罗非鱼肾脏细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

采用组织块移植法,对尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）的肾脏组织细胞进行原代培养,建立了罗非鱼肾脏细胞系,已稳定传代培养50代以上,命名为TiK。罗非鱼肾脏细胞系为纤维样细胞,其最佳培养基为DMEM,最适培养温度为28℃,最适血清浓度为15%。在最适培养条件下,罗非鱼肾脏细胞系的群体倍增时间为45.8 h。细胞经液氮冷冻保存6个月后进行复苏,经台盼蓝染色,约（89.84±3.48）%的细胞具有活性,复苏后细胞生长旺盛。染色体分析显示,第32代罗非鱼肾脏细胞系染色体数目分布在20~66之间,众数为48。使用本实验室分离鉴定的罗非鱼病毒感染罗非鱼肾脏细胞,可产生典型的细胞病变效应,表明罗非鱼肾脏细胞对该病毒敏感。该细胞系的建立为罗非鱼病毒病防控技术研究提供了重要的实验材料。     

草鱼肾组织细胞系CIK的建立及其生物学特性

作者于1982年1月开始进行草鱼肾组织单层细胞培养，至今已连续培养32个月，传至120多代，建立了细胞系，定名为草鱼肾组织细胞系(CIK)。本文介绍了原代和传代培养、细胞形态、细胞生长速度和分裂指数、细胞的保存和对温度的适应性、细胞染色体分析以及细胞系对病毒敏感性的试验和研究结果。CIK生长迅速、适应性强、以20℃-38℃生长较好，28℃左右生长稳定，pH为6．5时仍能保持致密单层，染色体数为非整倍体，众数为55。对草鱼出血病左右病毒FRV具敏感性。     

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)性腺细胞系(GCO)特性和对鲤春病毒的敏感性

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)性腺细胞系(GCO)是中国科学院水生生物研究所在20世纪70年代开展草鱼出血病研究时建立的一株细胞系,迄今已传至300多代,在中国鱼类病毒学研究领域发挥了重要作用。本研究采用形态学观察、细胞生长曲线测定、细胞周期测定、细胞核型分析、细胞凋亡检测、电镜观察等方法,对GCO的生长特性及鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)在该细胞中的增殖特性等进行了研究。结果显示,GCO细胞的最适生长温度为25℃,在M199和MEM等细胞培养液中均能较好地生长,培养液中最适的胎牛血清浓度为10%。测定了GCO细胞系对SVCV病毒的敏感性,发现与鲤(Cyprinus carpio)上皮瘤细胞系(EPC)、肥头鲤(Pimephales promelas)细胞系(FHM)、大鳞大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)胚胎细胞系(CHSE-214)等世界动物卫生组织(OIE)推荐和各检测实验室常用的鱼类细胞系相比,GCO细胞系对SVCV表现出非常高的敏感性。生长曲线、电镜观察和凋亡实验显示,SVCV能引起GCO细胞系出现明显而稳定的细胞病变,引起GCO细胞系出现凋亡,并在细胞质中大量增殖。结果表明,GCO细胞系适用于SVCV病毒的分离、检测以及病毒致病性的有关研究。GCO细胞的适宜生长温度为15–28℃,这一特点将使它可以广泛地用于多种水生动物病毒的分离。     

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)性腺细胞系(GCO)特性和对鲤春病毒的敏感性

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)性腺细胞系(GCO)是中国科学院水生生物研究所在20世纪70年代开展草鱼出血病研究时建立的一株细胞系,迄今已传至300多代,在中国鱼类病毒学研究领域发挥了重要作用.本研究采用形态学观察、细胞生长曲线测定、细胞周期测定、细胞核型分析、细胞凋亡检测、电镜观察等方法,对GCO的生长特性及鲤春病毒血症病毒(SvCv)在该细胞中的增殖特性等进行了研究.结果显示,GCO细胞的最适生长温度为25℃,在M199和MEM等细胞培养液中均能较好地生长,培养液中最适的胎牛血清浓度为10％.测定了GCO细胞系对SVCV病毒的敏感性,发现与鲤(Cyprinus carpio)上皮瘤细胞系(EPC)、肥头鲤(Pimephales promelas)细胞系(FHM)、大鳞大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)胚胎细胞系(CHSE-214)等世界动物卫生组织(OIE)推荐和各检测实验室常用的鱼类细胞系相比,GCO细胞系对SVCV表现出非常高的敏感性.生长盐线、电镜观察和凋亡实验显示,SVCV能引起GCO细胞系出现明显而稳定的细胞病变,引起GCO细胞系出现凋亡,并在细胞质中大量增殖.结果表明,GCO细胞系适用于SVCV病毒的分离、检测以及病毒致病性的有关研究.GCO细胞的适宜生长温度为15-28℃,这一特点将使它可以广泛地用于多种水生动物病毒的分离.     

鲫鱼异倍体细胞系的建立及生物学特性

在来源于鲫鱼囊胚细胞用含常量抗菌素的TC199培养基中加20％小牛血清，于27—28℃、pH7．2条件下培养。经过24个月继代培养100次，建立一个命名为CAB-80的鲫鱼异倍体细胞系。这个细胞系主要由上皮样细胞和少量成纤维样细胞组成。最适生长温度为22—28℃，最适pH在7．2—8．2之间，种群加倍时间为21—45小时，接种24小时后分裂指数达到29．5‰，第60代细胞的染色体数目分布范围为68—178，因此，它是一个异倍体细胞系。CAB-80细胞系对呼肠孤病毒的感染有一定的细胞病原效应，因此有可能作为鱼类病毒的一种检测材料。     

三种水生动物细胞系对两株蛙病毒敏感性的比较

利用3个不同物种的水生动物细胞系,包括爪蟾肾细胞系(A6)、大鲵胸腺细胞系(GSTC)和鲤上皮瘤细胞系(EPC),分别用沼泽绿牛蛙蛙病毒(RGV)和大鲵蛙病毒(ADRV)感染,进一步研究细胞病变显微形态、病毒滴度、细胞病变与不同感染时间的相关性等。结果显示,在光镜下可见感染病毒的细胞发生病变,A6和EPC细胞肿胀或破裂;GSTC细胞收缩或聚在一起形成多层。同种水产动物细胞系对不同蛙病毒的敏感性不同,在A6、EPC和GSTC细胞中,RGV的滴度分别为10~(3.6)、10~(5.9)和10~(6.6) TCID_(50)/m L;ADRV的滴度分别为10~(4.3)、10~(5.4)和10~(6.1) TCID_(50)/m L,表明GSTC细胞系对两种蛙病毒都更敏感。研究为后续蛙病毒致病机理提供了有用的信息和重要实验材料。     

草鱼出血病病毒高滴度培养方法的研究

本文对草鱼出血病病毒 854株高滴价培养的几种方法进行了的研究 ,现将结果报告如下 :材料和方法1　细胞 :草鱼肾脏组织细胞系 (ＣＩＫ) (左文功 ,1986 ) ,培养基为含 10 %小牛血清的ＣＡＳ。2　病毒 :草鱼出血病病毒 854株 ,维持液为 2 %小牛血清的ＣＡＳ。3　高滴价培养方法3 1　用 854株病毒接种刚生长成单层的ＣＩＫ细胞系 (区别于致密单层细胞 ,下同 )。病毒接种量为维持液量的 1/ 10 ,2 8℃吸附 6 0分钟后 ,添加维持液 ,2 8℃培养 ,观察细胞病变过程 ,测定病毒的ＴＣＩＤ50 /ｍｌ。3 2　精氨酸处理　在接种病毒时 ,向病毒液中加入浓…     

青鱼鳍条组织细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

采用组织块移植培养技术,对来源于青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)的鳍条组织细胞进行原代培养,建立了青鱼鳍条组织细胞系,定名为BC-Fin。青鱼鳍条组织细胞为成纤维样细胞,已稳定传代培养50多代,其最适培养温度为25℃,最佳培养基为L-15,最适血清浓度为15%,在最适培养条件下,青鱼鳍条组织细胞的群体倍增时间为60.6 h。青鱼鳍条组织细胞液氮冷冻保藏6个月后,经台盼蓝染色,约(90.09±4.65)%的细胞具有细胞活性,复苏后的细胞生长旺盛。细胞染色体分析显示,第16代青鱼鳍条组织细胞的染色体数目为正常二倍体(2n=48),第41代细胞染色体众数为46。通过对离体培养细胞的线粒体中的16S rRNA基因进行特异性扩增,获得长度为320 bp的核酸片段,核酸序列比对分析结果表明,其与青鱼16S rRNA基因序列的一致性达98%,表明该细胞来源于青鱼。病毒敏感性试验结果显示,在感染草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)后BC-Fin细胞系可产生典型细胞病变效应,病毒滴度为105.33±0.21TCID50/m L,且PCR检测可检测出细胞培养的草鱼呼肠孤病毒,表明BCFin细胞系对草鱼呼肠孤病毒较敏感。     

淡水鱼类细胞库的构建↑（*）

以几种淡水养殖鱼的组织和胚胎为材料，经12一24个月的继代培养，先后建立T鲢尾鳍细胞晕(简称SCF)、鳙吻端细胞系(简称BHS)、团头鲂尾鲔细胞系(简称WCF)、银鲫囊胚细胞系(简称CGB)、鲤胚胎细胞系(简称CE)和太鳞副泥鳅胚胎细胞系(简称LB)。上述细胞的最适培养温度是25—28℃，细     

鳜脑组织细胞系的建立及其病毒敏感性研究

鱼类细胞是开展鱼类病毒分离鉴定、功能基因分析以及生物制品制备等研究的重要物质基础。鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)是深受养殖者和消费者欢迎的养殖品种。随着鳜鱼养殖产量的逐年增加,其病害问题尤其是病毒病问题也日趋严重,但是,可用于鳜鱼病毒分离和基因功能分析的鳜细胞系缺乏。本研究采用组织块消化法,对来源鳜脑组织的细胞进行原代培养,建立了鳜脑组织细胞系,命名为MFB。MFB细胞在28℃含10%胎牛血清的L-15中已稳定传代超过70次,第25代鳜脑组织细胞的染色体众数为56。采用免疫荧光细胞化学技术(β-tubulin和Neu-N)鉴定MFB细胞的神经元纯度,结果显示,培养的MFB细胞为神经元类细胞。病毒敏感性实验结果显示,鳜蛙虹彩病毒(MFRaIV)、大口黑鲈蛙虹彩病毒(LMBRaIV)和大鲵虹彩病毒(GSIV)均可在MFB细胞中产生典型细胞病变效应,病毒滴度分别为108.68±0.12、108.36±0.15、1010.15±1.85 TCID50/mL。使用脂质体Lipofectamine®2000将pEGFP-N1转入MFB细胞,转染效率可达20%。本研究建立的鳜脑组织细胞系不仅对多种蛙虹彩病毒敏感,而且转染质粒效率较高,为鳜病毒性病原的分离及基因功能研究奠定了前期基础。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.