用~3H-TdR研究混合重金属对鲫鱼DNA合成的影响

应用3 H 胸腺嘧啶核苷 ( 3 H TdR)示踪法研究混合重金属对鲫鱼 (Carassiusaura tus)遗传毒性的影响。结果表明 ,最佳取样时间为注射3 H TdR后 6h。鱼体各组织对混合重金属的毒性反应呈现双向效应 ,即低浓度时 ,表现出损伤、修复作用 ;高浓度时 ,DNA合成受到抑制。鱼卵、鱼鳃对重金属最敏感 ,损伤浓度为 0 0 773mg L ;而大脑对混合重金属耐受性最强。DNA损伤修复作用和DNA合成作用都存在剂量效应 ,随着暴露时间的延长 ,毒性作用增大。鱼体各组织对重金属的毒性反应可由DNA损伤修复变成合成抑制。经过 72h暴露后 ,3 H TdR在肝脏、鱼鳃、鱼卵中掺入量约低于对照的 5 0 %。     

重金属离子Cu Zn Cd的相互作用对Pb在鲫鱼组织中积累的影响

采用室内暴露试验方法研究了重金属离子相互作用对其在鲫鱼组织中积累的影响，结果表明，混合重金属离子相互作用对Pb在鲫鱼组织中的积累的影响与离子的种类，数量及组织的类型有关。Pb的积累主要与Zn,Cd以及它们的共同作用关系密切，随着重金属离子种类数目的增加，相互作用对积累的影响变得显著；重金属离子混合后使Pb在鱼鳃中的积累浓度降低，肝脏中的积累浓度升高，对Pb在肌肉中的积累无影响，在鳃中的积累主要受表面位点竞争作用主导，而在肝脏中的积累主要与MT的诱导作用有关。重金属离子相互作用不会改变Pb在鲫鱼组织中的分布规律，Pb在鲫鱼组织中的积累顺序为肝脏＞鱼鳃＞肌肉。     

Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)组织DNA毒性的研究

用非程序DNA的合成作为毒性评价指标研究了混合重金属对鲫鱼 (carassiusauratus)组织DNA的毒性作用 ,结果表明 ,混合重金属的毒性作用靶标器官是鱼脑和鱼的肝脏 ;混合重金属中的主要毒性成分是Zn、Pb和Cd离子 ,混合重金属对鱼脑组织的毒性大小顺序是Pb>Cd >Zn ,对肝脏DNA的毒性顺序为Pb >Zn >Cd;Cu离子能够降低其它 3种离子的毒性作用 ,降低的机制在于竞争作用 ,导致了其它离子的吸收降低     

洛克沙胂对鲫鱼两种生态毒理学指标的影响

采用静态试验法,将鲫鱼暴露于4、16、64mg·L^-1洛克沙胂中48、96、144h后,检测了鱼鳃、肾脏和肝的Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性。结果表明,在同一组织中,随着处理浓度的提高,洛克沙胂对鲫鱼各组织Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性抑制作用增强。对于不同组织,同一处理浓度的洛克沙胂对鲫鱼鳃中Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性抑制作用更为明显,其次是肝和肾（P〈0．01）。在同一浓度下,洛克沙胂对鲫鱼各组织Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性抑制率呈明显的时间-效应关系,暴露时间越长,抑制率越高（P〈0．01）。此外,单细胞凝胶电泳试验（SCGE）结果表明,鲫鱼暴露于0．5、1、2mg·L^-1洛克沙胂中72h能引起鲫鱼肾细胞明显的DNA损伤,并在设定剂量范围内呈现一定的剂量-效应关系;同时,鲫鱼肾细胞于体外暴露于1、10、100、500、1000mg·L^-1洛克沙胂3、6、12h后,可引起严重的DNA损伤。     

固体样品中放射性锆的测量方法研究

用BH1 2 2 4型能谱仪测量了95Zr固体样品的能谱图 ,并对其测量的重复性、样品量和活度对测量结果的影响等进行了分析 ,确定了相应的校正曲线。结果表明 :1 )95Zr能谱有 3个峰 ,选取S3峰 ( 2 40～ 3 0 0能谱道 )作为样品活度的测量道较为合适 ;2 )测量时间对测量结果没有影响 ,样品量和活度对测样的重复性影响很小 ;3 )随着样品量的增加 ,同一活度样品的测量值呈下降趋势 ,应进行该项目的校正 ,校正曲线为Y1=1 0 0 86-0 0 0 60X1(X1为测样的样品量g) ;4)仪器死时间引起的漏计数不容忽视 ,对测量结果应进行死时间校正 ,其校正系数 ( % )Y2 =1 0 0 95-0 0 2 94X2 (X2 为测样的计数率cps) ;5)从S3道测得的95Zr的衰变规律为A =A0 e- 0 0 14 6t。     

重金属胁迫对小麦光合产物输配影响的示踪动力学研究

应用示踪动力学方法研究了不同浓度的 3种重金属离子 (Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Hg2 +)胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片光合产物输配影响。结果表明 ( 1 )Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Hg2 +能明显使小麦倒一叶光合产物输出速率常数k10 随其胁迫浓度的增大逐步减小 ;随Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Hg2 +胁迫浓度的升高 ,小麦倒二叶光合产物的输出速率常数k10 均表现为先上升后下降的趋势 ,表明重金属胁迫能影响小麦叶片光合产物从叶内的输出。 ( 2 )较低浓度 ( 50mg L)的Cu2 +、Cd2 +就使小麦倒一叶和倒二叶k2 1和k12 大幅度降低 ,尤其当Cu2 +浓度达 1 50mg L时 ,k2 1和k12 均等于零 ;1 0 0mg L的Hg2 +胁迫使倒一叶k2 1和k12 大幅度降低 ,50mg L的Hg2 +胁迫也使倒二叶k2 1大幅度降低 ,表明重金属胁迫能影响小麦叶片光合产物在叶内的分配代谢。 ( 3 )Cu2 +、Hg2 +和Cd2 +能明显抑制光合产物向根系的积累     

络合作用对重金属离子吸附的影响

本文综述了络合作用对重金属离子吸附的影响，其机制可归电性效应，桥键合效应和其它效应，配位体的种为在，配位体与重金属离子浓度比及各自的浓度，重金属离子的种类，吸附体的性质，介质的ｐＨ值等因素均与这种影响的性质和程度有关。     

不同水温下重金属镉诱导金属硫蛋白在鲫鱼组织中的表达

以鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）为试验材料,研究了在一定环境条件下重金属镉的胁迫对鲫鱼不同组织中金属硫蛋白（MT）含量的影响。结果表明,平均体长为（15.32±0.63）cm、平均体重为（310.6±5.69）g的鲫鱼不同组织中的MT本底值存在着明显的差异（P〈0.01）,含量顺序为肝脏〉肾脏;不同水温条件下鲫鱼相同组织中的MT本底值差异显著（P〈0.01）,鲫鱼肝脏中的MT本底值平均含量在水温（26.5±1）℃和（16.5±1）℃时分别为3.50和3.25μg.g^-1;肾脏中的MT平均含量分别为3.20和2.72μg.g^-1;不同水温下,经不同的暴露时间、不同暴露浓度的Cd^2＋胁迫下MT在鲫鱼肝脏和肾脏中的表达趋势较为一致,都是呈先升高后稳定的状态,在试验后的6 h内的增加速率最大,MT的含量在12 h时达到峰值。鲫鱼的肝脏和肾脏组织在12 h内MT的增加量与Cd^2＋的浓度呈较好的相关性,表现出一定的剂量-效应关系,表明水体中的Cd^2＋可诱导鲫鱼组织中MT的合成与表达,且主要诱导时间在12 h之内。相同Cd^2＋质量浓度胁迫下,水温的改变不影响Cd^2＋胁迫MT在鲫鱼组织中的表达趋势,但影响MT表达的含量和速率,相同Cd^2＋质量浓度下MT在鲫鱼组织中的表达含量和速率均随水温的升高而增加。     

膨润土对重金属离子的竞争性吸附研究

通过间歇震荡平衡法研究了膨润土对4种重金属离子Cd2+、Zn2+、Cu2+、Pb2+的竞争性吸附特性及其机制。研究结果表明:与单一离子体系比较,膨润土在竞争体系中对Cd2+、Zn2+、Cu2+、Pb2+4种重金属离子的吸附量均呈下降趋势。竞争体系下,其它重金属离子的存在显著抑制了膨润土对Cd2+的吸附,降幅为19.20%~37.50%,而对Pb2+的吸附能力几乎没有影响,降幅仅为0.41%~2.83%。膨润土对4种重金属离子的富集系数,其大小顺序依次为Pb2+>Cu2+>Zn2+>Cd2+。该选择性吸附顺序与重金属离子的一级水解常数密切相关。     

氟对鲤鱼肾抗氧化酶和Na~+-K~+-ATPase水平的影响

为探究氟对鲤鱼的毒性机制,本试验检测了不同浓度(0、40、80、120 mg·L~(-1),分别标记为CK、T1、T2、T3)下,水相氟暴露对鲤鱼肾组织抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、LPO含量及Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性的影响,并通过免疫印迹法和免疫荧光组织化学法检测了水相氟暴露对其肾组织Na~+-K~+-ATPase蛋白表达的影响。结果表明,在不同氟浓度下暴露30 d后,T2、T3的SOD、CAT、Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性均显著低于CK,LPO含量呈升高趋势且显著高于CK;Na~+-K~+-ATPase蛋白表达分析表明,T2、T3的Na~+-K~+-ATPase蛋白的表达显著低于CK。相关性分析表明,氟暴露浓度与SOD、CAT、Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性呈负相关(Pearson系数分别为-0.586,-0.707,-0.818,P0.01),与LPO含量呈正相关(Pearson系数为0.762,P0.01),与Na~+-K~+-ATPase蛋白的表达呈负相关(免疫印迹法Pearson系数为-0.769,P0.01,免疫荧光法Pearson系数为-0.848,P0.01)。结果表明,水体中氟可在一定程度上对鲤鱼肾抗氧化酶和Na~+-K~+-ATPase水平产生抑制作用。本研究为更深入研究水氟的毒性效应提供了理论依据     

同步辐射(软X射线)对冬小麦的诱变效应及机理研究Ⅲ.辐照种子产生的自由基和辐照引起种胚DNA非按期合成的研究

应用电子自旋 (ESR)波谱术研究了同步辐射辐照种子产生的自由基及其与辐射损伤之间的关系。结果表明 ,同步辐射辐照的种子产生了大量的自由基 ,其种类、性质不同于γ射线 ,短寿命自由基 (小于 48h)产额高于γ射线 ,长寿命自由基 (大于48h)的稳定性大于γ射线。同步辐射自由基产额与辐照剂量呈线性关系。用3H TdR掺入法研究了受辐照种胚萌发早期DNA的合成动态 ,结果表明 ,同步辐射能够引起种胚DNA的损伤修复合成 ,其特点不同于γ射线。原冬 6号和北京41 1品种的DNA修复合成出现在种胚吸水后第一个正常的DNA合成峰之前 ,京冬8号品种出现在第一个小峰之后和 2个高峰之前     

质子对小麦的诱变效应及作用机理研究 Ⅱ质子处理对小麦种胚DNA损伤修复的影响

用3H TdR标记小麦种胚 ,研究了质子处理的种胚萌发早期DNA合成动态 ,并与γ射线辐照进行对比。表明质子处理能引起肿胚DNA损伤修复合成 ,即DNA非按期合成 ,京 41 1与原冬 977的修复复制峰期分别出现在正常的DNA合成峰期前 4h与 2h。以京 41 1为例 ,比较质子处理与γ射线辐照的种胚DNA损伤修复特点的差异 ,质子的DNA非按期合成峰期出现时间早于γ射线处理的 2h ,正常的DNA合成峰期晚于γ射线处理的 4h ,且在DNA非按期合成峰期后的DNA合成量明显低于γ射线。     

受辐照窄颖赖草花粉DNA进入小麦胚囊的电镜自显影证据及杂种原位杂交鉴定

采用3H 胸腺嘧啶标记窄颖赖草 (Leymusangustus)花粉结合电镜自显影的方法证明受辐照窄颖赖草花粉DNA进入了小麦胚囊 ,运用基因组原位杂交技术证明所得杂种为真杂种 ,经辐照花粉获得的普通小麦J 1 1与窄颖赖草杂种中窄颖赖草染色体发生了数目和结构变异     

Localization of aluminum in tissues of fish

The concentrations of Al in fish gills has been used as a measure of fish exposure to this metal in acidified waters. This experiment was designed to determine if other fish tissues also accumulate Al and thus possibly contribute to the cause of death. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exposed to the following fours test conditions for 48 hr or until death: (1) pH 6.8, <0.001 mg.L^?1 Al (n=6); (2) pH 5.2, <0.001 mg₁L^?1 Al (n=2);(3) pH 5.2,1.0 mg.L^?1 Al (n=5); (4) pH 6.8, 1.0 mg.L^?1 Al (n=3). The trout were held in synthetic, low Ca water prior to, and during, experimentation. Esophagus-stomach, gonad, gall bladder, gill (left and right), heart, intestine, kidney, liver, muscle (epaxial), and spleen were digested in a 4:1 mixture of HNO₃:HClO₄ and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrophotometry. Elevated Al concentrations were found in gill and gastrointestinal tissues. Left and right gills of fish exposed to pH 5.2, 1.0 mg.L^?1 Al were the only tissues found to be significantly different (p<0.01) between the test conditions. The mean total Al concentrations of these test 3 fish, for the left and right gill were 3.61 and 4.33 mg.g^?1 Al dw. The Al concentration in thle gastrointestinal tissues of the fish exposed to pH 6.8 at 1.0 mg.L^?1 Al was greater than that of the control fish, but not statistically significant. These results suggest that the analysis of whole gill remains an effective indicator of Al exposure in fishes at low pH.     

Responses of Biochemical Markers in the Fish Prochilodus lineatus Exposed to a Commercial Formulation of Endosulfan

Among the most extensively used compounds for the pest control in Argentinean crops is the organochlorine endosulfan. The sublethal effects of the commercial endosulfan formulation on hematology and lipid peroxidation (LPO) of the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus were investigated. Firstly, we calculated acute toxicity (LC₅₀) in order to define sublethal concentrations (0, 1.2, and 2.4 ??g L^?1). Hematological and oxidative stress responses were assessed at 24, 48, and 96 h. Endosulfan exposure significantly diminished the hemoglobin concentration, mean cell hemoglobin, and total plasma protein and increased white blood cells count and plasma glucose after 96 h. Exposed fish showed an alteration of the differential leukocytes count, evidenced by more thrombocytes and monocytes and less lymphocytes and neutrophils. Endosulfan increased LPO levels in intestine, liver, and brain in both sublethal concentrations. The present results suggest that endosulfan produces biochemical and physiological alterations, including immunological disorders, and it is a good inductor of oxidative stress in P. lineatus.     

Protective Roles of Calcium Channel Blocker Against Cadmium-Induced Physiological Stress in Freshwater Teleost Oncorhynchus mykiss

The roles of verapamil (VRP), a calcium channel blocker, on cadmium-induced physiological stress in freshwater teleost Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated in this study. Forty-eight juvenile rainbow trout were divided randomly into four groups, i.e., control group, VRP group (100 μg/L VRP), Cd group (50 μg/L Cd²⁺), and VRP?+?Cd group (100 μg/L VRP?+?50 μg/L Cd²⁺). After 1-week exposure, oxidative stress indices (lipid peroxidation and carbonyl protein) and antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione) were measured in gill and liver of all tested fish. Additionally, the behavioral changes were recorded during the experimental period. Compared with the control, cadmium-induced stress was apparent as reflected by a serious oxidative stress in gill and liver tissues, inhibited branchial antioxidant parameters, and induced hepatic antioxidant responses, as well as abnormal behaviors observed. In the VRP?+?Cd group, the antioxidant defense system of fish returned to the control level, and the fish behavioral abnormalism markedly decreased. The present results suggested that VRP could reduce the cadmium-induced physiological stress in rainbow trout and provided further evidence that Cd²⁺ uptake through Ca²⁺ transport pathways in freshwater teleost.     

Bacterial Physiological State in Wastewater: Monitoring Maintenance and Production with Leu/TdR Ratio for Less Pollution

In domestic wastewater, bacterial physiology controls cell production (growth, replication) and cell maintenance, determining how energy is allocated between these two processes. The aim here was to develop a method to quantify these cellular processes so that the bacterial physiological state could be manipulated to lower this source of pollution. We simultaneously used the incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine into DNA (a measure of new cell synthesis) and leucine into protein in wastewater to quantitatively distinguish bacterial growth from maintenance processes. We found that DNA and protein syntheses were coupled in wastewater after substrate enrichment (with glucose or acetate)??balanced growth. Once the substrate was depleted, the two processes became uncoupled??unbalanced growth. In this physiological state, the bacteria were synthesising protein, but fewer bacteria were replicating. More energy was allocated to cell maintenance than replication. A mean Leu/TdR ratio of 7.4 was determined for wastewater and was similar to natural aquatic ecosystems. As the bacterial growth rate decreased, the Leu/TdR ratios increased. We show how the simultaneous measurement of [³H]Leu and [³H]TdR quantitatively distinguishes balanced from unbalanced growth. Low [³H]Leu/[³H]TdR ratios indicated bacteria were physiologically stressed, an ideal state for biological wastewater treatment processes (WWTP) as the bacteria divert more energy to maintenance activities instead of growth. Leu/TdR ratios of 70 have been recorded in natural aquatic ecosystems which suggests WWTP have potential to be manipulated to achieve much higher Leu/TdR ratios than we report here. Changes to plant operation to improve operation efficiency include finding the optimum rate of substrate (pollution supply) or alternating aerobic and anaerobic periods to maximise the Leu/TdR ratio to achieve less biomass production for land disposal and more cost-effective operation that generates less pollution in the effluent.     

Copper Accumulation in Tissues of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis> Exposed to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Copper Sulphate with Their Effect on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Liver

Copper accumulation in the gill, liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle tissues of Oreochromis niloticus was determined after exposing the fish to 10, 50, and 100 μg Cu/L applied as copper sulphate (CuSO₄) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) after 1, 7, and 15 days. Changes in the liver SOD, CAT, and GPx activities influenced by this accumulation were also studied. No mortality was observed during the experiments. Copper levels increased in the gill, liver, kidney, and spleen tissues of O. niloticus compared to control when exposed to both CuSO₄ and CuO NPs, whereas no accumulation was detected in muscle tissue at the end of the exposure period. Highest accumulation of copper was observed in the order of the liver, kidney, spleen, and gill tissues, respectively. SOD, CAT, and GPx activities increased in the liver tissue at the end of the exposure period. Overall, CuO NPs are more effective than CuSO₄ in terms of tissue accumulation and liver enzyme activities.