万佛山丹霞地貌区常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性分析

为探讨丹霞地貌区常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性,通过对物种丰富度指数、物种相对多度模型、物种多样性指数和物种均匀度指数的测度,对区域内16个常绿阔叶林群落进行分析,并与中亚热带典型地区森林群落物种多样性比较。结果表明,万佛山常绿阔叶林群落具有较高的物种丰富度,物种多样性在层次中的变化趋势为灌层〉乔层〉草层;万佛山常绿阔叶林生物多样性在中亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统中具有普遍的意义。     

冰雪灾害对九连山常绿阔叶林幼苗更新的影响

以九连山亚热带常绿阔叶林为研究对象,对雪灾林隙与非林隙条件下幼苗的组成、多样性等进行研究,分析冰雪灾害对九连山常绿阔叶林幼苗更新的影响.研究结果表明:(1)幼苗的个体密度在林隙内外差别不大;(2)乔木幼苗在林隙中的重要值大于非林隙,灌木幼苗在非林隙中的重要值大于林隙;(3)主要乔木树种的幼苗对林隙的反应存在很大的差异;...     

尾巨桉人工林林下植被多样性研究

对尾巨桉(3年生)与杉木(8年生)林下植被的调查表明:尾巨桉的林下植被29科49属53种,多于杉木林分,林下植被生物量与杉木持平.尾巨桉林的植物分布类型组成 与地带性植被亚热带常绿阔叶林相近;群落外貌体现了亚热带常绿阔叶林特征,群落各层次物种多样性表现为灌木层＞草木层＞藤本层＞乔木层.     

福建万木林中亚热带常绿阔叶林林隙更新研究

对福建万木林中亚热带常绿阔叶林中林隙和非林隙林分进行调查 ,分析主要树种在林隙内外的数量特征、树种对林隙大小的更新反应规律。结果表明 :不同树种在林隙内和非林隙林分中重要值不同。根据不同树种在林隙内外重要值位序的差异大小 ,将万木林中亚热带常绿阔叶林中树种划分为 7种类型 :(1)只出现于林隙中 ;(2 )只出现于非林隙林分中 ;(3)对林隙更新反应不显著 ;(4 )对林隙有强烈正更新反应 ;(5 )对林隙有强烈负更新反应 ;(6 )对林隙有中等正更新反应 ;(7)对林隙有中等负更新反应的树种。不同树种对林隙大小的更新反应不同 ,山矾在林隙面积为 10 0m2 左右时其更新密度达到最大 ,木荷在林隙面积为 30 0～ 4 0 0m2 时 ,其更新密度达到最大 ,其他几种的更新密度都在林隙面积为 10 0～ 2 0 0m2 时达到最大。     

湖南甜槠林的群落学研究

甜槠林是我国亚热带分布最广的常绿阔叶林类型之一,是我国典型的地带性植被和顶极群落类型。本文全面系统地研究了湖南甜槠林的分布、生境特征、群落结构及区系组成,并讨论了立木生长规律。为进一步保护利用亚热带常绿阔叶林提供了较为系统的资料和理论基础。     

不同干扰强度对杭州西湖山区植被多样性的影响

对不同干扰条件下杭州西湖山区植被多样性进行了比较,发现随着干扰程度的增加,常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林的物种数均是在中度干扰时最高,重度干扰时最低。常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林中各层次的均匀度大小为灌木层>藤本层>草本层>乔木层,而落叶阔叶林中各层次的均匀度大小为灌木层>草本层>乔木层>藤本层。3种植被类型中灌木层的优势度都最小,物种数最多,因此灌木层的物种多样性也最高。     

哀牢山植物多样性垂直分布格局

以设于哀牢山各植物群的样地调查材料为依据,分析了哀牢山东、西坡不同海拔高度地带性植物群落乔木层林木的高、径垂直分布特征,植物群落生物多样性指数的垂直分布态势。结果表明:该山地植物群落乔木层和灌木层的植物物种多样性沿海拔梯度呈单峰型分布格局,以中山湿性常绿阔叶林乔木层林木的最大和平均树高、最大胸径值和物种多样性指数最大;而灌木层植物物种多样性指数最大值出现在中山湿性常绿阔叶林带下的季风常绿阔叶林和半湿性常绿阔叶林带内;而草本层植物的物种多样性指数则沿海拔梯度上升呈整体减小的趋势;累加其植物群落乔、灌、草3层植物的物种多样性指数,哀牢山东、西坡植物群落的Shannon-Weiner指数和物种丰富度最大值出现在海拔高度2000 m左右。在相同海拔高度处,西坡植物群落的植物物种多样性高于东坡,季风常绿阔叶林的物种多样性大于半湿性常绿阔叶林,而山顶苔藓矮林的植物物种多样性最小。     

湖南舜皇山常绿阔叶林群落主要结构特征--Ⅳ.乔木物种多样性

生物多样性是当代生态学研究的三大重点领域之一,而物种多样性既是遗传基因的载体,又是生态系统的核心组成部分,所以它在生物多样性研究中所占地位最为重要.以湖南舜皇山常绿阔叶林为研究对象,通过3个生境梯度,33个中样方,99个小样方的叠加和群落重构资料,采用7个测度公式,对物种多样性开展了研究.结果表明舜皇山常绿阔叶乔物种比较丰富,丰富度指数为11.006,信息度指数为3.666 1;α多样性指标中的丰富度指数dGL和Shanmon-Wiener指数,以及β多样性指标中的群落系数和欧氏距离,能较好地反映亚热带常绿阔叶林乔木物种多样性的特征.     

远安县残存天然次生常绿阔叶林物种组成与群落结构特征

湖北远安县大堰自然保护区内残存常绿阔叶林自然片段分布,也是该区域低海拔分布唯一的常绿阔叶林群落斑块,开展了以常绿阔叶林物种组成和群落结构特征为主题调查研究。设置1 hm²的固定监测样地,调查了所有胸径(DBH)≥2 cm的木本植物、记录物种名称、分析群落物种组成、区系特征、重要值、物种多样性,群落结构特征。结果表明：样方内有维管束植物45种,隶属29科38属,DBH≥2 cm的乔木植株密度2441株/hm²,以壳斗科、樟科、冬青科、山茶科为优势建群种。区系特征在属的划分上,泛热带占比16.67%、热带占比45.84%、温带占比37.5%。重要值区间在0.51%～16.51%,壳斗科物种占比76.93%,占有绝对优势。群落的垂直结构分为乔、灌、草3个层次,径级结构为异龄林、林龄为中幼林,自然更新良好。物种多样性指数顺序为草本层>乔木层>灌木层。样地内物种组成丰富,为典型常绿阔叶混交林,群落结构稳定,区系特征处于热带与亚热带交错带,物种分布趋于热带性质。该区域常绿阔叶林恢复的成功案例可为此地区的植被恢复提供良好借鉴经验,可扩大类似区域...     

辽东山区主要森林类型生物多样性的研究

生物多样性是生物及其环境形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程的总合，森林内生物多样性越大，物种越丰富．分布越均匀时，才可以说此生物群落具有稳定的组成结构，生物多样性对确定合理的林型结构是十分必要的。在5种森林类型中杂木林的生物多样性最好，杂木林中灌木层生物多样性指数和均匀度指数最大，柞树林、红松林、落叶松林和油松林差异不大；草本层生物多样性指数以杂木林最大，红松林下草本植物分布均匀。阔叶林在郁闭度0．6—0．7．针叶林在0．7—0．8时各物种分布均匀，物种丰富度较大，乔、灌、草各层生长状况良好。     

子午岭油松林林隙更新特征研究

利用样地调查资料,以林下为对照,分析研究子午岭油松林的林隙更新特征,结果表明:1)子午岭油松林林隙内和林下更新树种在组成和数量上有较大差异,其中,油松在林隙内的重要值远远大于其在林下的重要值,是林隙更新的主要树种;2)油松幼苗幼树在林隙内生长良好,7年生以上的幼树在林下分布已很少,地径在1.0cm以上、高度在50cm以上的幼树数量分布在林隙内也远远大于林下,说明随着年龄的增长,油松幼苗幼树在林隙内存活的概率大于林下;3)方差分析表明,油松幼苗幼树在林隙内与林下的高度生长差异极为显著;4)相关性分析表明,林隙内油松幼苗幼树的更新数量与光照强度呈显著正相关,与植被总盖度呈显著负相关。     

The relationship of structure and regeneration of broad-leaved Korean pine forest on the north slope of Mt. Changbai

IntrodedionEcologicaIstudieshavebeenconductedli1theBroad-leavedKoreanpineforestatMt.Changbaiformanyyears[1].Sincetheintroductionoftheconceptofgapphaseregeneration,relationshipbetweengapandregenerationoftheforesthasobtainedmoreattention.Detailedinves-tigationonspeciescomposition,vegetationstructureandtheirroleindetermininggapregimeislackinghowever.Theaimofthepresentstudyistogetadetailedmeas-ureofthespatialpatternsofcanopytreesandrelatethistothegapformation,gapsizeandtheirroleinregenerationoft…     

长白山阔叶红松林隙内物种种间关系研究

对长白山阔叶红松林的林隙环境状况、林隙内物种种间关系进行了研究。结果表明:林隙与林内物种丰富度不同,乔木物种丰富度略高于林内,而灌木和草本物种丰富度则明显高于林内;林隙内物种种间关系多数呈负相关,极显著正相关(P<0.01)和显著正相关(P<0.05)种对数较少(乔、灌、草),极显著负相关(P<0.01)和显著负相关(P<0.05)种对数也较少(乔)或没有(灌、草),物种间主要表现为竞争关系;林隙中小气候状况发生了显著改变,光照强度和空气温度显著高于林内(P<0.01),空气相对湿度和地温变化规律也表现出显著变化。     

The impact of community-based forest management on timber treeregeneration in north-eastern Honduras,with specific reference tobig-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla)

Reduced-impact logging is used to minimise the negative effects of selective logging. However, it has been suggested that low-impact logging may create too little disturbance for the regeneration of the light-demanding timber tree species, hence compromising forest productivity. This study evaluates the impact of low-intensity, non-mechanised, certified community forest management on timber tree regeneration. Particular attention was paid to big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), which has a regeneration pattern linked with large-scale disturbances. Logging gaps were compared to natural treefall gaps of an unlogged forest. There were more species of the light-demanding timber trees, but fewer individuals of the shade-tolerant timber species in the certified forest logging gaps, compared to unlogged forest treefall gaps. Furthermore, significant differences were found in the environmental characteristics of the logging and natural treefall gaps, although these only partially explained the differences in timber regeneration. Mahogany was found in over half of the logged forest gaps, whilst being nearly absent in the natural treefall gaps. However, all mahoganies in the established logging gaps were seedling-sized, indicating that regeneration may be hampered due to competing vegetation. The results of the study suggest that low-impact forest management may, at least in the short term, favour light-demanding species over the shade-tolerant ones, similarly to conventional forest management.     

老挝过度采伐热带混合落叶林区的人工补植(英文)

人工补植通常用于增加低商业价值树种盛行的次生林中期望树种的密度。本研究评估了均格种植法(vis-à-vis gap)和行植法(line planting)2种人工补植方法,以及老挝过度采伐的热带混合落叶林中的青皮木(Vatica cinerea) 和龙脑香木(Dipterocarpus alatus)和3种豆科植物(缅茄 Afzeliax ylocarpa,大果紫檀Pterocarpus macrocarpus,酸枝木Dalbergia cochinchinensis)的表现。人工补植实验安捧在了一个随机完整的大块场地,做了7个重复。栽植7年后测定了存活率、高度和直径生长,并进行方差分析。用2种人工补植方法栽植的幼苗的存活率没有发生变化(p0.05)。然而,就直径和高度生长而言,均格种植法要比行植法效果更好。这与林冠在格间和行间块速封闭有关,这种情况在行间更加明显。在存活率,高度和直径生长方面,存在着明显的种间变异。耐阴的龙脑香科树种存活率和生长表现优于喜光树种(p0.0001)。个体的大小分布不规则,说明林下光照条件不均衡。考虑到行植法很难维持恒定线条宽度和均匀光线条件,及其每年用于清理的成本和僵硬的几何模式,我们推荐采用均格种植法。龙脑香木(Diperocarpus alatus)和青皮木(V.cinerea)可用于混合阔叶林人工补植的树种。缅茄、酸枝木和大果紫檀可作为人工林的混合树种,在较宽林隙地、直线区域和开放地种植或在火耕林幼林冠下种植。     

海南霸王岭热带山地雨林林隙幼苗库动态规律研究

分析了海南岛霸王岭自然保护区热带山地雨林林隙内树种的种类组成、数量动态以及林隙年龄和林隙面积对树种组成及数量的影响。结果表明 :热带山地雨林林隙树种组成十分复杂 ,数量分布极不均匀 ,种间差异较大 ,2 7个林隙中共有乔木 116种 ,其中数量较多的 10个种的个体数量占到总个体数量的 4 7 0 3% ,而个体数量较少的 5 8个种的个体数仅占总个体数的 6 0 2 %。林隙面积大小对树种幼苗的种类组成和数量有较大影响 ,幼苗种密度和个体密度随林隙面积的增大而减小 ;幼树和成树在不同大小林隙中的种密度和个体密度变化不大。成熟林隙明显比早期林隙和中等年龄林隙有较大的幼苗个体密度和种密度 ,不同年龄林隙内幼树和成树的个体密度变化也不大。幼苗向幼树的转化率在大林隙和成熟林隙内明显高于小林隙和幼龄林隙。依据林隙树木幼苗数量变化的差异 ,可将林隙填充者分为 4种不同类型。     

A review of the roles of forest canopy gaps

Treefall gap, canopy opening caused by the death of one or more trees, is the dominant form of disturbance in many forest systems worldwide. Gaps play an important role in forest ecology helping to pre- serve bio- and pedo-diversity, influencing nutrient cycles, and maintain- ing the complex structure of the late-successional forests. Over the last 30 years, numerous reviews have been written describing gap dynamics. Here we synthesize current understanding on gap dynamics relating to tree regeneration with particular emphasis on gap characteristics consid- ered critical to develop ecologically sustainable forest management sys- tems and to conserve native biodiversity. Specifically, we addressed the question： how do gaps influence forest structure？ From the literature re- viewed, the size of gaps induces important changes in factors such as light intensity, soil humidity and soil biological properties that influence tree species regeneration and differ in gaps of different sizes. Shade- tolerant species can colonize small gaps; shade-intolerant species need large gaps for successful regeneration. Additionally, gap dynamics differ between temperate, boreal, and tropical forests, showing the importance of climate differences in driving forest regeneration. This review summa- rizes information of use to forest managers who design cutting regimes that mimic natural disturbances and who must consider forest structure, forest climate, and the role of natural disturbance in their designs.     

海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林林隙更新生态位的研究

通过对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林林隙更新生态位的研究表明：同一树种在不同大小和年龄级林隙内的优势度不同，不同树种在同一大小和年龄级林隙内的优势度不同。根据树种在不同大小级林隙内的生态位宽度的变化，可分为生态位幅度宽、中等、较小和狭小4类；根据树种在不同年龄级林隙内的生态位宽度的变化，可分为对林隙时间生态资源利用充分、利用较充分、利用不充分和利用很少的4类树种。不同的树种或树种组对不同大小和年龄阶段林隙生态资源利用的不一致性，表明热带山地雨林中不同树种的林隙大小级生态位和林隙时间段生态位是相对分离的。分析表明，海南岛热带山地雨林中有很大一部分树种是属于低密度、狭生态位的树种。从物种多样性的角度来看，大量低密度、狭生态位树种的存在表明热带山地雨林是一种较为脆弱的生态系统类型。     

The influence of gap creation on the regeneration of Pinus tabuliformis planted forest and its role in the near-natural cultivation strategy for planted forest management

It remains unclear whether or not creating gaps in planted forests can increase the plant species composition, structure, and biodiversity, and also whether it can be helpful for restoring planted forests (to a more natural state). Based on a comparison of species composition and structure among forest patches, small gaps (4-25 m²), medium gaps (25-150 m²) and large gaps (150-450 m²), we found that (1) creating gaps enhanced vascular plant diversity. Both the species richness and Shannon diversity indices of small, medium and large gaps were significantly higher than in the understory. The pattern of increasing diversity of vascular plants with gap creation could be partly attributed to the emergence of novel shade intolerant species in gaps. (2) Creating gaps favored the colonization and regeneration of native species. Gap size influenced not only the emergence and density of individuals of different species, but also the emergence of different life form types. Small gaps promoted the regeneration of some shrub species, such as Ostryopsis davidiana, Rosa hugonis, and Forsythia suspense, leading to these species becoming canopy dominants early on in succession. The medium and large gaps favored the growth of tree species, such as Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla (early successional stage), and Quercus liaotungensis and Pinus tabulaeformis (later successional phase). (3) The canonical correspondence analysis showed that plant species composition and distribution were mainly influenced by gap size and slope aspect, and that the recorded plant species could be divided into three life forms (trees, shrubs and herbs) on the biplot diagram. (4) Finally, creating gaps provided opportunities not only for native pioneer species in the early successional stage, but also for climatic climax species to grow to canopy dominants in later successional phases, suggesting that a more natural forest will develop with plant succession. Gap size plays an important role in plant regeneration, and it could be used to produce desired successional communities in near natural management for planted forests.     

云冷杉红松林内优势种群的空间格局及种间关联性

【目的】以云冷杉红松林(Spruce-fir-Korean pine forest)为研究对象,探究林隙干扰后优势种群之间的关系。【方法】基于凉水国家级自然保护区外业调查的基本数据,利用点格局分析方法对优势种群的空间格局进行分析,利用χ2检验和联结系数AC两种方法对优势种群的种间关联性进行分析。【结果】1)红松Pinus koraiensis在空间尺度为0~1.9 m时呈现随机分布,在≥1.9 m时为聚集分布。臭冷杉Abies nephrolepis、白桦Betula platyphylla和红皮云杉Picea koraiensis在所有尺度上均表现为聚集分布,紫椴Tilia amurensis在尺度为0~35 m时呈现聚集分布,在>35 m时为随机分布。2)红松与臭冷杉在所有尺度上均为聚集分布,红松与其他优势种群多为离散分布,红松与其他优势种群的种间关联性表现为无关。臭冷杉与白桦、紫椴在空间格局上主要为聚集分布,种间关联性为极显著负相关,表现为强烈的竞争关系。臭冷杉与红皮云杉在小尺度表现为离散分布,大尺度上为随机分布,种间关联性为不显著的正相关,说明其间的依赖性不强。白桦、红皮云杉和紫椴3种优势种群之间的空间格局主要为聚集分布,红皮云杉与白桦、紫椴与红皮云杉之间的种间关联性为显著负相关,白桦与紫椴之间为显著正相关。【结论】2个树种中优势度较高的树种的胸径决定了其空间格局的聚集程度以及种间关联性的显著程度,即平均胸径大的树种与其他树种表现为空间上离散,平均胸径小的树种之间表现为空间上聚集。