Multicolor FISH analysis of rDNA and telomere on spinach

In this study, multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on metaphase chromosomes of spinach with biotin-labeled 25S rDNA, DIG-labeled telomere sequences and biotin-labeled and DIG-labeled 5S rDNA was performed. There were six 25S rDNA loci located on the satellites of the third, the fifth and the sixth chromosomes, and four 5S rDNA loci located on the long arms of the third and the fifth chromosomes. The telomere loci were located on the end of the sixth chromosome and also on both the end and centromeric regions of other chromosomes. This study is an important complement to both traditional karyotype analysis and FISH karyotype analysis in spinach. __________ Translated from Hereditas (Beijing), 2007, 29(11): 1405–1408 [译自: 遗传(北京)]     

Effects of supernumerary chromosomes on production of pigment in Haplopappus gracilis

One of the two types of supernumerary chromosomes found in Haplopappus gracilis effects pigment production in the achene walls. When one, two, and four supernumerary chromosomes were added to the basic complement, a corresponding increase in the amount of one type of pigment was found to occur. No overlapping of the effects on pigment production was observed among different numbers of supernumeraries or between the supernumeraries and normal chromosome complement.     

水稻产量性状杂种优势的QTL定位

 【目的】利用QTL定位方法检测水稻产量性状杂种优势QTL,并解释杂种优势产生的可能分子机理。【方法】利用重组自交系与亲本协青早B构建BC1杂种群体,通过两地重复试验,以中亲优势考察6个产量性状的杂种优势表型,利用Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5的复合区间作图法检测其QTL。【结果】多数产量性状均表现出较强的杂种优势。在两地试验中,共检测到20个产量性状杂种优势QTL,分布在水稻第2、3、6、7、8、10等6条染色体上,包括3个控制单株产量杂种优势的QTL、2个控制单株穗数杂种优势的QTL、6个控制每穗总粒数杂种优势的QTL、4个控制每穗实粒数杂种优势的QTL、4个控制结实率杂种优势的QTL和1个控制千粒重杂种优势的QTL。单个QTL对群体性状表型变异的贡献率为4.90%—12.85%。【结论】检测到控制6个产量性状杂种优势的20个QTL,其中qHNP-3、qHTNSP-7、qHNFGP-7、qHSF-7、qHTGWT-3 5个QTL在两地试验中稳定表达;检测到的20个杂种优势QTL中,有13个与在RIL群体中检测到的QTL重叠,重叠率达65%,因此,认为来自纯系的产量性状加性效应对杂种优势产生具有重要贡献。     

Aneuploidy affects proliferation and spontaneous immortalization in mammalian cells

Aneuploidy, an incorrect number of chromosomes, is the leading cause of miscarriages and mental retardation in humans and is a hallmark of cancer. We examined the effects of aneuploidy on primary mouse cells by generating a series of cell lines that carry an extra copy of one of four mouse chromosomes. In all four trisomic lines, proliferation was impaired and metabolic properties were altered. Immortalization, the acquisition of the ability to proliferate indefinitely, was also affected by the presence of an additional copy of certain chromosomes. Our data indicate that aneuploidy decreases not only organismal but also cellular fitness and elicits traits that are shared between different aneuploid cells.     

野生四倍体二粒小麦 (Triticum dicoccoides)农艺性状的QTLs(英文)

本研究对四倍体小麦与农艺性状关系密切的数量性状位点 (QTL)进行分析和作图。利用二粒小麦 (T .dicoccoides)HermonH5 2和栽培品种langdon (T .durum)杂种F2 中的 15 0个单株进行作图。建立了显性、共显性两种以PCR为基础的分子框架图模型。该图谱超过 30 0 0cM ,覆盖整个基因组。分析了 11个重要农艺性状 :株高 (HT) ,抽穗期 (HD) ,单株穗数(SNP) ,每穗小穗数 (SLS) ,单株穗重 (SWP) ,单穗重 (SSW ) ,单株粒数 (KNP) ,单穗粒数 (KNS) ,小穗粒数 (KNL) ,百粒重(GWH) ,和单株籽粒产量 (YLD)。运用新的计算机软件MultiQTL分析处理单个QTL ,11个性状共检测到 4 9个QTL位点。每个性状的QTL数目从 2个 (HT)到 7个 (GWH)不等。所有的QTLs通过统计检验在 5 %或更高的水平上达到显著 ;正态检验表明大多数QTLs是真实存在。这些QTL主要分布在四条染色体上的 6个区域 ,并不是在染色体上随机分布 ,其中与 11个性状有关的 2 3个主要QTLs,一半以上分布在 2A和 5A上的 3个区域 ,而且许多QTLs排列在非常短的染色体片段上 (小于 5cM )。在T .dicoccoides中发现一些有利隐蔽等位基因。这一研究说明T .dicoccoides在小麦改良中是一个珍贵的种质资源 ,对它进行研究 ,能加快小麦的遗传分析 ,促进T .dicoccoides中有利基因向?     

普通小麦-冰草衍生后代中抑制成穗新种质的外源物质检测与遗传分析

 【目的】检测普通小麦Fukuhokomugi（Triticum aestivum L.）－冰草Z559（Agropyron cristatum L. Gaertn.）衍生后代中6个分蘖正常而成穗显著受抑制株系的外源物质，对成穗受抑制性状进行遗传分析。【方法】采用基因组原位杂交（GISH）和微卫星（SSR）技术进行外源物质检测；以成穗受抑制小麦（♀）×京4841（♂）后代的F1与F2单株表型进行遗传分析。【结果】通过GISH和SSR分析，在成穗受抑制株系中检测出2个插入易位和6个SSR易位标记；成穗受抑制材料与京4841的杂交后代F1单株均表现为正常成穗，F2正常成穗植株与成穗显著受抑制植株比值为3﹕1。【结论】有一些冰草的染色体片段被导入普通小麦Fukuhokomugi中，抑制成穗性状的基因是1对隐性基因。     

家猪染色体Q-和G-及C-分带的多态性

对杜洛克、巴克夏、关中黑和八眉猪的Q-、G-和C-分带的多态性作了祥细的比较分析。发现Q-,G-分带在品种、个体及同源染色体间有多态性。随着染色体的伸长和带纹的进一步精细,多态性表现的愈多愈明显;C-分带的多态性在品种、个体、细胞及同源染色体间广泛存在,同源染色体间C-带多态性具品种特征和个体特征。此外,发现家猪染色体中存在“额外”G-带和“额外”浅染区现象。     

利用小麦茎尖分生组织进行染色体制片的探讨

以不同倍性染色体小麦种质为材料,探讨通过生长点分生组织进行染色体制片,获得理想染色体图形的方法.结果表明,自然条件下,上午9:00-10:00,切取幼苗基部分蘖节约2 cm,剥离茎外部组织,立即放入有冰水混合物的试管中,试管在0～1℃冰水中处理24～30h,之后将茎尖组织转入装有卡诺氏固定液(95％酒精∶冰醋酸=3∶1...     

QTL Analysis for Plant Height with Molecular Markers in Maize

Plant height has become one of important agronomic traits with the increase of planting densityrecently and the rapid developments of molecular markers have provided powerful tools to localize importantagronomic QTL at the genomic level. The purposes of this investigation are to map plant height QTL with mo-lecular markers and to analyze their genetic effects in maize. An F2:3 population from an elite combination(Zong3 × 87-1) was utilized for evaluating plant height in two locations, Wuhan and Xiangfan, with a ran-domized complete block design. The mapping population included 266 F2:3 family lines. A genetic linkagemap, containing 150 SSR and 24 RFLP markers, was constructed, spanning a total of 2 531.6 cm with an av-erage interval of 14.5 cm. Totally 10 QTL affecting plant height were mapped on six different chromosomeswith the composite interval mapping. Seven of 10 QTL were detected in two locations. The contributions tophenotypic variations for the single QTL varied between 5.3 and 17.1%. Additive, partial dominance, domi-nance, and overdominance actions existed among all detected QTL affecting plant heights. A large number ofdigenic interactions for plant height were detected by two-way analyses of variance. 107 and 98 two-locus com-binations were found to be significant at a 0.01 probability level in two locations respectively. 23 of them weresimultaneously detected in both locations. They accounted for phenotypic variations of 4.5 -11%. It was no-ticed that a locus, umc1122, had digenic interactive effects with other four different loci for plant height,which distributed on three chromosomes. A few of plant height QTL was involved in significant digenic inter-actions, but most significant interactions occurred between markers that are not adjacent to mapped QTL.These results demonstrated that epistatic interactions might play an equal importance role as the single-locuseffects in determining plant height of maize.     

Effects of aneuploidy on cellular physiology and cell division in haploid yeast

Aneuploidy is a condition frequently found in tumor cells, but its effect on cellular physiology is not known. We have characterized one aspect of aneuploidy: the gain of extra chromosomes. We created a collection of haploid yeast strains that each bear an extra copy of one or more of almost all of the yeast chromosomes. Their characterization revealed that aneuploid strains share a number of phenotypes, including defects in cell cycle progression, increased glucose uptake, and increased sensitivity to conditions interfering with protein synthesis and protein folding. These phenotypes were observed only in strains carrying additional yeast genes, which indicates that they reflect the consequences of additional protein production as well as the resulting imbalances in cellular protein composition. We conclude that aneuploidy causes not only a proliferative disadvantage but also a set of phenotypes that is independent of the identity of the individual extra chromosomes.     

关于平面机构结构公式的一点新看法

采用引进必要带副构件或去掉多余带副构件的方法,对传统的平面机构结构公式作了合理的补充与说明。用此公式对一些疑难问题进行机构自由度计算,能得到圆满的答案。     

不同环境条件下水稻株高的QTL定位分析

用水稻测序品种培矮64s和Nipponbare为亲本构建的含137个SSR标记的连锁遗传图谱和(培矮64s/Nipponbare)F2、F2∶3群体的180个单株(株系)对水稻的株高性状进行了2年2点的QTL定位分析。2年2点共检测到8个QTL分别位于第1、2、3、4、5、7、10染色体,表型贡献率6.9%～47.7%。F2群体(成都试点)共检测到6个QTL,分布在第1、1、3、4、5、7染色体上,F2∶3群体(海南试点)共检测到4个QTL,分布在第1、2、4、10染色体上,其中位于第1、4染色体上的qPH1-2和qPH4为重复检测到的QTL。对所定位QTL的价值、用QTL定位预测基因的功能等进行了探讨。     

苹果OFP基因家族的全基因组鉴定与非生物逆境表达分析

【目的】从苹果全基因组中鉴定OFP(OVATE family protein)家族蛋白成员,对其进行基因结构特征、组织表达及非生物逆境等系统分析,为研究苹果OFP的潜在功能提供理论基础。【方法】利用生物信息学手段,在苹果基因组数据库中筛选鉴定OFP基因家族成员;利用MEGA5.0软件进行系统进化树分析;通过Map Draw和GSDS等生物信息学工具分析基因结构及染色体定位;根据已有的苹果芯片数据库结果进行OFP基因表达谱分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测13个Md OFP的组织表达和诱导表达情况。【结果】苹果OFP基因家族包含28个成员,根据系统进化关系将其分为4组,分别包含13、6、4和5个成员;苹果中13条染色体上均有OFP基因分布,其中第12条染色体最多,有6个Md OFP成员,该基因家族的分布具有广泛性;芯片表达谱分析结果表明该类基因家族在花、果实和叶中的表达量较高,q RT-PCR验证结果较一致;经Na Cl和PEG处理后,苹果根部与地上部呈现出不同程度的响应差异,Na Cl处理明显诱导两组织中Md OFP04和Md OFP20的表达,Md OFP01、Md OFP12和Md OFP18的表达在根部与地上部组织则相反;温度胁迫明显影响Md OFPs的表达量,其中Md OFP04和Md OFP17经高温和低温胁迫处理后均明显上调。【结论】苹果OFP基因家族共有28个成员,分布于13条染色体上,该家族成员呈现出不同的组织表达模式和胁迫响应模式。     

Identification and genetic analysis of multiple P chromosomes of Agropyron cristatum in the background of common wheat

Agropyron cristatum, a wild relative of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), provides many desirable genetic resources for wheat improvement, such as tolerance to cold, drought, and disease. To transfer and utilize these desirable genes, in this study, two wheat-A. cristatum derivatives II-13 and II-23 were identified and analyzed. We found that the number of root tip cell chromosomes was 44 in both II-13 and II-23, but there were four and six P genome chromosomes in II-13 and II-23, respectively, based on genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). The chromosome configurations of II-13 and II-23 were both 2n=22II by the meiotic analysis of pollen mother cells (PMCs) at metaphase I, indicating that there were two and three pairs of P chromosomes in II-13 and II-23, respectively. Notably, wheat chromosome 7D was absent in derivative line II-13 while II-23 lacked chromosomes 4B and 7A based on SSR analysis combining fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with pAs1 and pSc119.2 as probes. Chromosomes 2P and 7P were detected in both II-13 and II-23. Another pair of P genome chromosomes in II-23 was determined to be 4P based on expressed-sequences tags-sequence tagged sites (EST-STS) markers specific to A. cristatum and FISH with probes pAcTRT1 and pAcpCR2. Overall, these results suggest that II-13 was a 7P (7D) substitution line with one pair of additional 2P chromosomes and II-23 was a multiple 4P (4B), 7P (7A) substitution line with one pair of additional 2P chromosomes. Moreover, we obtained six alien disomic addition lines and five alien disomic substitution lines by backcrossing. These new materials will allow desirable genes from A. cristatum to be used in common wheat.     

蛇鞭菊等三种球根类切花的引种试验初报

球根类切花是切花家族中重要的一员。本文通过栽培试验,讨论了几种荷兰引进的球根类切花引种的可能性。结果表明,在上海地区,蛇鞭菊和尼润较有发展前途,而虎年万年青不太适合切花生产,可推荐作为露地球根花卉。     

甘蓝型油菜与诸葛菜属间五倍体后代非整倍体的细胞遗传学研究

甘蓝型油菜与诸葛菜属间五倍体后代的细胞学观察结果表明,非整倍体中体细胞或花粉母细胞(PMCs)出现47、44和41条染色体的频率均高于其他类型的细胞.除了2n=38的植株外,其余均为混倍体.在2n>38的花粉母细胞中,附加的异源染色体经常落后于后期核外而呈现染色体消除现象.在减数分裂的第一次分裂时期,多数PMCs趋向于均衡分离.另外也观察到后期Ⅰ细胞一极出现17或18条染色体的特殊分离方式.对PMC后期Ⅰ细胞核以及雌雄配子的组成及比例的研究也发现,在2n=44和41的植株中存在染色体的消减现象,雄配子染色体消减的速率快于其余两种情况.而且低染色体数目配子(n=22～19)具有更高频率传递给后代.根尖的体细胞中存在染色体消除现象.     

26种植物乙醇提取物对植物病原菌的抑菌活性

为开发植物源杀菌剂提供依据,采用菌丝生长速率法测定26种植物乙醇提取物对4种植物病原菌的抑制活性。结果表明:在供试质量浓度为100mg/mL时,有12种植物乙醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、梨黑星病菌和玉米大斑病菌中至少1种病原菌的抑制率达80%以上,其中播娘蒿、黄花草木樨、甘西鼠尾草、香薷、艾草、铁杆蒿和黄花蒿7种植物提取物菌丝生长抑制率均在90%以上。经过抑菌活性复筛,黄花草木樨、艾草、铁杆蒿和黄花蒿4种植物中含有农用抗菌成分且抑菌效果较好,可应用于无公害植物源杀菌剂的开发。     

红麻6个重要产量性状的QTL定位

 【目的】研究红麻重要产量性状的QTL定位,促进红麻分子辅助育种基础科学研究。【方法】以埃及的阿联红麻与福建农林大学育成的高产抗病优质新品种福红992作为亲本进行杂交,自交衍生的162个F2﹕3家系为材料,通过一年两点的随机区组田间试验,测定了红麻株高、茎粗、节数、单株鲜皮重、单株干皮重和种子千粒重6个重要产量性状的数据,采用混合线性模型的复合区间作图法进行了QTL定位及其遗传互作效应分析。【结果】相关分析结果表明,除种子千粒重外,其它性状之间均存在明显的正相关性。在两地共定位了2个株高QTL、2个茎粗QTL、2个节数QTL、1个单株鲜皮重QTL、2个单株干皮重和2个种子千粒重QTL。【结论】在两地检测到11个QTL,主要集中分布在第6、11、14、9、13、17和4连锁群上,这些QTL在连锁群上分布不均匀,具有集中分布的特点。     

Chromosome localization of highly repetitive human DNA's and amplified ribosomal DNA with restriction enzymes

Restriction endonucleases cut and partially removed DNA throughout fixed air-dried human metaphase chromosomes. Some enzymes produced a G-banding pattern; some revealed the presence of multiple chromosome-specific classes of highly repetitive DNA in C-band heterochromatin. Enzymes that produced the informative C-band patterns had recognition sequences that were four or five, but not six, base pairs long and did not contain a cytosine-guanine doublet. In both rat and human chromosomes, regions containing amplified ribosomal RNA genes were specifically removed by the restriction endonuclease Msp I.     

Obtaining and Cytological Identification of a Set of Primary Trisomics in Cabbage

Selection of primary trisomics of the cabbage （Brassica oleracea var.capitata L） forms an important basis for gene chromosome mapping and for other genetic studies. The cabbage self-fertilization line - 9601 was used as material, using the root-tip cell chromosome number and pollen mother cell chromosome number identification and karyotype analysis to select the primary trisomics from the progenies of 3x x 2x in the cabbage. Many aneuploid plants with one or two extra chromosomes were obtained and a set of primary trisomics （Tri-1, Tri-2, Tri-3, Tri-4, Tri-5, Tri-6, Tri-7, Tri-8, and Tri-9, in which the Tri-1 and Tri-4 were from 2n＋2 plants and others from 2n＋ 1 plants） was acquired from these plants. Each trisomic exhibited some unique features, such as plant height, plant type, leaf type, size of flower bud, and inflorescence. The triploid crossing by the diploid is a convenient and effective way to select trisomics in the cabbage.