Influence of washing treatment and storage atmosphere on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and phenolic acid content of minimally processed carrot sticks

The influence of washing uncut and shredded carrots (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativa var. Bangor) with chlorinated and ozonated water, respectively, as well as the storage of the produce under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively, on PAL activity and synthesis of phenolic compounds have been evaluated on pilot plant scale. Inherent raw material inhomogeneity was compensated by pooling large sized samples, and frequent sampling ensured significant data. PAL activity was induced by processing and linearly increased throughout storage under aerobic conditions, whereas an anaerobic atmosphere resulted in a maximum activity peak at storage day 2-4. The accumulation of phenolic compounds showed good correlation with the kinetics of PAL activity. Although the influence of the washing treatments was weak, the use of chlorinated water for washing shredded carrots slightly delayed the onset of PAL activity. The phenolic content of the minimally processed carrots was dominated by trans and cis isomers of chlorogenic acid ( approximately 95%). Additionally, the occurrence of p-coumaroylquinic acid ( approximately 5%) and the novel finding of three dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers were reported. The synthesis of phenolic compounds was controlled, depending on storage atmosphere.     

Effect of wash water temperature and chlorination on phenolic metabolism and browning of stored iceberg lettuce photosynthetic and vascular tissues

Cut tissues from distinct anatomical locations in iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were subjected to washing in cold (4 degrees C) and warm (47 degrees C) water with or without chlorine to assess their propensity to discoloration during storage. Total protein (Bradford method) and phenolic (TPH; Folin-Ciocalteu method) contents and polyphenol oxidase (PPO; spectrophotometric method using catechol as a substrate), peroxidase (POD; guaiacol substrate), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; phenylalanine substrate) activities were determined in photosynthetic and vascular tissue from outer and inner leaves. Unprocessed photosynthetic and inner leaf tissues had significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of protein and TPH and PPO and POD activities than vascular and outer leaf tissues. PAL activities (on a fresh weight basis) were similar in all tissues. Changes in browning (light reflectance measurement) and phenolic metabolism in all four tissue types were observed during aerobic storage at 5 degrees C over 10 days. PAL activity increased in all tissues after 1-2 days of storage and then gradually decreased. POD activity also increased steadily for the storage duration. Protein content and PPO activity remained constant. Edge browning (measured with a Minolta Chroma Meter) and TPH increased in all tissues, especially in outer vascular tissue. Cut photosynthetic and vascular tissues washed at 4 and 47 degrees C with and without 100 microg mL(-1) chlorine for 3 min were analyzed during 7 days in storage at 5 degrees C. Enzyme activities and accumulation of phenolics in all tissues washed at 47 degrees C were significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared to controls or tissues washed at 4 degrees C. Chlorine had no additional effect at 47 degrees C but significantly (P < 0.05) reduced browning and accumulation of phenolics in lettuce washed at 4 degrees C. These results showed that inherent differences between tissues affect phenolic metabolism and browning in stored, fresh-cut lettuce.     

Ozonated water extends the shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce

The use of ozonated water as a sanitizer to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce and the effect on the antioxidant constituents (polyphenols and vitamin C) were investigated. Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was washed at 4 degrees C using three different ozonated water dips [10, 20, and 10 activated by ultraviolet C (UV-C) light mg L(-1) min total ozone dose], and the dips were compared with water and chlorine rinses. Treated lettuce was packaged in air or active modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (4 kPa of O2 + 12 kPa of CO2 balanced with N2) and stored for 13 days at 4 degrees C. Despite its strong oxidizing activity, ozonated water did not stimulate the respiratory activity of fresh-cut lettuce. Moreover, ozonated water maintained the initial visual appearance of fresh-cut lettuce and controlled browning during storage in air. Initially, ozonated water and chlorine reduced the total mesophilic population by 1.6 and 2.1 log, respectively, when compared with water. Active MAP was effective in controlling total microbial growth, achieving 2.0 log reduction in relation to samples stored in air at the end of storage. On the other hand, active MAP caused a 2.0-3.5 reduction of coliforms on sanitized samples compared with water-washed samples. The most efficient treatments were ozone 20 and ozone 10 activated by UV-C, which were as effective as chlorine. Changes in individual phenolic compounds were independent of the washing treatments. In air, chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acid contents increased noticeably after 13 days while monocaffeoyltartaric and dicaffeoyltartaric acids remained unchanged. MAP effectively suppressed accumulation of caffeoylquinic derivatives, whereas caffeoyltartaric derivatives decreased during MAP storage to reach similar levels. The content of vitamin C (ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid) decreased during storage, particularly under MAP. Ozonated water could be an alternative sanitizer to chlorine for fresh-cut lettuce due to good retention of sensorial quality and browning control with no detrimental reduction in the antioxidant constituents.     

Effect of wounding on phenolic enzymes in six minimally processed lettuce cultivars upon storage

The effect of wounding on polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was studied in six minimally processed lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars upon storage for 7 days at 5 degrees C (Iceberg Mikonos (IM), I. Green Queen (IGQ), I. Asdrúbal (IA), Little Gem Sandra (LGS), Romaine Cazorla (RC), and R. Modelo (RM)). Wounding of lettuce tissue midribs (because of minimal processing) caused an exponential increase in PPO activity due to the activation process from latent to fully active PPO by following first order kinetics in the time range from 3.7 days (LGS) to 6.3 days (RC). However, total PPO activity (active plus latent) remained constant. Isoform pattern of PPO changed upon storage probably because of posttranslational processes. POD activity linearly increased with induction of new POD isoenzymes. PAL activity presented a typical bell-shaped induction pattern in four cultivars. Only IM and IGQ showed a second induction response which has not been previously described in the literature. IM was the cultivar most susceptible to browning and RC was the cultivar least susceptible. However, no clear correlation was observed between browning and any of the biochemical and physiological attributes investigated (PPO, PAL, and POD activities, total and individual phenols accumulation, and ascorbic acid content).     

Effect of methyl jasmonate on phenolic compounds and carotenoids of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

The effect of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on antioxidative compounds of romaine lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) was investigated. Lettuces were treated with various MeJA solutions (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mM) before harvest. Total phenolic compounds content and antioxidant capacity of romaine lettuce significantly increased after MeJA treatments (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mM). The total content of phenolic compounds of the romaine lettuce treated with 0.5 mM MeJA (31.6 microg of gallic acid equivalents/mg of dry weight) was 35% higher than that of the control. The increase in phenolic compound content was attributed to a caffeic acid derivative and an unknown phenolic compound, which also contributed to increased antioxidant capacity. The induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity by the MeJA treatment indicated that phenolic compounds were altered due to the activation of the phenylpropandoid pathway. Total content of carotenoids, including lutein and beta-carotene, of the MeJA-treated lettuce did not change after 8 days of treatment, whereas the content of the control without MeJA decreased after 8 days. This research indicated that preharvest application of MeJA could increase the nutritional value of romaine lettuce under determined conditions discussed in this work.     

Phenolic compounds and related enzymes are not rate-limiting in browning development of fresh-cut potatoes

The effect of minimal processing on polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and phenolic compounds was studied in five potato cultivars (Agria, Cara, Liseta, Monalisa, and Spunta). Minimal processing caused an overall increase in PPO, POD, and PAL activities. The isoform pattern of PPO was the same for all of the cultivars before and after processing. No latent PPO was detected. The isoperoxidase pattern was approximately the same among cultivars. An increase in POD activity was related to the specific induction of an acidic isoperoxidase. PAL showed an induction pattern characterized by the presence of a maximum peak of activity after 4 days of processing for all of the cultivars. The sequence of browning susceptibility of potato cultivars was as follows: Monalisa > Spunta > Liseta > Cara > Agria. Browning development was only partially correlated to PAL activity (only during the first 4 days after wounding). However, this correlation could not explain the above sequence of browning susceptibility. Minimal processing caused an increase of chlorogenic acid, whereas tyrosine content remained unchanged. In summary, no significant correlation was found between either rate or degree of browning and any other biochemical and physiological attribute investigated (PPO, POD, hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid content, and initial phenolics content as well as total and individual phenolics accumulation).     

纳他霉素处理对采后甜樱桃生理代谢及品质的影响

为了研究纳他霉素与维生素C（Vc）复配处理对采后甜樱桃果实生理代谢与品质的影响及其作用机理,该试验采用10 mg/L纳他霉素溶液、100 mg/L Vc溶液以及10 mg/L纳他霉素+100 mg/L Vc溶液中浸泡处理甜樱桃10 min,然后将果实置于5℃下贮藏,在贮藏期间,分析测定了呼吸速率以及与抗病性有关的多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）等酶活性,同时,测定了果实颜色、硬度、Vc含量、酚类物质含量以及腐烂率等品质指标。结果表明,单独的纳他霉素处理或与Vc复配处理均可有效延长贮藏期达10 d以上,尤其是复配处理还可显著提高PPO、POD、PAL酶活性并使酚类物质含量增加,降低果实呼吸速率与腐烂率,保持较高的Vc含量和硬度,单独的纳他霉素处理也具有一定的调节生理代谢与防腐作用,而单独的Vc处理作用不明显。研究结果认为纳他霉素与Vc复配溶液可作为天然保鲜剂在采后甜樱桃果实的实际贮运中应用。     

Biochemical study of leaf browning in minimally processed leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. acephala)

A series of biochemical parameters, including the concentration of total ascorbic acid (ASA(tot)) and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidases (PODs), was investigated during cold storage (72 h at 4 degrees C in the dark) in fresh-cut (minimally processed) leaves of two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. acephala) cultivars differing in the susceptibility to tissue browning: Green Salade Bowl (GSB), susceptible, and Red Salade Bowl (RSB), resistant. The two cultivars showed differences also at the biochemical level. The content in ASA(tot) increased in RSB, as a consequence of increased DHA concentration; conversely, ASA(tot) diminished in GSB, in which ASA was not detectable after 72 h of storage, thus suggesting a disappearance of ascorbate (both ASA and DHA) into nonactive forms. The antioxidant capacity (as determined by using FRAP analysis) decreased significantly during storage in RSB, while a strong increase was observed in GSB. PAL activity increased soon after processing reaching a maximum by 3 h, then it declined to a relatively constant value in RSB, while in GSB it showed a tendency to decrease in the first few hours from harvest and processing. POD activity, at least for chlorogenic acid, increased significantly during storage only in GSB.     

气调处理对绿芦笋抗氧化及抗病酶活性的影响

为探讨气调处理对绿芦笋抗氧化和抗病性相关酶活性的影响,以空气为对照(CK),在15±1℃和相对湿度为90%~95%的贮藏条件下,研究5种不同比例气体成分[CA1(5%CO_2+1.5%O_2)、CA2(7%CO_2+0%O_2)、CA3(7%CO_2+1.5%O_2)、CA4(7%CO_2+3.5%O_2)、CA5(9%CO_2+1.5%O_2)]对达宝利绿芦笋采后感官品质、菌落总数、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、总酚含量、二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)清除率、羟自由基(·OH)清除率以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的影响。结果表明,气调处理不同程度抑制了芦笋根部的腐烂,延缓了其菌落总数、相对电导率和MDA含量的上升,维持其较高的总酚含量、DPPH清除率、·OH清除率以及SOD、CAT、PPO活性,减缓了其POD活性上升,并保持了组织较低的PAL活性,所有气调处理中以CA3效果较好。此外,以绿芦笋根部开始出现腐烂为标准,CK、CA1、CA2、CA4、CA5和CA3的贮藏期分别为1、2、2、2、4和5 d。因此,CA3(7%CO_2+1.5%O_2)的气调处理可维持达宝利绿芦笋采后较好品质。本研究结果为绿芦笋的贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据及技术支持。     

储藏稻谷品质指标的变化及其差异性

为了探讨储藏稻谷品质的变化规律及其影响因素,该文对国内不同储藏区域、储藏年限的180个商品稻谷样品的电导率(ECR)、丙二醛含量(MDAC)、脂肪酸值(FAV)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性等品质指标进行了测定,然后,采用SPSS10.0统计软件对这些测定数据进行差异分析。结果表明:随着稻谷储藏时间的延长和陈化程度的加深,ECR、MDAC、FAV逐渐增大,而CAT、POD、PPO的活性逐渐降低,这些指标在一定程度上反映不同储藏年限间稻谷品质的差异,其中显著影响稻谷新鲜度的指标是FAV、ECR、MDAC和PPO活性,尤以FAV的差异最大;而不同储藏地域的气候条件以及稻谷类型上的差异也将对储藏稻谷品质指标的变化产生显著的影响。     

Effect of natamycin in combination with pure oxygen treatment on postharvest quality and selected enzyme activities of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

The combined effects of natamycin (NA) and pure oxygen (PO) treatment on microbial and physicochemical characteristics of button mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 16 days was investigated. Mushroom respiration rate, weight loss, firmness, color, percent open caps, total soluble solids, microbial and activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and peroxidase (POD) were measured. The results indicate that treatment with natamycin + pure oxygen (NAPO) maintained tissue firmness, inhibited increase of respiration rate, delayed browning and cap opening, and reduced microorganism counts of yeasts and molds compared to control treatment. The efficiency was better than that of NA or PO treatment. Furthermore, NAPO inhibited the activities of PPO, PAL, and POD throughout the storage period. Our study suggests that NAPO treatment has the potential to improve the quality of button mushroom and extend the shelf life.     

电解水对荞麦芽酚酸含量及抗氧化能力的影响

为了能够更好地将发芽荞麦用作制备功能食品的原料,本研究采用理化指标不同的电解水制备荞麦芽,考察荞麦的发芽率及芽长、总酚含量、DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力,以及铁离子还原力在发芽期间的动态变化,并分析各处理组发芽第7天荞麦芽中游离酚和结合酚种类和含量。结果表明,在7 d观测期内,电解水有利于荞麦发芽及生长。不同评价方法测定荞麦芽抗氧化能力的结果显示,pH值11.13电解水处理组发芽1~3 d荞麦芽总酚含量及抗氧化水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而pH值3.21、pH值5.02和pH值9.02电解水处理组发芽5~7 d荞麦芽总酚含量及抗氧化水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各处理组荞麦芽中主要的游离酚均为绿原酸,且电解水处理组荞麦芽游离绿原酸含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。自来水处理组荞麦芽主要结合酚为香豆酸,而电解水处理组荞麦芽主要结合酚为咖啡酸。本研究结果为电解水应用于功能性荞麦芽的制备提供了理论依据。     

1- MCP和60Co-γ辐照处理对自发气调包装大五星枇杷贮藏品质的影响

为研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)熏蒸和⁶⁰Co-γ辐照处理对枇杷贮藏品质的影响,本研究以大五星枇杷为试验材料,对采后自发气调包装枇杷的腐烂指数、木质素、硬度、呼吸强度、乙烯生成速率、相对电导率、可滴定酸(TA)、可溶性固形物(TSS)以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、脂氧合酶(LOX)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性进行测定,研究6±0.5℃条件下1 μL·L^-1 1-MCP、1.5 kGy⁶⁰Co-γ、1 μL·L^-1 1-MCP+1.5 kGy ⁶⁰Co-γ不同处理对枇杷贮藏品质的影响。结果表明, 1-MCP和⁶⁰Co-γ复合处理效果最好,可延缓腐烂指数和木质素含量上升,维持果实硬度,降低果实呼吸强度、乙烯生成速率和相对电导率,保持果实TA和TSS含量,抑制PAL、LOX、PPO和POD活性的上升。在贮藏40 d时,1-MCP和⁶⁰Co-γ复合处理枇杷的腐烂指数仅为17.95%,而1-MCP组、⁶⁰Co-γ组、CK组分别为22.86%、25.72%和36.24%。因此,1-MCP和⁶⁰Co-γ复合处理对枇杷果实的贮藏效果最好。本研究结果为枇杷的贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据。     

外源NO对采后绿芦笋木质化和抗氧化能力的影响

为探讨NO处理对采后绿芦笋木质化合成的调控机理。以0.2mmol/L的硝普钠为一氧化氮供体,以蒸馏水处理为对照,研究了NO对采后绿芦笋总酚、木质素含量;木质素合成关键酶(苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂醇脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶);抗氧化能力(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、超氧阴离子自由基(O2.-)清除率、羟基自由基(·OH)清除率)及膜透性的影响,结果表明,与对照相比,NO处理可延缓采后绿芦笋木质素含量和膜透性的增加,抑制肉桂醇脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性,增强抗氧化能力,诱导过氧化物酶活性增强,但对苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和总酚含量的影响不显著。说明NO处理是通过抑制肉桂醇脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性、提高抗氧化能力而延缓采后绿芦笋的木质化进程。研究结果可为NO在绿芦笋保鲜中的应用提供理论依据和技术方法。     

短波紫外线处理对采后香菇褐变的影响

为了控制采后香菇在贮藏过程中的褐变并提高其贮藏品质,本试验采用不同剂量(2、4、6和8 kJ·m^-2) 短波紫外线(UV-C)对新鲜香菇进行预处理,研究不同剂量UV-C处理对香菇色泽、总酚含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、还原糖含量、游离氨基酸含量以及香菇表面微生物的影响。结果表明,UV-C处理延缓了香菇色泽的下降,保持了较高的总酚含量,并且有利于POD、SOD、CAT和PAL活性维持在较高水平,抑制了PPO活性,同时可以保持较高的还原糖和可溶性蛋白含量,在一定程度上延缓了蛋白质的降解,而且可以有效抑制微生物的生长,其中4 kJ·m^-2 UV-C处理效果最佳。综上所述,UV-C处理可以有效地抑制香菇褐变,延长其贮藏期。本研究结果为香菇的贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据。     

硅对水稻防御性关键酶活性的影响及其与抗稻瘟病的关系

通过室内溶液培养试验,研究了硅酸盐对接种稻瘟病菌后水稻的病情指数、植株生物量、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的影响。结果表明,施硅能显著降低水稻稻瘟病的发病率和病情指数,防治效果达60.59%;显著减轻稻瘟病对水稻地上部的危害,干物质量显著高于不施硅处理,但对地下部生长影响不明显;接种后水稻叶片POD活性均升高,在第5 d达到最大值,施硅处理显著低于不施硅处理,与稻瘟病抗性成负相关;水稻叶片PPO活性在接种后第5 d达到峰值,从第4 d开始施硅处理显著高于不施硅处理;接种后水稻叶片的PAL活性快速升高,在第24 h达到最大值,施硅处理显著高于不施硅处理,是其1.44倍。说明硅能提高防御性关键酶的活性,参与水稻本身防卫机制,通过一系列的生理生化作用来增强水稻的抗性。     

Absorption of phenolic acids in humans after coffee consumption

Despite extensive literature describing the biological effects of polyphenols, little is known about their absorption from diet, one major unresolved point consisting of the absorption of the bound forms of polyphenols. In this view, in the present work we studied the absorption in humans of phenolic acids from coffee, a common beverage particularly rich in bound phenolic acids, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Coffee brew was analyzed for free and total (free + bound) phenolic acids. Chlorogenic acid (5'-caffeoylquinic acid), a bound form of caffeic acid, was present in coffee at high levels, while free phenolic acids were undetectable. After alkaline hydrolysis, which released bound phenolic acids, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and high levels of caffeic acid were detected. Plasma samples were collected before and 1 and 2 h after coffee administration and analyzed for free and total phenolic acid content. Two different procedures were applied to release bound phenolic acids in plasma: beta-glucuronidase treatment and alkaline hydrolysis. Coffee administration resulted in increased total plasma caffeic acid concentration, with an absorption peak at 1 h. Caffeic acid was the only phenolic acid found in plasma samples after coffee administration, while chlorogenic acid was undetectable. Most of caffeic acid was present in plasma in bound form, mainly in the glucuronate/sulfate forms. Due to the absence of free caffeic acid in coffee, plasma caffeic acid is likely to be derived from hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid in the gastrointestinal tract.     

城市雨水对生菜产量品质与重金属含量的影响

作为都市农业灌溉用水,城市雨水对农产品食品安全和营养品质的影响深受关注。论文收集自然雨水(T1)、屋顶雨水(T2)和路面雨水(T3),静置沉淀后配置营养液进行水培生菜种植,测量生物产量、生理指标(叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活力)、营养指标(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C、硝酸盐)和元素含量(Ca、Fe、Mg、Zn、As、Cd、Pb),结果表明:城市雨水重金属含量低于国家标准,可以作为农业灌溉用水;雨水栽培生菜比自来水栽培生菜长势弱、产量低,路面雨水栽培生菜产量最低,单株干质量仅为3.57 g;雨水降低了生菜叶绿素含量和净光合速率,提高了生菜根系活力,屋顶雨水生菜和路面雨水生菜根系活力分别为3.17和4.08 mg/(g·h),雨水栽培生菜的根冠比大于自来水生菜;雨水栽培生菜蛋白质、糖类和Vc含量不比自来水栽培生菜低,自然雨水生菜蛋白质质量分数4.97 mg/g,路面雨水生菜可溶性糖含量1.00%,路面雨水生菜Vc含量1.52 mg/g,分别为各项指标的最高值;供试生菜硝酸盐含量分别为5.62、5.48、6.04和7.04 mg/g,都超过了国家标准3.00 mg/g,这与试验采用1倍剂量营养液和采用硝酸调节p H值有关;雨水生菜有益元素Ca、Mg含量高于自来水生菜,Fe含量低于自来水生菜,雨水生菜总体品质略好于自来水生菜;自来水、自然雨水、屋顶雨水和路面雨水栽培生菜含As量分别为5.83、4.10、4.53和4.60μg/kg,含Cd量分别为0.76、0.78、2.59和1.37μg/kg,含Pb量分别为102.37、118.63、151.53和123.37μg/kg,远小于国家限量值,满足食品安全要求。总之,利用城市雨水作为都市农业灌溉用水,作物长势弱,产量低,但营养品质略好,食品安全,将城市雨水作为都市农业灌溉用水是可行的。     

氯化钾对玉米茎腐病抗性反应中酚类物质代谢的影响

采用田间试验,比较人工接种禾谷镰刀菌（Fusarium graminearum）后,不同氯化钾处理对玉米酚类物质代谢的影响,揭示氯化钾提高作物抗病过程中的酚类物质代谢机理。结果表明,诱导接菌加速了玉米对K+的吸收,且施用氯化钾可以提高接菌后玉米茎髓中苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的诱导活性,加速多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性的升高,提高过氧化物酶（POD）活性的峰值。此外,施钾还有利于增加茎髓中固有木质素的含量,增加诱导产生的木质素和总酚的积累量。说明钾素可以通过调节酚类物质的代谢,增强次生代谢能力,提高玉米对茎腐病的抗性。     

Effect of gamma-irradiation on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, total phenolic content, and respiration of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Ionizing treatments were applied at 0.5 kGy, 1.5 kGy, and 2.5 kGy to edible mature mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, albidus) in order to assess the effect of the gamma-irradiation on some biochemical parameters. Irradiation at doses of 1.5 kGy and 2.5 kGy reduced significantly (p < or = 0.05) the rate of respiration of the mushrooms, compared to that of samples irradiated at 0.5 kGy and nonirradiated control samples (C). Ionizing treatments increased significantly (p < or = 0.05) the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and total phenols concentration between days 1 and 4. From days 3-4, to the end of the storage period (day 12), both PAL activity and total phenols in the irradiated samples (I) collapsed to lower values. In contrast, the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) increased until days 7, 9, and 12 for samples treated at 0.5, 1, and 2 kGy, respectively. Color measurements showed a loss of whiteness (L value) during storage. After day 4, however, the effectiveness of gamma-irradiation became apparent, and highest L values were obtained for I only.