兰州市城市污泥施用对玉米生理特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同污泥处理(污泥在混配土壤中的干重比例分别为0、5％、10％、15％、25％、35％)对3个玉米品种(丰试88、沈单16、丰试9713)部分生理指标的影响.结果表明:污泥施用后,3个玉米品种生物量均增加明显;3个玉米品种叶绿素总含量随着污泥施加量的增加呈现先升后降的趋势;3个玉米品种叶片的脯氨酸含量与对照相比均有大幅的上升,但并未出现阈值;3个玉米品种叶片丙二醛含量都随着污泥施加量的加大呈上升趋势,丰试88上升幅度最大,而沈单16上升幅度最小.玉米通过增加体内保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来缓解污泥中污染物带来的膜脂过氧化伤害.污泥施用后土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn含量显著增加,但未超过我国土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618-1995).土壤中3种重金属含量与3个玉米品种体内脯氨酸和丙二醛含量均呈显著正相关关系,土壤中重金属污染物是植物产生逆境的重要原因之一.污泥在混配土壤中的干重比低于25％时,玉米对污泥的施加表现出较强的适应能力及耐受能力.     

城市污泥熟化前后对Cd2+的吸附解吸特征

研究了城市生污泥和熟污泥对Cd的吸附解吸特性及其差异性.结果表明:生污泥和熟污泥对Cd2+的吸附量均随着平衡溶液中Cd2+离子浓度的增加而增加,但增加速率渐趋缓慢,生污泥对Cd2+的吸附量小于熟污泥,Freundlich型吸附等温线方程是描述生污泥或熟污泥对Cd2+的吸附量和Cd2+平衡浓度之间关系的最佳模型.生污泥和熟污泥的解吸率均随着Cd2+初始浓度的升高而持续增大,但增加速率整体上在下降,生污泥的解吸率略高于熟污泥.生污泥和熟污泥对Cd2+的解吸量均随着污泥中Cd2+吸附量的增加而增加,且二者呈显著正相关关系(P ＜0.001).     

Francisella tularensis from ixodid ticks in Czechoslovakia

A total of 26,478 ixodid ticks (935 pools) were examined by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice. Six species of ticks were tested: Ixodes ricinus (23,470 individuals), I. trianguliceps (12), Haemaphysalis punctata (831), H. concinna (39), Dermacentor reticulatus (69) and D. marginatus (2,057). The ticks were collected largely by flagging vegetation, a substantial minority (4%) from animals. Three strains of Francisella tularensis were isolated, one each from I. ricinus (males, district Breclav, southern Moravia), D. reticulatus (males, district Breclav) and D. marginatus (engorged females collected from sheep in Roznava district, eastern Slovakia). D. marginatus and D. reticulatus represent new vector species for Czechoslovakia.     

红树植物提取物对3种植物病原真菌孢子的抑制活性

用孢子萌发法测定了16种红树植物甲醇提取物对甘蔗凤梨病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌和柑橘疮痂病菌孢子萌发的抑制活性。结果表明,苦郎树和苦槛蓝对3种病菌孢子的萌发有明显的抑制作用,提取物浓度为10 g/L时,抑制率达77.29%以上。桐花树、海漆、榄李和银叶树对甘蔗凤梨病菌孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用,但对其余2种病菌孢子的抑制活性低。其余植物提取物对3种病菌孢子的抑制活性低。榄李和桐花树对甘蔗凤梨病菌孢子的毒力高,EC₅₀分别为0.3852 g/L和0.5714 g/L。     

Induced resistance against leafminer eggs by extrusion in young potato plants

Abstract

Egg extrusion patterns were investigated as an inducible defensive mechanism in potato plants against the leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Increased multiplication rates in leaf cells surrounding an egg of L. huidobrensis leads to its exposure through the leaf cuticle, which might increase the risk of mortality. Extrusion rates were evaluated in laboratory tests, in relation to plant and leaf age in Solanum tuberosum L. var. Spunta. Stratified field sampling was also carried out in order to assess leafminer distribution on new and old leaves. Extrusion was higher in young plants, being restricted in older ones to new, still expanding leaves. Plant reaction was independent of egg density. In the field, damage was concentrated in older foliage, in line with the extrusion results. The relevance of egg extrusion for pest management is discussed.     

几种进境观赏植物根际香蕉穿孔线虫的鉴定和描述

香蕉穿孔线虫严重危害多种经济作物和观赏植物, 被中国和世界多数国家列为植物检疫有害生物。2006-2009年, 在对深圳隔离温室中的天南星科（Araceae）、竹芋科（Marantaceae）、棕榈科（Palmae）和凤梨科（Bromeliaceae）等观赏植物病害调查监测中, 从进境观赏植物红掌（Anthurium andraeanum）、孔雀竹芋（Calathea makoyana）和散尾葵（Chrysalidocarpus lutescens）上采集分离到一些植物寄生线虫, 其中有3个线虫种群经鉴定确认为香蕉穿孔线虫［Radopholus similis (Cobb,1893) Throne, 1949］, 本文对其形态特征进行了比较和描述。     

3种外来入侵植物提取液对3种病原真菌孢子萌发的抑制作用初探

以三裂叶蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)、水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)和薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)3种常见外来入侵物种为试验材料,研究了其水提取液对黄瓜枯萎病病菌(Fusarium wilt)、黄瓜灰霉病病菌(Botrytis cinerea)和番茄早疫病病菌(Alternaria solani)3种病原真菌孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,3种外来入侵植物提取液均对3种病原菌孢子萌发都有抑制作用。其中,番茄早疫病病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用随3种入侵植物提取液浓度的升高逐渐升高;黄瓜灰霉病病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用随三裂叶蟛蜞菊和薇甘菊提取液浓度的升高也逐渐升高,但却随水葫芦提取液浓度的升高逐渐降低;而黄瓜枯萎病病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用并未随3种入侵植物提取液浓度的升高而呈规律性变化。水葫芦提取液对3种供试病原菌的孢子萌发抑制作用较三裂叶蟛蜞菊和薇甘菊要强,其提取液浓度为0.10 g/m L时对黄瓜枯萎病病菌和番茄早疫病病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用最高,其抑制率分别为83.80%和88.51%。     

三种荒漠植物导管特征及其可塑性研究

运用植物形态解剖学的实验方法对生长在准噶尔盆地的梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、无叶假木贼(Anabasis aphylla)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)三种典型荒漠植物主茎次生木质部导管的形态进行观察和分析,以研究荒漠植物次生木质部导管对环境差异所表现的可塑性.结果表明:1)相比人工营造荒漠植物,三种野生荒漠植物次生木质部导管直径分布中宽窄导管并存,且宽导管较少,导管直径小、水力直径小、导管密度大、导管壁厚度大,使得野生荒漠植物对水分的输导率变小,但是对水分运输的安全性变强,机械强度变大.2)野生荒漠植物多枝柽柳、梭梭和无叶假木贼具有相似的导管特征,三者相比,导管长度依次变短、单导管直径依次变小、水力直径依次变小;导管密度则是多枝柽柳最小、梭梭最大、无叶假木贼次之;宽窄导管并存,但多枝柽柳宽导管较多,梭梭、无叶假木贼窄导管较多;说明野生多枝柽柳、梭梭、无叶假木贼对水分的输导率依次变小,其中梭梭、无叶假木贼导管密度较大,窄导管较多,可以提高对水分运输的安全性,这些差异是三种荒漠植物对其所处干湿环境适应的结果.通过探讨上述荒漠植物次生木质部导管结构与生境的关系,为引种栽培、资源保护提供解剖学依据,同时也为多枝柽柳、梭梭、无叶假木贼三种荒漠植物的起源、进化、系统分类提供参考资料.     

Influence of bean rhizosphere on the biological properties and phosphorus fractionation in the calcareous soils amended with municipal sewage sludge

The biological and chemical conditions of the rhizosphere are known to considerably differ from those of the bulk soil, as a consequence of a range of processes that are induced either directly by the activity of plant roots or indirectly by the stimulation of microbial population and activity in the rhizosphere. Information about phosphorus(P) fractionation in the rhizosphere soils amended with municipal sewage sludge(MSS) is limited. were We carried out greenhouse experiments using a rhizobox in order to evaluate the effects of bean rhizosphere on the various inorganic P(Pi) fractions, organic P(Po), P in particulate fraction(PF-P), Olsen-P, dissolved organic C(DOC), microbial biomass P(MBP) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) enzyme in 10 calcareous soils amended with MSS(10 g MSS was added to 1 kg soil). Non-occluded P, occluded P, calcium phosphate and residual P were also quantitated. The results showed that DOC, MBP and ALP activity strongly increased and PF-P and Olsen-P decreased in the rhizosphere soils compared with in the bulk soils(P<0.05). The contents of non-occluded P, occluded P and residual-P fractions in the rhizosphere soils were lower than in the bulk soils, while the contents of calcium phosphate and organic P in the rhizosphere soils were higher than in the bulk soils. Simple correlation coefficients showed that P uptake had positive relationship with non-occluded P, occluded P, calcium phosphate fractions and PF-P in the rhizosphere soils. The results suggest that the short-term application of MSS to the calcareous soils may increase Po and calcium phosphate fractions in the rhizosphere soils, and calcium phosphate fraction is potentially available to crops.     

Prevalence of borreliae in Ixodes ricinus ticks from southern Moravia, Czechoslovakia

A total of 378 adult Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected by flagging vegetation in four localities of two districts (Breclav, Znojmo) in south Moravia and examined microscopically. Borreliae were identified in Giemsa-stained midgut smears from 32 (i.e. 8.5%) ticks (9.4% females, 7.2% males); the infection rate varied between 0.0 and 11.4% in the four localities examined. Among female ticks, significantly more were found to be infected in autumn (19.7%) than in spring (5.8%). Dark-field (DF) and Giemsa-stained smears (GS) examinations were compared for their sensitivity in detecting borreliae in 128 field-collected ticks; GS method showed a little higher sensitivity (11.7% ticks were positive) than DF procedure (9.4% ticks positive). Two strains of Borrelia burgdorferi were isolated from a total of 150 adult I. ricinus ticks cultured in BSK medium.     

Aspects of the selective phytotoxicity of methazole. HI. Behaviour in plants following foliar treatment

Absorption of methazole by leaves of onion (Allium cepa), Stellaria media, Matricaria matricarioides and Veronica persica was rapid for the first 24 h after treatment and continued at a slower rate for up to 6 days to reach a maximum of between 35 and 60% of the amount applied. Differences in absorption between species were generally small. Absorption by the cotyledon of onion was greater than absorption into true leaves. Methazole on the leaf surface degraded to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU) and small amounts of this degraded to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU). Methazole absorbed into leaves was relatively stable in M. matricarioides and DCPMU accumulated slowly. The rate of degradation was more rapid in the cotyledons than in the true leaves. Both in leaves and in cotyledons of onion and S. media, methazole degraded rapidly to DCPMU and this accumulated; in those of V. persica, DCPMU was degraded quickly to DCPU and unidentified products. The amount of DCPMU accumulated in the shoots was broadly correlated with the relative phytotoxicity of methazole to the different species, except for young seedlings of V. persica which contained no DCPMU but were susceptible to methazole.     

中黑苜蓿盲蝽成虫和卵在棉株上的时空分布

在田间笼罩内观察了中黑苜蓿盲蝽卵在2个Bt棉品种99B、鲁93 2和1个常规棉品种春矮早上的分布情况,以及成虫在99B棉株上的日节律。结果表明：棉花苗期和盛花期,成虫对产卵部位的选择与棉花品种无关,均趋向于棉株中上部较嫩的叶柄处产卵;在99B上,成虫主要集中在棉株的中上部活动,早晨和傍晚各有1次起飞高峰,但白天的活动性不强。因此,应在早晨或傍晚进行成虫的田间抽样调查或喷施农药,田间卵量调查则应集中在棉株中上部的叶柄处。     

3种药剂对象耳豆根结线虫卵及2龄幼虫的影响

为了筛选对象耳豆根结线虫Meloidogyne enterolobii防治效果好的药剂,本文采用浸虫法分别测试了 3％阿维菌素微乳剂、41.70％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂及20％噻唑膦水乳剂不同浓度、不同处理时间对象耳豆根结线虫2龄幼虫的致死作用,以及对卵孵化和卵胚胎发育的影响.结果表明,3％阿维菌素微乳剂对2龄幼虫致死作用最...     

三种ALS抑制剂对四类植物ALS的抑制差异

用乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)活性测定方法研究了双草醚、KIH-15127、苄嘧磺隆3种ALS抑制剂对水稻、稗草和油菜ALS活性的抑制差异性。体外测定结果表明，不同植物ALS对双草醚和KIH-15127的敏感性差异较大，粳稻、稗草和油菜ALS的敏感性强于籼稻，而这些植物ALS对苄嘧磺隆的敏感性差异很小。体内结果显示，双草醚和KIH-15127对稗草和油菜ALS的抑制作用较强，对粳稻ALS的抑制作用可以恢复；苄嘧磺隆对油菜ALS的抑制作用也较强，但对稗草、水稻ALS基本无抑制作用；3种ALS抑制剂对籼稻ALS抑制作用均较弱。结果表明，不同植物对ALS抑制剂的敏感性存在差异。     

中国城镇污水处理设施运营负荷率影响因素分析

城镇污水处理设施快速发展,已成为重要的减排力量,但负荷率较低是影响污水处理设施效率的重要瓶颈。为了找出影响城镇污水处理设施运营负荷率的关键因素,文中基于2014年全国4288座污水处理设施的运营数据,对污水处理设施的建设规模、工艺选择、区位分布、发展趋势及其对负荷率的影响进行了系统梳理与实证检验。结果表明:全国污水处理设施运营厂均污水处理3.85万吨/日,平均负荷率73.67%,具有较大的提升空间;处理规模、投运年限、人口密度、城市规模、排水管网建设对负荷率产生正向影响;氧化沟类工艺负荷率相对较高。因此,根据区域特征分类指导,进一步推动污水处理设施覆盖面,适当扩大处理规模,因地制宜选择污水处理工艺,加强配套管网建设,有利于提高污水处理设施的运营负荷率。     

The effect of water deficiency in corn plants on the development of three corn diseases

The relationships between the development of disease symptoms ofPuccinia sorghi, Exserohilum turcicum andHelminthosporium maydis on susceptible sweet corn plants, and the water status of the plants, were studied. At a relative water content (RWC) of 75% the development of sori ofP. sorghi, and the leaf area infected byE. turcicum andH. maydis, were inhibited by 38, 75 and 84%, respectively, as compared with the control plants (RWC = 100%).P. sorghi andH. maydis were not inhibited by a slight decrease in the RWC (96%), but development of leaf area infected byE. turcicum was inhibited by 33%.P. sorghi seemed to be better adapted to relatively high water deficiency in the host plants thanH. maydis orE. turcicum.     

3种植物单根对土体残余抗剪强度影响的研究

课题组采用四联电动直剪仪对3种沙生植物重塑的根-土复合体及素土进行了直接剪切试验,研究其单根对提高土体残余抗剪强度的影响以及不同孔隙水承压条件下根-土复合体的残余抗剪强度变化.结果表明:浅层土压力下3种植物根-土复合体残余抗剪强度均大于素土,且柠条根系固土效果优于沙棘和白沙蒿;不同含水量梯度下,复合体存在最优含水量,该含水量条件下,根-土复合体强度达到最大值;模拟降雨条件下复合体各残余强度指标均大于非降雨条件下的指标,表现为模拟降雨条件下,3种植物复合体残余粘聚力增长率排序为柠条＞白沙蒿＞沙棘,模拟非降雨条件下排序为柠条＞沙棘＞白沙蒿.上述研究定量分析了3种植物根-土复合材料的力学特性,为水土保持树种的选择提供了理论依据,具有一定的应用价值.     

三种寄主植物对扶桑绵粉蚧发育和繁殖的影响

［目的］ 研究棉花、番茄和茄子3种寄主植物对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响。［方法］ 在恒温27 ℃下观察扶桑绵粉蚧的个体发育及种群发展情况,记录并分析各虫态的发育历期、存活率及实验种群生命表参数。［结果］ 扶桑绵粉蚧在3种寄主植物上的平均存活率为棉花﹥茄子﹥番茄,存活曲线差异明显,但均以l龄和2龄若虫的死亡率最高。若虫的发育历期除1龄外无显著差异,棉花上蛹期显著长于其他两者,雌性成虫存活历期为棉花﹥番茄、茄子,雄性为棉花、茄子﹥番茄。交配过的扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫多于夜间产卵,但棉花上部分扶桑绵粉蚧可于白昼产卵;其在3种寄主植物上的产卵能力为棉花﹥茄子﹥番茄。3种寄主上扶桑绵粉蚧种群的内禀增长率（rm）和周限增长率（λ）相近,但净增殖率（R0）及种群增长趋势指数（I）差异较大,均为棉花﹥茄子﹥番茄,分别为142.10、88.91、43.56和156.67、87.95、32.74。［结论］ 扶桑绵粉蚧繁殖力及种群发展能力极强,从而使其具备较强的环境适应性,是其极易大规模发生的主要原因。     

博斯腾湖人工湿地中微生物群落空间分布特征

博斯腾湖人工湿地是典型的多级表面流污水人工湿地处理系统。本研究采集博斯腾湖人工湿地各级子系统进水和出水口的水样及沉积物,通过高通量测序技术,分析了多级湿地系统中水和沉积物中的微生物群落空间分布特征。结果表明:总体上人工湿地沉积物中的微生物多样性和丰度高于水体。在多级湿地系统中微生物群落丰度及多样性自入口起始,先增加后由潜流湿地排入博斯腾湖后减小。水中核心门类为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)及浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。其中变形菌门整体呈上升趋势,从初始进水口的59.11%上升至最终出水口的84.80%,而厚壁菌门类整体呈下降趋势,从24.05%降至6.83%。但厚壁菌门类细菌仍是优势菌种,这表明该门类细菌在废水处理系统中是优势菌种。沉积物中变形菌门类和厚壁菌门类细菌依然占主导地位,厚壁菌门类细菌丰度也是先增加后减少,而变形菌门类细菌整体上随处理深度呈下降趋势;拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),两者在整个处理过程中呈现出完全相反的趋势。尽管水和沉积物中优势门类细菌均为变形菌门,并且最主要的功能类群均为氨基酸运输和代谢,但微生物群落整体结构及功能仍显著不同。