Differential calometric analysis of wood and wood components

Summary The prolysis of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin preparations, and wood was studied by differential calorimetric analysis (DCA) for the range of 25° to 800° C. The test samples included powdered and filter paper celluloses; hardwood xylan; softwood galactoglucomannans, compression wood galactan, and arabinogalactan; a synthetic (DHP), sulfuric acid, Björkman, Brownell, and cellulase lignins; and unextracted and extracted hardwoods and softwoods. Heats of reaction were determined from the DCA thermal transition areas. Distinct differences were found between the thermograms of each hemicellulose and lignin sample. Although wood species could not be separated thermally, hardwood and softwood thermograms differed because of the hemicellulose degradation pattern.Trade names and company names are included for the benefit of the reader and do not imply any endorsement or preferential treatment of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.Formerly Research Technologist, Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Laboratory is maintained at Madison, Wis. 53705, in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. Present address: The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.     

Stress analysis of wood

Summary For the preparation of specimens for testing the stress distribution with the photoelastic method, various techniques are applicable. In this paper the so-called glass-transition temperature method is tested on a specimen imitating the layered structure of wood. The observations made on this specimen are compared with those obtained from a specimen with isotropic properties.

---

Zusammenfassung Für die Herstellung von Modellen zur Untersuchung der Spannungsverteilung mit spannungsoptischen Verfahren gibt es verschiedene Techniken. In dieser Mitteilung wird das sogenannte Glas-Übergangstemperatur-Verfahren an einem Modell, das den Schichtaufbau des Holzes nachahmt, geprüft. Die Beobachtungen, die an diesem Modell gemacht wurden, werden mit jenen verglichen, die sich an einem Modell mit isotropen Eigenschaften ergaben.

     

Characterization and analysis of torrefied wood

Summary Physicochemical analysis are carried out on samples of torrefied pine obtained at 260°C in inert atmosphere. Gaseous effluents which evolve in the first moments of the pyrolysis as well as liquid phase are analyzed by gas-chromatography. It appears from the solid analysis, that the chemical structure of pine is strongly altered by the process. The roasted wood exhibits particular properties: pronounced hydrophobic character, improved energetic power, a noticeable increase in ash content, a decrease of the volatile components and a decrease of those extracted by neutral solvents. It is shown that the more substantial change occurs at the beginning of heating.     

Exact analysis of shear strain in wood

Summary An analysis is given which enables the shear strain in a piece of timber to be specified in terms of the difference between tangential and radial strain, herein termed the angular strain. The angular strain is then evaluated in terms of the orientation of two lines at right angles prior to deformation. The equations involved are simple and facilitate the evaluation of strain parameters which would otherwise require numerical computation.Symbols a, b, c length parameters, Fig. 2 - C half chord length - k constant of proportionality - r radial coordinate (distance from pith) - x length coordinate (board) - , angle parameters, Fig. 1 - shear strain - width of segment - angular strain - #x025B; tangential strain - _r radial strain - ₁, ₂ components of shear strain, Fig. 1 - angle parameter, Fig. 2 - angle parameter, Fig. 3 - angle parameter, Fig. 2 The author wishes to thank Mr. J. W. Sutherland for his assistance with the presentation of this paper.     

季铵铜防腐木中有效成分总流失率的动力学分析

以季铵铜防腐剂处理的南方松为试材,参照美国AWPA E11-06标准,分析10、30和50℃3种温度条件下防腐木中有效成分的总流失率,并基于时间-温度叠加原理,运用阿伦尼乌斯方程,进行总流失率的动力学分析.结果表明:3种温度条件下铜和DDAC的流失趋势是一致的.根据铜和DDAC总流失率,得出防腐木表面的活化能为Ea=54.59 kJ/moL,相关系数R2达到0.98以上,拟合性较好,由此证明可以用动力学分析方法预测ACQ防腐材中铜和DDAC在10～50℃温度范围内总流失率变化.     

Comparative analysis of a wood: adhesive bondline

The wood–adhesive interface was analyzed using five methods with the objective of quantitatively assessing penetration of adhesive into the porous wood network. Methods included fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, backscatter electron imaging, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray microtomography (XMT). Each method provided a visual inspection, and all of the analysis methods were applied to the same field of view. XMT was the primary technique of interest. Rubidium hydroxide was used in place of sodium hydroxide in the formulation of phenol–formaldehyde adhesive. Rubidium was found to increase the X-ray attenuation of the adhesive. However, rubidium migrated beyond the adhesive interphase during specimen preparation, thus reducing its effectiveness for image contrast enhancement. The wood species studied included red oak (Quercus rubra), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × Populus trichocarpa). All techniques used for this study were useful, but each presented some limitations for bondline analysis. Despite the problem with rubidium migration, XMT for this application was promising.     

阻燃处理木材的热分析

为研究阻燃处理对木材热解过程的影响,将未处理的和经过阻燃处理的木材进行热分析(包括TG、DTG、DSC),其结果表明:阻燃处理可改变木材发生剧烈热分解时的温度和重量损失速率,并使400℃时的残留物重量明显增加,在20～450℃范围内,未处理木材的DSC图谱有三个峰,相应于三个不同的热解阶段;不同阻燃剂的加入可明显地改变DSC图谱的峰形和峰位,即改变了木材的燃烧性能。此外本文还结合实验结果,对阻燃剂的作用机理提出了初步解释。     

Multiresolutional image analysis of wood and other materials

The gloss of wood is a unique texture compared to that of other materials. To express it quantitatively, two digital-image analyses were performed. One method was multiresolutional contrast analysis, which was the new method developed in this study. The other method was fractal image analysis. Twenty-four specimens, including solid woods, wood-plastic composites (WPCs), printed grains, and granites, were prepared. Digital images of specimens were obtained in five sizes and in two illuminant directions (perpendicular and parallel to the grain). The multiresolutional contrast values of perpendicular illuminated images were calculated and compared among specimens. The result of this quantitative analysis was that the gloss of wood was characterized by bright spots in a relatively small area. Using fractal analysis, the fractal dimension of a digital image was used as an index of brightness changes, not for expressing the self-similarity. These indices showed results similar to those of the multiresolutional contrast analysis.Part of this paper was presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society in Kochi, April 1997     

An analysis of Greek wood and wood product imports: Evidence from the linear quadratic aids

The consumption of wood and wood products in Greece is based greatly on imports necessitating every year a great proportion of public expenditures. The study of wood and wood product imports consequently, is important to the national economy and can be a useful guide for the forest farms, wood industries and wood firms. In this paper the Greek aggregate import demand for Unprocessed wood (such as logs) Processed wood (such as sawn wood), Veneer Crafts (such as veneer sheets) and Wood Manufactures during the period 1969–2001 is empirically analysed using the linear approximation of quadratic AIDS (QUAIDS) model. Imports of Unprocessed wood, Veneer Crafts and Wood Manufactures are found to be price-elastic, in contrast to Processed wood imports. Processed wood, Veneer Crafts and Wood Manufacture imports are found to be expenditure-elastic while Unprocessed wood is found to be an inferior good. Substitution possibilities are found to be significant between Veneer Crafts and all the remaining wood imports and between Processed wood and Unprocessed wood.     

木包装携带钻蛀性害虫的概率场景分析初探

文章运用概率场景分析方法分析了木包装携带钻蛀性害虫定殖风险的主要过程,认为木包装携带有害生物定量化风险评价场景主要有2种,假设携带的钻蛀性害虫为X,场景分析认为其传播并在新的地区定殖主要经历6个关键环节,在对各个环节发生的概率进行分析的基础上,初步建立了计算风险概率的模型,同时,对各个环节的定量化方法进行了阐述,以期为进一步理解概率场景分析方法,为有害生物定量化风险评价提供借鉴。     

Proteomic analysis of the G-layer in poplar tension wood

Angiosperm trees bend their stems by forming tension wood at the upper side of leaning stems. Most tension wood has a cellulose-rich G-layer in the innermost surface of the fiber cell wall. Strong tensile stress is considered to occur in the G-layer. This study undertook to identify the proteins involved in G-layer formation and function through a proteomic analysis of G-layer-localized protein. G-layers of poplar were loosened by sonication and isolated as doughnut-shaped pieces of thinly sliced transverse sections. The proteins, once extracted with urea/detergent solution, were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and 110 spots were subjected to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). A database search for these spots’ mass spectrum patterns identified 72 proteins. In addition, all peptide digestion mixtures of G-layer proteins were separated by strong cation exchange chromatography and 39 proteins were identified using LC/MS/MS analysis. Proteins involved in wall formation, such as lignin biosynthesis-related protein, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, and fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein, were notably detected in the G-layer.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of a wood drying process

 Experimental investigation and computational analysis were performed to evaluate the influence of the ambient air parameters during the drying process on the temperature, moisture and resulting deformations and stresses in wood samples. The numerical procedure uses the Finite Volume Method to discretise the equations governing heat, mass and momentum balance and takes into account the anisotropic nature of wood. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results shows very good agreements, implying that the proposed numerical algorithm can be used as a useful tool in designing wood drying schedules. Received 31 March 1999     

Theoretical computation and analysis of benefits of wood cutting power

This paper studies the problem of high energy waste in the course of the wood fiber processing in the wood-based panel industry. In the light of the energy economy principle, the cutting theory on the micron and long-slice wood fiber was put forward. In this paper, by means of analyzing the power waste in traditional processing, a series of analytical measures, such as, cytology, super precision work theory and fiber processing, and so on were utilized in the micron wood fiber formation process, and the cutting conception of the micron and long-slice wood fiber was put forward. Accordingly, the study of the micron and long-slice wood fiber was put into the microstructure study. This paper scientifically explains the reasons why the traditional wood fiber processing consumes more energy and the fiber quality low. In an example, the cutting power on the micron and long-slice wood fiber was calculated, which was compared with the traditional cutting power. The result showed that the energy waste by machining at micron is much lower than by heat grind and the high quality and long-slice wood fiber was gained. Thus, a revolutionary step was taken in the paper-making and wood-based panel industry of China. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(3): 44–46 [译自: 林业科学 2006, 42(3): 44–46]     

Thermal treatment of wood: analysis of the obtained product

Summary Physicochemical analyses were performed on samples of torrefied wood obtained at various temperatures. The chemical structure of wood was strongly altered by this process; a reactional mechanism for this is proposed in this paper. The influence of temperature and the duration of heating were compared to find the more important factors in the process. We found that these two parameters widely affected the nature of the final product. The 3.D. surfaces enabled us to predict the operating conditions which were essential to obtain a definite product with the maximum efficiency.     

林木危险性害虫花曲柳窄吉丁风险分析

对花曲柳窄吉丁分布与管理现状、寄主植物状况、适应性与抗逆性、传播渠道、天敌分布状况与制约能力、危害状况与影响、检疫和防治难度进行分析,并按照林业有害生物风险分析指标体系和评判标准对其进行定量评估,结果表明:该害虫风险性R值为2.07,在我国属高度危险林业有害生物。提出了加强白蜡树种引种监管和检疫检验、重视本土白蜡树种的抗虫作用、加强监测调查等风险管理对策。