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1.
The investigation of acid and sugar content in an array of apricot cultivars and progenies indicates the existence of marked variability. Citric acid varied from 0.17 to 1.20% and malic acid from 0.21 to 1.51% on fresh weight. Fructose varied from 0.27 to 1.60%, glucose from 0.90 to 3.13% and sucrose from 1.92 to 6.92%. The estimate of heritability was high for total and main sugars, reaching over 0.50%. Acids generally showed low coefficients, although those for citric (0.27) and malic (0.36) were good. With the exception of one progeny, all genotype/year comparisons were not significant, showing constant patterns for acid and sugars over the years regardless of the variability in absolute values. This means that the patterns of each genotype are under genetic control. The wide range of diversity in acid and sugar content in apricot germplasm and the independent heritability for most of these compounds make it possible to breed and select cultivars with improved flavour on the basis of superior phenotypes. 相似文献
2.
Genetic diversity in apricot cultivars based on AFLP markers 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
A set of cultivars used as genitors in apricot breeding programs aimed at introducing sharka resistance were examined by AFLP
molecular marker analysis. The markers obtained indicated that apricot cultivars resistant to sharka were related to the European
cultivars, but they potentially share a common ancestor donor of sharka outside of the European group. Segregation of AFLP
and RAPD markers has been tested in two progenies of two crosses, one between a resistant and a susceptible cultivar and one
between two susceptible accessions. The heterozygozity of families obtained from crosses between resistant and susceptible
cultivars is similar to those obtained from other self-incompatible Prunus species. On the other hand, heterozygosity of a
progeny obtained from a cross between European susceptible cultivars was very low. The usefulness of the information provided
by AFLPs for apricot breeding programs is discussed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Phenotypic diversity and relationships of fruit quality traits in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) germplasm 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Fruit quality attributes were studied for two consecutive years in forty-three apricot cultivars and selections grown in a
Mediterranean climate. Physical parameters (weight, size, flesh and skin colour, percentage of blush, firmness and percentage
of dry matter), chemical parameters (total soluble solids content and acidity) and sensory parameters (attractiveness, taste,
aroma and texture) were evaluated. A high variability was found in the set of the evaluated apricot genotypes and significant
differences were found among them in all studied quality attributes. Year-by-year variations were observed for some pomological
traits such as harvest date, flesh colour, fruit weight, firmness and soluble solids content. A high correlation was found
among some apricot quality attributes. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) made it possible to establish similar
groups of genotypes depending on their quality characteristics as well as to study relationships among pomological traits
in the set of apricot genotypes evaluated. 相似文献
4.
Robert Theiler-Hedtrich 《Euphytica》1994,77(1-2):37-44
Summary Approximately 1000 seedlings from 20 combinations crossed in 1979, 1980 and 1981 (Theiler-Hedtrich 1985a) were tested for
several characters: fruit set (yield), fruit size, fruit colour, formation of abscission layer and bleeding after fruit removal
from fruit stalks, bacterial canker resistance, flowering and harvesting time. From progeny of crosses with Stella as pollinator,
56% (Vittoria × Stella) and 46% (Schüttler × Stella) of the seedlings were self-compatible, of which 14 were high yielding
with good fruit size and quality. From the data recorded it can be concluded:fruit set is a recessive character; only 5 to 20% of very good yielding seedlings were obtained in different progeny, even if the parental
plants were both very good croppers.Fruit juice and skin colour was in most progenies ‘black’ even if they were from combinations with ‘white’ varieties, e.g., Merton Glory or Schüttler.
Only from the combination Schiittler (‘white’) × Stella (‘black’), 50% of the seedlings were ‘white’; Stella therefore is
heterozygous for the character of fruit juice and skin colour.Fruit size is evenly distributed in progeny with respect to the fruit size of their parent plants.Abscission layer formation and non-bleeding is a genetically complex character. In combinations where both parent plants formed fruits with complete abscission layers
and which were not bleeding after fruit removal from the stalk, this character was inherited only to 50% (Vittoria × Schüttler)
or 85% (Vittoria × Frühe von der Weid) in the progeny. For the genetical control of this character further studies are necessary.Bacterial canker susceptibility was evenly distributed in seedlings from all combinations even if the highly resistant cv. Vittoria was used as one parent
plant, thereby not confirming the expected results of a higher proportion of resistant seedlings from combinations with Vittoria.Flowering and harvest time of the seedlings from different combinations was within the range of the parent plants. Only in the combination of Vittoria
× Stella (mid-to late-ripening season) one seedling out of 99 was found to form ripe fruits two weeks earlier than the parental
plants. From the seedlings tested 40 have been chosen for further evaluation or genetical studies. 相似文献
5.
Summary Twenty one diverse, standard and experimental cultivars of common spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were tested for the effect of heat stress on phenology, yield and its components by growing the materials for 2 years under full irrigation during the hot summer (offseason), and the cool winter (normal) conditions. Heat tolerance was estimated for each variable by the heat susceptibility index (S) which scales the reduction in cultivar performance from cool to hot conditions relative to the respective mean reduction over all cultivars.Genotypes differed significantly in S for yield and its components. The ranking of cultivars in S over the 2 years was consistent for yield, kernels per spike and kernel weight, but not for spike number. Of the three yield components, the greatest genotypic variation in S was expressed for kernels per spike. However, S for yield could not be simply attributed to S in a unique component across all cultivars. On the other hand, a general linear model regression of summer yield on its components revealed that the most important yield component affecting yield variation among cultivars under heat stress was kernel number per spike. Kernel number per spike was positively associated across cultivars with longer duration and greater stabilty of thermal time requirement from emergence to double ridge. It is therefore concluded that kernel number per spike under heat stress is a reasonable estimate of heat tolerance in yield of wheat and that this tolerance is operative already during the first 2 to 3 weeks of growth. 相似文献
6.
New self-incompatibility alleles in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) revealed by stylar ribonuclease assay and S-PCR analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Júlia Halász Attila Hegedüs Rita Hermán Éva Stefanovits-Bányai Andrzej Pedryc 《Euphytica》2005,145(1-2):57-66
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) shows gametophytic self-incompatibility controlled by a single locus with several allelic variants. An allele for self-compatibility
(SC) and seven alleles for self-incompatibility (S1–S7) were described previously. Our experiments were carried out to ascertain whether the number of allelic variants of apricot
S-locus was indeed so small. Twenty-seven apricot accessions were analysed for stylar ribonucleases by non-equilibrium pH gradient
electrofocusing (NEpHGE) to determine their S-genotype. To validate the results of electrofocusing, the applicability of the S-gene-specific consensus PCR primers designed from sweet cherry sequences was tested. NEpHGE revealed 12 bands associated
with distinct S-alleles in newly genotyped cultivars. Cherry consensus primers amplified 11 alleles out from 16 ones, which indicated that
these primers could also recognize most of the S-RNase sequences in apricot, and provided an efficient tool to confirm or reject NEpHGE results. By combining the protein
and DNA-based methods, complete or partial S-genotyping was achieved for 23 apricot accessions and nine putatively new alleles (provisionally labelled S8–S16) were found. Their identity needs to be confirmed by pollination tests or S-allele sequencing. This study provides evidence that similarly to other Prunus species, the S-locus of apricot is more variable than previously believed. 相似文献
7.
Summary The leaf pH of two year old apple seedlings was found to be sufficiently related to the fruit pH, measured when the seedlings were six to seven years old, to serve as a basis for pre-selection. Discarding all seedlings with an above average leaf pH (40% of the total) eliminated the majority (74%) of seedling with low-acid cum sweet fruits. The method was not effective for reducing the proportion of seedlings with high-acid cum sour fruits. 相似文献
8.
S. H. Hjeltnes 《Euphytica》1994,77(1-2):55-58
Summary In the Norwegian pear breeding programme selection is based on evaluation of 20 fruit samples together with field observations
of precocity, productivity and resistance to biotic and abiotic factors. Fruit weight is recorded in grams, and then transformed
to a scale of 20 gram classes. Appearance, shelf life and flavour are recorded on a 0 to 9 scale, and observations of shelf
life and flavour are made at 4 defined intervals following ripening at 20 °C. The final index is made by summarizing the scores
of fruit size and appearance, mean score of internal breakdown, mean score of flavour, maximum score of flavour and scores
of precocity, productivity and resistance. All parameters, except mean flavour, are given a weighting of one, mean fruit flavour
is given a weighting of 2. Data for 160 seedlings evaluated in 1992 is presented. 相似文献
9.
Summary A cross was made between a unique highly branched, early flowering line, U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 846-1 (P1; 7 to 11 lateral branches), and ‘Topmark’ (P2; 2 to 4 lateral branches), a U.S. Western Shipping melon, to produce an array of 119 F3 families. Subsequently, a genetic analysis was conducted at Arlington and Hancock, Wisconsin in 2001 to evaluate the segregating
progeny for factors likely involved in yield-formation, including days to anthesis, percentage of plants with early pistillate
flowering, primary branch number, fruit number and weight per plant, average weight per fruit, percentage of plants with predominantly
crown fruit set, and percentage of plants with early maturing fruit. Although, genotype × environment (G × E) interactions
were important for some traits (e.g., fruit number and fruit weight), considerable additive and/or dominance variance was
detected for all traits. This research provides critical data associated with highly branched melon germplasm including trait
correlations and heritabilies (broad- and narrow-sense ranged between 0.28 and 0.91) that used judiciously will allow the
development high yielding melon cultivars with early, basally concentrated fruit suitable for once-over or machine harvesting
operations. 相似文献
10.
Summary The almond of commerce (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) is self-incompatible (SI) and requires honey-bees to effect the transfer of pollen among cultivars that flower simultaneously. Four year old trees from the F2 generation of several peach x almond hybrids were studied to determine whether self-compatibility (SC) and the potentiality for natural, i.e., abiotic, self pollination (NSP) are genetically related or are inherited independently. Both SC and the high potentiality for NSP are characteristic of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) but not almond. Forty percent of SC genotypes exhibited adequate NSP (SC, +NSP) for good fertility i.e., without insect-mediated pollination. The remaining 60% of SC genotypes (SC,-NSP) exhibited an average 61% reduction in fruit set on limbs bagged to exclude honeybees during anthesis relative to fruit set on open pollinated limbs. Our data are consistent with the concept that fertility is dependent upon the load of compatible pollen deposited on the stigma. Fruit set reduction on bagged limbs, compared with bagged and self-pollinated limbs, was presumably due to a) lack of/insufficient pollination for fertilization and/or b) post-zygotic abortion of genetically inferior recombinants. Selection following manual self-pollination may result in SC genotypes with or without the capacity for NSP. In contrast, significant fruit set on limbs enclosed during pistil receptivity necessitates that the genotype selected express both SC and the potentiality for NSP. 相似文献
11.
C.H. Cheng A.G. Seal H.L. Boldingh K.B. Marsh E.A. MacRae S.J. Murphy A.R. Ferguson 《Euphytica》2004,138(2):185-195
We investigated the variability and inheritance of taste components and fruit size and number in a seedling population of diploid Actinidia chinensisPlanch. We found significant variation in all characters measured. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were high for vitamin C content, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids content (SSC), fruit weight and dry matter content (DM), but low for glucose content, quinic acid content, and fruit number per vine. The genetic correlations between sugars (except myo-inositol), acids (except quinic acid), TA, vitamin C content, SSC and DM tended to be positive and moderate to high. However, correlations between these characters and fruit weight tended to be negative and moderate to high. The standardised coefficients () of multiple regression showed that SSC was highly dependent on the levels of fructose content, sucrose content and TA. Estimates of relative selection efficiencies (E) suggested that selection using SSC could be an efficient and convenient alternative to direct selection for improvement of sugar levels in kiwifruit. However, selection strategies based on SSC need to take account of its moderate negative correlation with fruit weight. Male and female parents useful for improving acid and sugar composition and fruit size were identified. One family was outstanding, as it combined large fruit size with high levels of SSC and DM. 相似文献
12.
We report, for the first time, there generation of four homozygous lines in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) byin situ parthenogenesis followed by embryo and cotyledon culture. The sweet cherry cultivar ‘Altenburger’ was pollinated with marked
pollen irradiated by γ-rays at doses ranging from 250 to1200 Gy. Pollination with such irradiated pollen affected fruit set
and the quality of the embryos, and induced the formation of parthenogenic embryos. The immature embryos extracted from the
stones, 35 or 75days after pollination, were cultivatedin vitro in an embryo or cotyledon culture. Although flow cytometrical analysis demonstrated the diploid level for all regenerants,
four lines could be characterized as homozygous using isoenzyme analysis.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Peter M. Hanson Krung Sitathani Avverahally Thammanna Sadashiva Ray-yu Yang Elaine Graham Dolores Ledesma 《Euphytica》2007,158(1-2):167-178
Wild relatives of the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are major sources of new genetic diversity for tomato improvement. Introgression lines (IL) are near-isogenic lines homozygous
for one or several mapped wild DNA fragments in a common recurrent parent. A set of ILs developed by Cornell University from
Solanum
habrochaites accession LA1777 and recurrent parent E6203 has been made publicly available through the Tomato Genetics Resource Center
of the University of California-Davis. Our objective was to identify LA1777 introgressions with potential to increase the
marketable fruit yield of tomato grown in the tropics. A subset of ILs were each crossed to CLN2498E (resistant to bacterial
wilt and some begomoviruses) to create IL hybrids (ILH). ILH, IL recurrent parent E6203, CLN2498E, and CLN2498E × E6203 (Hchk)
were evaluated in replicated trials in Thailand, India, and Taiwan during two dry seasons. Highly significant effects for
marketable fruit yield were detected in Thailand and Taiwan. ILH heterozygous for S. habrochaites segments at the bottom of chromosome 1 yielded about 20% than the Hchk at Thailand and Taiwan. Our results agree with previous
results from Cornell University researchers who found a segment of S. habrochaites DNA located between TG158 and TG27 associated with increased total fruit yield in previous trials conducted in upper state
New York. Yield improvement due to this S. habrochaites introgression can occur over a wide range of environments. 相似文献
14.
15.
Summary Fruit rot in bell pepper caused by Phytopthora capsici
Leon. is a limiting factor in its commercial production. Crosses were made between Waxy Globe, a small fruited hot type, resistant to fruit rot and four highly susceptible bell pepper commercial cultivars (Chinese Giant, California Wonder, Osh, Kosh and Yolo Wonder). Studies of the F1's, F2's and backcrosses indicated that Waxy Globe carries a dominant gene imparting resistance to fruit rot. After three backcrosses with California Wonder, lines were obtained combining the resistance gene of Waxy Globe with the large fruit size and low capsaicin of California Wonder. 相似文献
16.
Summary The wide diversity of old fruit-tree cultivars originating or introduced into Belgium during the 18
th
and 19
th
centuries was collected as far as feasible over the last fifteen years at the State Plant Pathology Station in Gembloux.
Out of the 2400 accessions now collected, one quarter was recovered from old public collections, and three quarters came from
farms or gardens. The initial intention was to screen the material for disease resistance and other characters of agronomic
interest with a view to using the best cultivars as breeding parents. However, as the collection developed, genetic resources
conservation also became an objectiveper se. The collection presently contains 1150 apple, 850 pear and 300 plum accessions, and smaller numbers of other fruit species.
Each accession is evaluated in an experimental orchard for at least ten years. In view of the growing public interest in old
fruit-tree cultivars, the Plant Pathology Station has for several years been releasing to the nursery trade the better cultivars
emerging from the evaluation, namely nine apple and four plum cultivars, and one peach cultivar. The principal features of
the apple cultivars are presented in this paper. Since 1988, old apple and plum cultivars have been being used at the Station
as parents in a breeding programme, with both controlled and open pollination. In some instances, old apple cultivars have
also been crossed with a modern parent carrying the Vf gene for scab resistance. The preliminary observations on some of these
seedlings are presented. 相似文献
17.
Summary The latent periods, wilting rates and percentages of diseased plants were analyzed for 11 carnation cultivars after root and after stem inoculation with race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianth. There was no conclusive evidence for the presence of an independent extravascular resistance mechanism, except for Lena plants in which, additional to the vascular resistance components, independent root-bound factors causing retardation of the colonization and wilting process were found. A large variation was observed in the ablity of the cultivars to localize the pathogen in the vascular tissue shortly after infection of the xylem. This ability was positively correlated with the latent period, and negatively with the wilting rate and final disease index. In resistant cultivars, secondary compartmentalization of the fungus higher up in the stem was also observed. After stem inoculation, differences among the cultivars in localization ability and wilt-retarding actors could be identified at an early stage by comparing the precentages of non-colonized plants or the percentages of plants lacking vascular discolouration. 相似文献
18.
Kazuyuki Mori Kenji Asano Seiji Tamiya Takashi Nakao Motoyuki Mori 《Breeding Science》2015,65(1):3-16
The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is cultivated all year round in Japan by using four types of cropping: summer and winter croppings, and double cropping in spring and fall. In each cropping season, growth conditions such as temperature, day length, and growing period, differ drastically; thus, different cultivars adapted to each environment are required. Breeding stations are located in both summer cropping areas and double cropping areas, and cultivars suitable for each cropping system are developed. The required cultivars differ according to cropping type and according to use such as table use, food processing, and starch production. The qualities necessary for each purpose differ and are therefore evaluated accordingly. Improvements in pest and disease resistance and in yield abilities are important as common breeding targets for all purposes. To develop potato cultivars that meet different needs, breeders have continued efforts to improve these traits. In this review, we introduce our approaches to developing new potato cultivars. We also discuss problems predicted in the future and introduce our efforts on broadening genetic diversity. 相似文献
19.
Data from a trial of 40 cultivars clonallyreplicated over five locations were used to estimatebroad-sense heritability and genetic and phenotypiccorrelations for important nut and kernel traits inmacadamia (Macadamia integrifolia and M.tetraphylla). Location averages for each cultivarwere available from 4 to 10 years after planting fornut mass, kernel mass, kernel recovery, percentage1st grade kernels and percentage whole kernels,with individual tree measurements only available forone year. Heritability estimated from locationaverages was inflated for all traits due tounderestimation of the phenotypic variance. Un-confounded estimates of individual broad-senseheritability, obtained by combining information fromboth data sources, was high (H = 0.63) fornut and kernel mass, and kernel recovery, moderatefor percentage whole kernels (H 0.30) and low for percentage 1stgrade kernel (H 0.20). There waslittle interaction between cultivar and location orage; however, for percentage 1st grade and wholekernels, there were large 3-way and 4-wayinteractions. The only strong genetic correlation wasbetween nut and kernel mass (r
g = 0.80). Theimplications of the results for cultivar selection andbreeding programs are discussed. 相似文献
20.
Heterosis in CMS hybrids of cotton for photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Summary The characterization of photosynthetic, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and yield and yield components was compared between
two newly developed CMS cotton hybrids (H1, H2) and their parents, as well as currently planted hybrid and conventional cultivars
(C1, artificially produced hybrid CCRI 29 and C2, conventional cultivar CCRI 12) under the field condition. The results showed
that Pn, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and qP of hybrids was significantly higher than that of C1 and C2. Furthermore, heterosis was found on photosynthetic parameters
in hybrids over their parents at the first four growth stages, while only heterosis over mean of parents (HOMP) was detected
in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It was clearly shown that one male-sterile line M2 was higher than the hybrids in
Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and qP over all growth stages. Significantly positive correlations (P < 0.01) were found between LAI or Yield and Pn, Cs, Tr, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, or qP, while significantly negative correlations between Ci and LAI or Yield, and no significance between qN and Chl a, Cs and qP were found. It was concluded that CMS hybrid cottons showed better potential to maintain relatively higher photosynthetic
ability during the growth, which contributes to the increased lint yield. 相似文献