradually decapitalize forest values over time that threatens the sustainability of ecosystem and wood industries. Different business units of a forest-product supply chain have different ways of valuing forestry resources, different supply and demand policies, and corresponding business policy models to implement them. The objective of this study was to evaluate ecological and economic impacts to participating business units of a supply chain when implementing different business policies. We constructed six business models in a linear programming framework and solved them using data from commercially-managed forests. Our empirical results showed that compared to a base model (Model 1; unilateral decision by forest business unit), the best model (Model 6; integrated harvest and production planning) reduced the median harvest volume and area by 25% (12–31%) and 24% (7–40%), respectively, but increased net revenue by 88% (6–218%) over a 150-year planning horizon. Hence, efficiency increased by 158% (20–373%) per unit of harvest area and 163% (23–364%) per unit of harvest volume. Furthermore, when the models were simulated using a hard constraint to preserve at least 20% of old-growth forest area, the revenue was least affected (15%; 11–19%) by Model 6 compared to Model 1 (26%; 14–45%). We conclude that vertically-integrated harvest policy that embeds forest values in the planning model reduces the gap between the business units, and enhances ecosystem conservation with the least fluctuation of harvest and revenue by period over a planning horizon.     

锌处理对红枣果实品质的影响

研究锌素水平对红枣的品质影响。从红枣果实发育期至采收期,每隔15天在树体进行锌浓度处理后,3天后在不同方位采样,以不喷施锌素为对照,研究阿克苏骏枣果实生长发育时期,果实品质指标的变化过程。结果表明,采收期时,0.05%浓度锌处理可使红枣类黄酮含量达到4.77 mg/kg;0.10%浓度锌处理使红枣可溶性糖和还原糖含量分别达到38.25%和14.55%;0.15%浓度锌处理使红枣蛋白质、Vc含量达到0.69 g/kg和2.28 mg/kg;0.20%浓度锌处理使红枣花青素含量达到0.014 mg/g,0.30%浓度锌处理使红枣总酚含量达到0.093 mg/g。锌处理对红枣果实发育过程中的品质变化有较为显著的促进作用。     

Surveys of harvest technology of winter bamboo shoots

Winter bamboo shoots are widely used in Asian cuisine. We surveyed growth depth (tail depth and root depth), harvest speed, and harvest processes to provide information for developing new harvest technology. The tail depth of most winter bamboo shoots was 100 350 mm below the soil surface, and the root depth was 200 500 mm below the soil surface. Most winter bamboo shoots were difficult to locate with only the naked eye. The digging depth was 200 500 mm to cut winter bamboo shoots from the root. The highest harvest rate was 7.75 times faster than the slowest one and the average harvest speed ratio of men: women was about 1.71:1. The harvest process of winter bamboo shoots was divisible into three steps: searching, digging a hole (around the shoot) and cutting the root. The ratio of searching time to the sum of digging and cutting time was about 8:1, showing that searching required more time than digging and cutting together.     

桂东南马尾松产脂量收获预估研究

采用6种不同采脂方法对85块样地的马尾松进行采脂试验,并选择9种不同的方程类型,利用林木胸径与产脂量实测值进行回归拟合分析,结果表明,幂函数曲线模型和S型曲线模型拟合效果最好,预测精度高。利用上述模型编制松脂主产区桂东南地区马尾松产脂量收获表。     

一些澳洲坚果品种在云南的早期表现

云南在8个地区开展了15个澳洲坚果品种的比较试验，植后5年的资料表明：品种间生长量差异不显著，而地区间的差异极显著；初次结果的产量和品质以云澳4、8、10和13号等四个品种较好；在最低气温-3.8℃的条件下，果树基本无寒害。