镜泊湖蒙古鲌人工繁育技术初步研究

从镜泊湖采捕野生蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus mongolicus)32尾进行了人工繁殖试验。结果显示,注射人工合成激素可促使成熟亲鱼自然发情产卵,水温22~25℃时,催产药物的效应时间为10 h,有5尾雌鱼产卵,共获得受精卵1.5×105粒,孵出鱼苗1.25×105尾,其受精率、孵化率和畸形率为83.6%、90.3%和6.7%。镜泊湖蒙古鲌是产黏性卵的鱼类,吸水膨胀后卵径为(1.42±0.04)mm(n=30),水温23~24℃时,从卵授精到开始破膜出苗约38 h。镜泊湖蒙古鲌的鱼苗可采用土池发塘培育,饲养30 d体长达(3.24±0.29)cm,体重达(0.35±0.09)g,饲养100 d体长为(5.96±0.33)cm,体重为(2.28±0.32)g。     

The biliary accumulation of corticosteroids in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,during acute and chronic stress

The accumulation of immunoreactive corticosteroids in the bile of rainbow trout during stress was monitored by radioimmunoassay and GUMS. Although plasma cortisol levels were elevated by confinement for 1 hour, biliary levels of free and conjugated steroids in the bile were unaffected. However, after 24 hours confinement, in addition to elevated plasma cortisol levels, free and conjugated steroids in the bile were also significantly higher than in control, unstressed fish. The time-course of change in plasma and biliary corticosteroid levels was determined in rainbow trout subject to 96 hours confinement stress. Free steroid levels in the bile of stressed fish were elevated within 2 hours of the onset of stress, while levels of conjugated steroids were significantly elevated within 4 hours of the onset of confinement. Analysis of bile from stressed fish, by GC/MS, established the major conjugated steroids present to be tetrahydrocortisone (230 g ml^–1 bile), tetrahydrocortisol (75 g ml^–1), cortisone (33.5 g ml^–1), cortisol (25 g ml^–1) and -cortolone (5 g ml^–1). The data are discussed with reference to the role of cortisone and conjugating enzymes in the clearance of cortisol, and further data are presented to suggest that the analysis of biliary steroid content may provide a suitable means of identifying stressed fish under conditions in which an additional sampling stress is unavoidable.     

Metabolomic investigation of pathogenesis of myxosporean emaciation disease of tiger puffer fish Takifugu rubripes

Serum biochemical analysis was undertaken to study the pathophysiological details of emaciation disease of the tiger puffer fish Takifugu rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel). Serum parameters were measured by biochemical analysis using automated dry chemistry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Serum concentrations of albumin, amylase, calcium, creatinine, glucose and total protein were significantly lower in the emaciated fish when compared with those of normal fish. Regression analyses found close correlation between concentrations of total protein, albumin, amylase, glucose and progress of the disease. In contrast, serum alanine aminotransferase increased significantly in emaciated fish indicating liver function disorder. Further, GC/MS metabolic profiling of the puffer serum showed that the profile of the emaciated fish was distinct to that of non‐infected control. The serum content of amino acids including glycine, 5‐oxo‐proline and proline, and ascorbic acid, fumaric acid and glycerol increased significantly in serum in moderately emaciated fish. The serum glucose, linolenic acid and tyrosine level decreased significantly in the late phase of the disease. Our results clearly show that prolonged intestinal damage caused by myxosporean infection impairs absorption of nutrients, resulting in extreme emaciation.     

Screening of quinalphos,trifluralin and dichlorvos residues in fresh water of aquaculture systems in Mekong Delta,Vietnam

To develop an easy and reliable method for detecting pesticides and their residues in the Mekong Delta, a GC‐MS analytical method was developed and validated according to European guidelines (SANTE/11945/2015) for the determination of residues of three pesticides (quinalphos, trifluralin and dichlorvos) in water. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.002 and 0.007 μg/L, respectively, for quinalphos and trifluralin, and 0.016 and 0.053 μg/L, respectively, for dichlorvos and quinalphos. The repeatability, the within‐laboratory reproducibility as well as the trueness met the European criteria. The recovery rate ranged between 72% (for dichlorvos and quinalphos) and 82% (for trifluralin). The developed method was then applied for the analysis of 33 water samples, collected in April 2013, at the beginning of the rainy season in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. Thirteen samples were from rice field, 10 were collected from cat fish ponds and from red tilapia cages. Results showed that only 9% of total water samples analysed contained residues of pesticides, but only in water from rice fish systems. From the 13 samples taken in these systems, quinalphos was detected in three samples. The other two pesticides were not detected. A comparison between analytical results obtained from GC‐MS and an alternative method, that is GC‐ECD indicated that GC‐ECD is less sensitive than GC‐MS, with LOQ ranging from 0.37 to 1.18 (depending on the pesticide). However, for samples with concentrations above these LOQ, no significant difference was observed between the results obtained from the two analytical methodologies.     

气相色谱-质谱法检测鱼肉中MS-222残留

本文建立了鱼肉中MS-222残留GC-MS检测方法.鱼肉样品经乙腈提取,氮吹浓缩,盐酸溶液引导MS-222电离,Waters Oasis MCX固相萃取柱净化后,气相色谱-四极杆质谱检测.方法检出限为2.5 μg·kg-1、定量限为5.0 μg·kg-1;0.0025～1.0 μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（R≥0.9996）;MS-222浓度范围在5.0～ 100.0 μg·kg-1的鱼肉加标样,日内和日间平均回收率为78.4％～91.2％,相对标准偏差为3.62％ ～9.49％.结果表明,该检测方法适用于低浓度水平鱼肉中MS-222残留检测.     

Impact of inducing general anaesthesia with MS‐222 on haematological and biochemical parameters of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of MS‐222 on the haematological and biochemical parameters of juvenile pikeperch. The experiment was conducted on fish with body weight of 112.50 ± 13.01 g and body length of 22.5 ± 1.8 cm. The fish were exposed to MS‐222 via immersion at two concentrations (100, 150 mg/L) and for two exposure periods (3, 10 min). Significantly higher values of white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit were noted in all groups of fish from which blood samples were drawn immediately after exposure. After 24 hr, only in group V (100/3/24) did the values of these parameters return to initial values. The analysis of biochemical parameters signalled significant differences in three parameters: glucose, total protein and lactates. Twenty‐four hours after exposure, the values of these three parameters returned to initial levels. Significant differences were also noted in four ion concentrations: potassium, phosphorus, sodium and iron. Twenty‐four hours later, potassium and phosphorus concentrations had returned to initial values, while that of sodium still exhibited significant differences. Twenty‐four hours later, differences were also noted in iron ion concentrations in the groups subjected to the longest exposure or the highest concentration. All of the MS‐222 immersion parameters were effective. However, the smallest changes in the analysed parameters of pikeperch blood were noted in individuals from group I (100/3/0). The current study indicated, however, that longer pikeperch immersion in the anaesthetic solution (>3 min) or applying concentrations exceeding 100 mg/L are not recommended.     

Dexamethasone and prednisolone use in pigeons

The concentrations of dexamethasone and prednisolone in the plasma of pigeons are measured by radioimmunoassay. The plasma curves show a more rapid ascent and steeper descent after dexamethasone injection (1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg and 10 mg/kg of body weight IM) than after prednisolone injection (3 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg and 50 mg/kg of body weight IM). The longer-lasting effect after prednisolone injection could likewise be seen in the white blood count. The immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoid preparations especially should be considered when applying antibiotics.     

Discrimination of excellent-grade ‘nori’, the dried laver Porphyra spp., with analytical methods for volatile compounds

Analytical methods were investigated for the discrimination of ‘nori’, the dried laver Porphyra spp. sheet products, which were organoleptically judged as excellent-grade for commercial distribution. Volatile compounds of nori were analyzed with an electronic nose and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) with headspace solid-phase micro-extraction. Each chopped dry nori sample was sealed in a vial and the headspace gas at 40 °C was analyzed. Excellent-grade nori product of ‘Akime’, first autumn shoots, of one season could be discriminated from other products by using principal component analyses (PCA) for the electronic nose response. PCA using a peak area of 32 compounds detected in the GC/MS analysis clearly discriminated all excellent-grade samples from all other samples. Excellent-grade products were considered to be characterized by higher total contents of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, octanal and trimethylamine, and by lower total volatile contents, especially 1-pentanol, 2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, acetoin, 2-methyl-2-butenal, 3-methyl butanal and others. These findings revealed the possibility of analytical discrimination of excellent-grade nori products as a substitution for organoleptic testing.     

The effectiveness of the combined treatment of thrombocytic hemorrhagic diathesis of dogs with prednisolone and blood transfusion in the model of an aspirin-produced thrombocytopathy

The administration of 20 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid in 18 clinically healthy dogs resulted in a thrombocytopathy with lengthened capillary bleeding time and irreversible aggregation inhibition. Through the set up of individual dilution series, one could conclude the proportional percentage of aggregation functional transfused thrombocytes. The capillary bleeding time was shortened after the intravenous injection of prednisolone (5 mg/kg) without measurable influence on the thrombocytes. Compared to the singular use of cortisone or blood transfusion alone, the effect on capillary bleeding time became magnified when one combined transfusion and corticosteroids. The fresh blood conserves (12 hours) were, with respect to the haemostyptical properties, superior to blood stored for 5 days. The component of aggregation-functional thrombocytes was, due to the prophylactic cortisone application prior to transfusion, not increased.     

顶空固相微萃取气相色谱质谱嗅觉测量联用初探鲢肉的挥发性风味物质

为探明鲢肉挥发性气味特征物质,通过顶空固相微萃取法提取和浓缩了鲢肉中的挥发性物质,并利用气相色谱质谱联用以及气相色谱〖CD*7/9〗嗅觉测量法对气味物质进行了定性分析及气味特征的评价。由8人组成的评价小组通过检测频率法进行嗅觉测量。结果表明,经GCMS分析鉴定得到了29种挥发性气味物质,主要是一些羰基类和醇类化合物,占了总挥发性物质的88%。通过检测频率分析法鉴定出12种化合物具有气味特征,表现为鱼腥、金属、青草、油脂氧化、蘑菇等特征。另外有4种未知物也显示了较强的风味特性,它们协同作用构成了鲢的特殊气味。     

南极磷虾脂肪酸组成及多不饱和脂肪酸质谱特征分析

以10％浓硫酸－甲醇溶液为甲酯化试剂,采用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用技术分析南极磷虾(Euphausua superba)的脂肪酸组成.根据GC/MS标准质谱数据库检索,结合有机质谱学规律,对多不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的裂解规律和质谱特征进行分析归纳,建立了特征离子确定其碳数和双键数,α离子和ω）离子分别确定脂肪链羰基端和甲基端双键位置的方法.通过气相色谱/质谱分析,从南极磷虾中鉴定出27种脂肪酸,其中多不饱和脂肪酸13种,二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)占总脂肪酸含量的40.64％,高于一般海洋鱼虾类,表明南极磷虾具有较高的营养价值和脂质开发潜力.本研究旨在为南极磷虾营养评价和南极磷虾油等产品的研制开发以及多不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的鉴定提供理论和参考依据.     

Immunosuppression in juvenile carp, Cyprinus carpio L.: the effects of the corticosteroids triamcinolone acetonide and hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate (cortisol) on acquired immunity and the humoral antibody response to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet

Abstract. Juvenile carp, Cyprinus carpio L., were immunized against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis following controlled exposure to the infective theront stage. On challenge, with a potentially lethal dose of theronts, all immunized fish survived, in contrast to 100% mortality in non-immunized fish. Fourteen days following exposure to the challenge infection, immune and non-immune fish were injected intraperitoneally with either triamcinolone acetonide or hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate (cortisol) at doses of 100 μg or 10 μg/g body weight. Controls, including immunized and non-immunized fish, were injected with saline or left untreated. Six days following corticosteroid administration, fish were exposed to challenge infections of I multifiliis. All fish treated with corticosteroid developed heavy infections with up to 100% mortality. Repeat experiments gave comparable results. Serum antibody levels recorded in similarly treated fish at intervals of 12 h and/or 1 week following corticosteroid administration were found to be relatively unaffected. The results are discussed in relation to the immune response to I multifiliis .     

缺帘鱼人工繁殖初探

2007-2008年对39尾,4～5龄,雌鱼体长36～41 cm,体质量 2.5～2.9 kg,雄鱼体长 32～35 cm,体质量 1.5～1.6 kg的缺帘鱼亲鱼用 HCG、PG、LHR-A_2、DOM 4种催产药物,按5种组合(设置每千克体质量:HCG 300 IU + LHR-A_2 2.5 μg + DOM 2 mg、 HCG 3500 IU +PG 2 mg + LHR-A_2 3 μg + DOM 3 mg、PG 4 mg + LHR-A_2 6 μg + DOM 2 mg、HCG 700 IU + DOM 2 mg、LHR-A_2 5 μg + DOM 4 mg)进行催产试验,催产水温27～28 ℃,采用两针注射,效应时间 9～10h.5种组合的平均催产率分别为75.2%、75.4%、75.5%、60%、60.3%;平均受精率为76.6%;平均孵化率为68.5%;平均出苗率为72.2%;出膜时间为17～18 h;孵化水温27～28 ℃,20尾雌鱼共产卵59 560粒;共获苗种23 469尾.     

Fluid therapy in the dog and the cat

Underlying principle for fluid therapy is the knowledge about distribution of body water (60% of body weight) into compartments: intra- and extracellular fluid (ICF, ECF) cover respectively one half, one sixth of the latter fills the intravascular system. According to the concentration of ions and molecules in the lost fluids, dehydration is classified into hypertone, hypotone and isotone. Clinical assessment and laboratory examination (PCV, hemoglobin, total protein, urine analysis, electrolyte and blood gas evaluation) are crucial features for determination of dehydration rate, acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. Derangements of body-fluid and electrolyte metabolism and their treatment are discussed. The quantity of fluids necessary for rehydration of the patient is calculated on the basis of clinical findings. Overhydration risk has to be considered more seriously in cats than dogs. Intravenous, subcutaneous, oral and intraperitoneal infusions are feasible. A survey to technical aspects and required instruments is presented in conclusion.     

运输时间和MS-222浓度对翘嘴鲌皮质醇、乳酸及氧气袋内水质的影响

釆用MS-222浓度为0(C0组)、5 mg/L(C1组)、10 mg/L(C2组)、15 mg/L(C3组)、20 mg/L(C4组),运输时间为0、2、4、6、8、10 h,运输密度为33 g/L,采用5×6双因素实验,氧气袋运输翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)稚鱼,研究了运输时间和MS-222浓度对翘嘴鲌全鱼皮质醇、乳酸含量及氧气袋内水质的影响。结果显示:翘嘴鲌全鱼皮质醇、乳酸水平随运输时间呈现先升高后降低的趋势,随麻醉剂浓度的增加而显著降低;C1-C4组的DO、p H随运输时间呈现先降低后升高的趋势,C0组则随运输时间的增加显著降低,各组的DO和p H随MS-222浓度的增加而显著增加;C1-C4组的氨氮(TAN)和游离CO_2浓度随运输时间呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而C0组则随运输时间的增加显著升高,各组的TAN和游离CO_2浓度随MS-222浓度的增加而显著降低。时间和浓度的交互作用都显著。运输时间T6 h时,MS-222刺激翘嘴鲌,不利于运输,运输时间T6 h时,MS-222能显著降低其应激水平及代谢强度,其中C4组皮质醇、乳酸含量最低,C3、C4组水质条件最好,其适宜的麻醉剂浓度为15~20 mg/L。     

久效磷对中国对虾细胞超微结构的影响：Ⅱ.对肠的毒性效应

１９９４年７－１０月，作者取青岛市水产局养殖公司的平均体长１０．３ｃｍ的中国对虾，在实验室内用０．１０ｍｇ／Ｌ久效磷海水溶液处理，分别在处理４８ｈ、９６ｈ时取尚存活对虾的中肠组织样品，用常规方法固定和制样，利用透射电子显微镜对中国对虾中肠细胞的眼微进行观察。     

微生物对石油烃降解代谢产物的分析方法研究

对实验室内微生物降解原油的代谢产物进行了色谱、质谱、紫外光谱等一系列研究，建立了微生物对原油代谢产物的分析方法。实验表明，微生物降解原油代谢产物主要是乙酸和以棕榈酸为主的脂肪酸与鼠李糖形成的糖酯类表面活性剂。     

大蒜素在鲤、鲫血浆中的药物代谢动力学研究

建立鲤(Cyprinus carpio specularis)、鲫(Carassius auratus)血浆中大蒜素含量的气相色谱检测方法,并研究大蒜素在鲤、鲫体内的药物代谢动力学特征。对鲤、鲫以7.5 mg/kg的剂量单次口灌大蒜素,于停药后0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、4、6、8、12、24、36、48、72 h采集血浆,采用气相色谱法(GC)检测药物含量,通过DAS3.0软件分析药动学参数。结果显示:二烯丙基二硫醚(DADS)和二烯丙基三硫醚(DATS)的最低检测限均为10 ng/m L,DADS、DATS在鲤血浆中的平均回收率分别为77.05%~97.98%、73.39%~108.51%,在鲫血浆中的平均回收率分别为87.05%~95.68%、83.69%~102.75%。药物的两种主要成分在健康鲤鲫体内吸收较完全,分布广泛,DADS较DATS吸收快,消除慢。     

敌百虫在异育银鲫体内富集与消除规律

在(20±2)℃的水温条件下,将异育银鲫(Carassais auratus gibebio)分别浸浴于0.2 mg/L、0.5 mg/L浓度(理论浓度)的敌百虫水溶液进行7 d富集试验,第8天起隔天换清水进行消除试验,研究了敌百虫在异育银鲫体内的富集与消除规律。结果显示:鳃组织中敌百虫富集浓度最高,且给药后2 h时就接近水体中药物浓度,7 d内一直保持在相对较平稳的浓度水平;肝胰脏、肌肉组织中敌百虫浓度随时间延长逐渐增高,肝胰脏组织富集浓度略高于肌肉组织。消除试验1 d后鳃组织中敌百虫浓度迅速下降,消除了91.4%,以后消除速度趋缓,至第5~7天未检出敌百虫;肝胰脏、肌肉组织中敌百虫浓度随试验时间延长逐渐降低,且分别在消除试验的第5天、第7天未检出敌百虫,肝胰脏组织中敌百虫消除速度比肌肉组织中快。     

吡啶甲酸铬对热应激异育银鲫血清生化指标的影响

选取240尾初始体重为(31.80±1.07)g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio),分为4组,分别饲喂在基础饲料中添加0μ/kg(对照组和热应激1组)、300μg/kg(热应激2组)、600 μg/kg(热应激3组)吡啶甲酸铬(以Cr3+计)的试验饲料,在室内可控温循环水养殖系统中常温(2...