Huffmanela paronai sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae), a new parasite from the skin of swordfish Xiphias gladius in the Ligurian sea (Western Mediterranean)

A new species of trichosomoidid nematode, Huffmanela paronai sp. n., is established on the basis of its egg morphology and biological characters. The dark-shelled, embryonated eggs of this histozoic parasite occur in masses in the epidermis of the swordfish Xiphias gladius L. (Xiphiidae, Perciformes) from the Ligurian Sea in northern Italy. The eggs are concentrated in groups appearing as black spots in the skin of the fish host, being distributed mainly on the lower part of its body (lower jaw, gill covers, pectoral, anal and caudal fins, lower half of body). The parasite's eggs are characterised mainly by their shape and markedly small size (48-51 x 21-24 microm), an aspinose surface, relatively small polar plugs, and thick egg wall (3 microm). This is the first Huffmanela species reported from fish in Europe.     

A new Huffmanela species, H. schouteni sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from flying fishes in Cura?ao

A new nematode species, Huffmanela schouteni sp. n., has been established on the basis of its egg morphology and biological characters (adult nematodes are unknown). The dark-shelled eggs of this histozoic parasite occur in masses in the abdominal cavity, serose covers of internal organs and in the liver of the flying fishes Hirundichthys affinis Günther (type host) and Cypselurus cyanopterus Cuvier et Valenciennes in Cura?ao. The eggs of H. schouteni sp. n. differ from those in other congeneric species mainly in the absence of small spines on the surface of the transparent envelope enclosing the egg proper, measurements (size of eggs 0.069-0.075 x 0.027-0.030 mm) and their localization in the host. A key to Huffmanela species based on egg morphology has been provided.     

螺旋粉虱SCAR标记的建立与应用

螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell是一种严重威胁果树、蔬菜和园林植物生产的入侵性害虫。由于该粉虱的卵和初孵若虫体型微小,与其它粉虱类害虫形态相似,且易于携带传播,难以快速准确鉴别,本研究采用特征序列扩增区域(SCAR)标记法,通过对目的片段的克隆与测序,设计螺旋粉虱特征片段扩增引物,并对该引物的种特异性和灵敏性进行检验。结果显示,利用SCAR标记法获得了螺旋粉虱特异性片段(632bp,GenBank登录号为HM240855),根据此片段的碱基序列设计1对螺旋粉虱特异性引物,其扩增片段大小为307bp;该对引物只对螺旋粉虱具有扩增能力,对近缘种、属粉虱不具有扩增效果。该引物不仅对成虫具有良好的扩增效能,对单粒卵、1~3龄若虫和拟蛹等亦具有同样的扩增能力,其最低检出阈值为1/6400头成虫。从而表明,该SCAR标记技术完全可用于螺旋粉虱的鉴定识别及其检测和监测。     

Bursaphelenchus species in conifers in Europe: distribution and morphological relationships

The morphological relationship between European Bursaphelenchus species living in conifers was studied in order to provide key characters for their taxonomic identification. Several species have been newly described or recorded in Europe during the past few years and were morphologically investigated. Among the 28 conifer-inhabiting European species, four groups can be distinguished from each other by the number of lateral incisures, number and position of anal papillae of males and presence and size of a vulval flap of females. Two groups, each containing just one species show two and six lateral lines, respectively, whereas most Bursaphelenchus species belong to two groups, possessing either three or four incisures. Each of the last two groups can be divided into three subgroups, which can be differentiated by spicule shape, number and position of caudal papillae, presence and size of a vulval flap and some other features. A fifth group includes species with unclear group affiliation due to insufficient knowledge of their morphology. The B. xylophilus group ( B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus, B. fraudulentus ) with four lateral lines, unique spicule shape and characteristic position of the caudal papillae can clearly be differentiated from all other groups by morphology, also using only light microscopy. Within this group, B. xylophilus can clearly be differentiated morphologically from the other species, provided that adult specimens of both sexes are found and also provided that the round-tailed form of the species remains the only form present, as in Europe. Figures showing the important identification features of spicule shape and female tail shape are given for 28 species. A table shows the complete range of the most important morphometric measurements of these species. Data on the occurrence, host range and, as far as known, the vectors of these species were collected throughout Europe and references are given for each record.     

短管赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾不同日龄卵的寄生能力及子代蜂适合度

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda原产于美洲,是新近入侵我国的重大危险性入侵害虫。短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum是美洲当地寄生草地贪夜蛾卵的重要自然天敌。该蜂早在1979年就被引入我国。为检测短管赤眼蜂对不同日龄草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生适应性,本研究以发育12 h内、24～36 h和48～60 h的草地贪夜蛾卵为研究对象,以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura卵为对照,探究了短管赤眼蜂对不同日龄草地贪夜蛾卵和斜纹夜蛾卵的寄生效果及子代蜂的适合度。结果表明:短管赤眼蜂对两种寄主不同日龄的卵块寄生率均达到100%,但对草地贪夜蛾卵表现出更高的卵粒寄生率。与斜纹夜蛾卵育出的子代蜂相比,草地贪夜蛾卵育出的子代蜂个体偏小,平均单卵出蜂数较低。研究结果将为今后应用短管赤眼蜂防治草地贪夜蛾提供基础数据。     

夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾卵的生物学特性

2019年7月,我们在贵州黔东南地区采集的草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵块内发现1种卵寄生蜂,经分子鉴定确认为夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus。为验证该蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生效能,本研究以草地贪夜蛾卵为主要研究材料,以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura卵为对照,统计了夜蛾黑卵蜂对这两种寄主卵的卵粒寄生率、单卵出蜂数、雄性比和个体大小等指标。结果显示,夜蛾黑卵蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵和斜纹夜蛾卵的卵粒寄生率均可达到95%以上。与斜纹夜蛾卵相比,草地贪夜蛾卵育出的子代蜂个体较大,但单卵出蜂数相对较低。结果说明夜蛾黑卵蜂是草地贪夜蛾潜在的高效生防作用物,斜纹夜蛾卵可以作为替代寄主用于繁育夜蛾黑卵蜂。本研究将为我国利用夜蛾黑卵蜂防治草地贪夜蛾提供重要参考。     

五种蚜虫对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

采用室内饲喂法研究了棉蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、白杨毛蚜、桃粉蚜和菜缢管蚜对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响,并以所获相关数据组建生命表。结果表明:异色瓢虫的世代存活率、净增殖率在以白杨毛蚜和菜缢管蚜为食物时较高,分别为86.7%、78.3%和158.5、271.7;平均单雌产卵量在以桃粉蚜和菜缢管蚜为食物时较高,分别为1396和1835粒;内禀增长率除以白杨毛蚜为食物时较低外(0.06),其它四种均接近(0.10～0.13)。综合评价,五种蚜虫中菜缢管蚜是饲养异色瓢虫最为理想的食物。     

Redescription of Eubothrium fragile (Rudolphi, 1802) and E. rugosum (Batsch, 1786) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea), parasites of fish in the Holarctic Region

Two fish cestodes, the little-known Eubothrium fragile (Rudolphi, 1802) and E. rugosum (Batsch, 1786), the type species of the genus Eubothrium Nybelin, 1922, are redescribed on the basis of new material from twaite shad, Alosa fallax (Lacépède, 1803), from England and burbot, Lota lota (Linnaeus, 1758), from Russia, respectively. The tapeworms are compared with two other species of the genus, E. crassum (Bloch, 1779) and E. salvelini (Schrank, 1790), common parasites of salmonid fish in the Holarctic. The most notable differential characters are the size and the shape of the scolex (smaller and oval in E. fragile), the shape of the apical disc (four or more indentations in E. crassum), the number and size of the testes (the largest and least numerous in E. rugosum), and the position and size of the vitelline follicles (almost entirely cortical in distribution in E. fragile and E. crassum versus largely medullary in E. rugosum and E. salvelini). A comparison of species has also shown the morphological similarity of the freshwater species (E. rugosum and E. salvelini) on one hand and those of marine origin, E. fragile and E. crassum, on the other, with the latter species occurring also in fresh waters. A key to the identification of the species studied is also provided.     

赤眼蜂寄生行为研究(Ⅲ)—雌蜂产卵时的性控行为

本文报道了赤眼蜂科(Trichogrammatidae)5种赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrol-imi,T.,japonicum,T.confusum,T.chilonis,和 T.ostriniae)在米蛾 Corcyracephalonica 卵以及 T.dendrolimi 在不同体积的寄主上产卵时的性控行为。观察结果表明,赤眼蜂雌蜂在产卵时,以不同的腹部运动分别产下雌性卵(受精卵)和雄性卵(未受精卵),具有对其子代的性别进行控制的能力。将观察估断的子代性别与实际羽化的仔蜂性别进行比较,估断正确率为94.20%,其中对雌性卵的估断正确率为95.48%;对雄性卵的为89.29%。赤眼蜂蜂种不同,雌蜂在产卵过程中各个行为阶段所持续的时间也不同,但在寄主相同时(如同为米蛾卵),这种差异并不明显。有些蜂种产雄性卵所花费的时间要比产雌性卵长(如 T.japonicum,T.confusum 和 T.chilonis);有些蜂种则相反(如 T.dendro-limi)。在对赤眼蜂雌蜂性控行为的观察中,我们还发现,未经交配过的赤眼蜂雌蜂(如 T.dendrolimi,T.confusum)在产卵时具有产雌性卵的腹部动作;而孤雌产雌的种类,如T.embryophayun,在产卵时的腹部动作中,不但具有产雌性卵的信号,而且尚有产雄性卵的信号。对此,本文进行了初步讨论,这些问题仍有待深入研究。     

草地贪夜蛾覆毛卵块与绒茧蜂茧块的识别特征

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是2019年新入侵我国的一种重大迁飞性农业害虫。田间监测时,其覆毛卵块易与绒茧蜂茧块混淆。本文利用数码显微系统(VHX-6000,KEYENCE)对草地贪夜蛾覆毛卵块和绒茧蜂茧块的识别特征进行了观察与描述,发现两者在颜色、质地、形状等方面具有明显差异。掌握这些区别特征,有利于提升田间草地贪夜蛾卵的调查准确率。     

异色瓢虫幼虫捕食蚜虫与同种非同胞卵的混合食物对成虫捕食行为的影响

许多研究发现只捕食非同胞卵对捕食性瓢虫的发育、存活和行为具有不良影响,但较少关注少量捕食非同胞卵对瓢虫是否有影响,自相残杀作为瓢虫捕食其他猎物的营养补充乃是自然界的常态。本研究旨在探明异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis（Pallas）幼虫期在捕食蚜虫的基础上取食非同胞卵是否对成虫捕食行为产生影响。设置3个幼虫期饲喂处理：给各龄幼虫仅饲喂禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi（Linnaeus）（对照）,给各龄幼虫饲喂蚜虫加少量非同胞卵（分散食卵）,给4龄幼虫饲喂蚜虫加较多的非同胞卵、其余龄期只喂蚜虫（集中食卵）等;观察雌、雄成虫体型大小和羽化后连续3 d的捕食行为。对观测的异色瓢虫成虫体重、捕食总时间、捕食攻击频次和首次捕食发生倾向等行为特征进行的数据分析结果表明,在所检验的3个饲喂处理间这些特征均不存在显著差异。说明异色瓢虫在幼虫期除捕食蚜虫外,持续少量或一次性大量取食非同胞卵不影响其在成虫期的捕食行为。     

我国赤眼蜂工厂化繁育技术改进及防治农业害虫应用现状

自20世纪50年代,我国即开始系统研究赤眼蜂的人工繁育与田间释放应用技术,在适于赤眼蜂规模化繁殖的中间寄主种类研究与应用方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。近几年,我国在利用大卵(柞蚕卵)和小卵(米蛾卵)为中间寄主工厂化繁育赤眼蜂技术方面取得了一些进展。本文从大卵繁蜂涉及的配套生产设备、生产工艺以及小卵繁蜂过程中的幼虫人工饲料配方、饲养盘和成蛾收集技术方面取得的进展进行了归纳,并介绍了一次长效放蜂技术和大、小卵蜂混合释放技术在玉米螟和水稻二化螟防治的应用。2004年以来,吉林省累计推广松毛虫赤眼蜂防治玉米螟近1300万hm²,我国在推广应用赤眼蜂防治农业害虫方面取得巨大成功。最后,对赤眼蜂工厂化生产中存在的技术问题以及发展方向进行了探讨。     

夜蛾黑卵蜂雌雄蜂鉴别方法及雌蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾卵的行为特征

夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus被认为是草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵期的高效寄生蜂。明确夜蛾黑卵蜂基本生物学特征将为其繁育及应用提供重要参考。本研究对雌、雄蜂外部形态及雌蜂寄生行为进行了观察。结果显示,1、除雌蜂产卵器和雄蜂外生殖器等第一性征外,夜蛾黑卵蜂雌、雄蜂个体还具备一些典型的第二性征,可通过触角环节数量、触角棒节和柄节形态以及足和触角的颜色进行区分。2、在同一卵块上,雄蜂先于雌蜂羽化,并撕咬寄主卵壳协助雌蜂羽化;雌蜂羽化后雄蜂会立即求偶并与其交配。3、夜蛾黑卵蜂雌蜂通过利用寄主卵表鳞毛空隙、主动清理鳞毛和移动表层卵粒3种行为策略实现对大部分草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生。本研究建立了夜蛾黑卵蜂雌、雄蜂的鉴别方法,并明确了雌蜂应对夜蛾黑卵蜂卵表结构防御的行为策略。     

草地螟选择大画眉草而非藜产卵的证据及原因

为了阐明草地螟对产卵寄主的选择性,为改善其测报、防治技术提供科学依据,笔者于2008年8月在河北康保对草地螟的产卵寄主植物进行了系统的调查。主要结果为:在所调查的9科23种植物中,查到有草地螟产卵的有7科13种。成虫对禾本科的大画眉草[Eragrostis cilianensis(All.)Link ex Vignolo-Lutati]具有显著的偏好。大画眉草的单株着卵量、有卵株率、卵密度及相对着卵量均显著高于藜(Chenopodium album Linnaeus)等其他产卵寄主的对应值,并比藜上的对应值多10倍到100倍以上。对此次草地螟成虫主要选择大画眉草产卵的可能原因进行了探讨分析。     

Morphological, developmental and ecological evidence for a progenetic life cycle in Neochasmus (Digenea)

Seven species of fishes, Catostomus commersonii (Lacépède), Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque, Micropterus dolomieu Lacépède, Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill), Notropis hudsonius (Clinton), Perca flavescens (Mitchill), and Percina caprodes (Rafinesque) from the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada, were found infected with progenetic specimens of Neochasmus spp. in the orbits and/or the body musculature. Worms displayed varying degrees of maturation. Eggs occupied the entirety of the worm in late stages of development and persisted as distinct clusters in situ after worm death. Populations of parasites were studied monthly in E. nigrum from one site between May and October in order to follow parasite recruitment, development and maturation. Recruitment of parasites was observed in young-of-the-year fish primarily in July and continued through October. Worms matured rapidly, displaying egg production within a month. Later developmental stages, in which eggs occupied most of the worm, and clusters of eggs became abundant by September. Infections in overwintered fish collected in May consisted mainly of worms in early stages of egg production and of clusters of eggs. When hatched artificially, eggs from the clusters released viable miracidia, indicating that they survive beyond the lifespan of the adult worm. It is suggested that progenesis is a fixed characteristic of the life cycle of these species, that egg dispersal requires the death of the host and that it is facilitated by predation. All prior records of Neochasmus spp. are examined, leading us to conclude that the role of the putative definitive host (primarily basses) has been reduced to that of a dispersal agent. Current hypotheses concerning the evolution and maintenance of progenesis are considered, but it is concluded that they do not apply to this host-parasite system.     

茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖幼虫及成虫的鉴别方法

茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua和灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens是茶园主要害虫,两者为近缘种,外形十分相似,难以区分。为了便于茶叶技术人员识别这两种尺蠖,本研究通过饲养观察,比较了这两种尺蠖幼虫和成虫的形态差异,提出了一种鉴别方法,即通过幼虫第2腹节背面八字形黑色斑纹的形态及该节上2对小黑点的位置进行幼虫鉴别,通过前后翅上外横线的形态进行成虫鉴别。采用分子鉴定对该方法进行了验证,结果表明该方法判别准确,且易于掌握,能准确区分茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖。本研究结果对这两种尺蠖的正确识别和田间防治十分有益。     

枸杞奈实蝇幼期各虫态的形态发育特征

为探明枸杞奈实蝇Neoceratitis asiatica幼期各虫态的形态发育特性,采用田间取样和室内饲养相结合的方法对其卵、幼虫、蛹的生长发育过程、形态变化及识别特征进行系统观察,通过测量口钩和头咽骨的长度来划分幼虫龄期,解剖并观察不同发育时期蛹及蛹壳颜色,利用图像分析系统提取并分析蛹壳颜色的RGB值。结果表明：枸杞奈实蝇卵的发育可分为初期卵、口钩显现期卵和破壳期卵3个阶段。幼虫分为3个龄期,均具有1对能够自由收缩的骨化口钩及头咽骨,其形态和大小在各龄幼虫之间存在明显差异。预蛹期是从幼虫到蛹蜕变的过渡时期,蛹的形态发育呈规律性变化,可分为隐头蛹期和显头蛹期2个阶段,显头蛹期又可细分为显头蛹初期、黄色眼期、红色眼期、鬃毛蛹期及预成虫期5个阶段。蛹壳颜色随蛹的发育呈不均衡加深趋势,在预蛹期、鬃毛蛹期和预成虫期变化尤为明显。根据蛹壳颜色的RGB值,可制作对应不同发育阶段的蛹壳颜色标准比色板,用于枸杞奈实蝇的发育生物学及防治技术研究。     

花生田蛴螬药剂防治指标的探讨

使用八号菌(苏云金杆菌库斯塔变种Bacillus thuringiensis var.Kurstaki)拌种防治花生田蛴螬,在单中型种蛴螬发生田(刘荆等,1988),经济损害允许水平为花生收获期每亩虫量1672头;在中型种和小型种蛴螬混合发生田,其中型种蛴螬占三分之一左右的田块,经济损害允许水平可定为花生收获期每亩虫量6498头。根据蛴螬自然孵化率和花生收获时的生存率,可制定蛴螬卵期和孵化期的药剂防治指标。     

草地贪夜蛾两种重要卵寄生蜂的鉴别及寄生行为

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是世界重要农业害虫,具有很强的迁飞性,对玉米等禾本科植物造成危害。调查草地贪夜蛾卵寄生性天敌资源,明确其种类和鉴别特征,对筛选优势天敌种类和开展生物防治具有重要意义。对福建省寄生性天敌资源调查结果表明,福建省有两种草地贪夜蛾卵寄生蜂,分别为夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus Nixon和螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii,本文记述了这两种卵寄生蜂的主要形态特征,并观察了其寄生行为。