双峰驼肾动脉分布

应用大体解剖学和血管铸型方法,研究了12峰双峰驼肾动脉的分支分布。结果显示,肾脏的肾动脉在进入肾门之前均分成一背干和一腹干,在肾窦内,背干分为一前支,再由前、后支分别发出背部贤脏的各肾段动脉。腹干不分前、后支,而由主干直接发出腹部肾脏的各肾段动脉。不仅各肾段动脉之间未见吻合,背干及其分支与腹干及其分支之间也无吻合。左肾肾段动脉共13条,右肾肾段动脉12条。表明,双峰驼不仅左、右肾的肾动脉与肾段动脉不尽相同,各肾的背部和腹部的动脉供应也存在差异。肾动脉的背干和腹干是相对独立的。     

猪肾段动脉与肾段的观察

通过对３７例猪肾动脉分支的观察，发现猪肾动脉较恒定地发出５支肾段动脉，即前内侧、前背侧、前腹侧、中间腹侧及后侧肾段动脉。相应的分布区即为具同名肾段。前内侧肾段位于肾门前内侧，前背侧肾段位于肾前侧半的背侧部，前腹侧肾段位于肾前侧半的腹侧部，中间腹侧肾段分布区呈狭长带形，位于肾腹侧中间处后侧，而后侧肾段分布区很广，可分为背、腹侧两个亚段。     

An Immunohistochemical Study on the Embryonic Development of Renin-containing Cells in the Mouse and Pig

The prenatal occurrence and distribution of renin-containing (RC) cells were investigated immunohistochemically in mouse and pig embryos. The RC cells of the mouse embryo were first observed at the 13th day of gestation at the walls of the renal, the mesonephric, the adrenal, the abdominal arteries, the adrenal glands and the testis. As the gestation of the mouse progressed, the RC cells had a tendency to localize in areas of the vascular pole of the metanephric glomerulus. In pig, when CRL was 0.8-2.0 cm, RC cells first appeared at the ventral walls of the dorsal aorta, the omphalo-mesenteric (i.e., the cranial mesenteric), the mesonephric, the mesonephric afferent glomerular arteries/arterioles and the inside of the mesonephric glomerulus. As the length of the pig embryo increased, no renin-immunoreactivity could be demonstrated at the degenerated mesonephros, while in the metanephros marked immunoreactivities were found only at the terminal regions of intralobular arteries, i.e., afferent arterioles or the vascular pole of the glomerulus.     

Arterial Vascularization and Morphological Characteristics of Adrenal Glands in the Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus,Linnaeus 1758)

This research presents morphological characteristics of adrenal glands and a demonstration of arterial vascularization in the Pampas deer, which is considered to be in extreme danger of extinction. A total of ten deer constituted the material of the study. Vascularization of organs was investigated by using latex injection technique. Left adrenal glands were basically supplied by coeliac, cranial mesenteric, renal and lumbal arteries. The arterial vascularization of the left adrenal glands was very complex in comparison with right adrenal glands. In two examples, branch of the lumbal artery was divided into phrenic caudal artery and cranial adrenal artery. In six examples, it was observed that the caudomedial and ventral regions of the left adrenal glands were also supplied by thinner branches that stemmed from second left lumbal artery. Besides, coeliac and cranial mesenteric arteries also gave off shorter branches supplying the cranial region of the left adrenal glands in five examples. It was determined that two branches originated from abdominal aorta directly for supplying left adrenal glands in only two examples. In four examples, two caudal adrenal arteries stemmed separately from left renal artery in a short distance. Arterial vascularization of right adrenal glands was more constant and supplied by lumbal and renal arteries. The adrenal glands were generally oval or round shaped. In only two examples, left adrenal glands were ‘V‐’ or heart‐shaped. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in sizes between right and left adrenal glands.     

Macroscopic features of the arterial supply to the reproductive system of the male ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The macroscopic features of the arterial supply to the reproductive system of the male ostrich was studied in 16 pre-pubertal and eight sexually mature and active birds. The left and right cranial renal arteries arise from the aorta, between the cranial divisions of the kidneys. These vessels supply the cranial divisions of the kidneys, the testes, the epididymides and the cranial segments of the ducti deferentia. Accessory testicular arteries which arise directly from the aorta are present in 45.8% of the specimens. They supply the testes and cranial parts of the ducti deferentia. They are variable in number and origin, and four variants are identified. A cranial ureterodeferential branch originates from the cranial renal artery, supplies the cranial portion of the ductus deferens and ureter, and runs caudally to anastomose with the middle renal artery. The sciatic artery arises laterally from the aorta, just caudal to the acetabulum, and gives rise, ventrally, to a common trunk, the common renal artery, which divides into the middle and caudal renal arteries. The middle renal artery gives rise to the middle ureterodeferential branch which supplies the middle part of the ductus deferens and ureter. A few centimetres caudal to the kidney, the aorta terminates in three branches, namely, the left and right internal iliac arteries and the median caudal artery. The internal iliac artery divides into the lateral caudal artery and the pudendal artery; the latter gives off caudal ureterodeferential branches that supply the caudal segments of the ductus deferens and ureter. In addition, the pudendal artery gives off vessels that supply the cloaca, some of which continue to the base of the phallus, where they form an arterial network. In conclusion, the pattern of the blood supply to the reproductive organs of the male ostrich is, in general, similar to that of the domestic fowl and pigeon, although there are a few highlighted distinctive features.     

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich was studied in 20 birds varying in age from 2 weeks to 12 months. The lungs occupied the dorsal third of the thorax, and the heart lay in the cranioventral thorax perpendicular to the long axis of the body. There was no pleural cavity. The liver was situated in the caudoventral part of the thorax, and the proventriculus occupied the left cranial part of the abdomen between the 7th vertebral rib and the acetabulum. The gizzard lay in the cranioventral part of the abdomen, resting on the sternum and abdominal floor. The duodenum formed a loop from right to left, with the pancreas lying between the 2 limbs of the loop. The coiled jejunum and ileum occupied the ventral part of the abdomen between the gizzard and pelvis. The two caeca lay on either side of the terminal ileum with their apices in the pelvis. The rectum was the longest part of the intestine and could be divided into a thick proximal segment situated in the right dorsal part of the abdomen, and a thin distal part that occupied the left caudodorsal part of the abdomen. The trilobed kidneys lay along the ventral surface of the synsacrum, with the adrenal glands at their cranioventral poles. The testes lay ventrally to the cranial divisions of the kidneys, whereas the left ovary was situated ventrally to the cranial division of the left kidney. The spleen lay wedged in between the right kidney, caudal vena cava and proventriculus. The thyroid glands were situated at the cranial borders of the subclavian arteries, and the thymus lay at the base of the neck.     

RENAL SONOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS IN THE DOG PRECEDING AND FOLLOWING UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY

The purpose of this study was to establish sonographic baseline values for normal kidneys initu and to document sonographic changes following unilateral nephrectomy. Normal canine renal measurements were determined sonographically prior to and following unilateral nephrectomy. These included: cortical thickness (cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, lateral and medial), medullary measurements (cranial and caudal) and measurements of the renal silhouette (length, height and width). The latter group of measurements was obtained to determine renal volume. Normal parameters were obtained from sixteen healthy dogs prior to nephrectomy; the unilateral nephrectomy group was comprised of eight of these animals, the remaining eight dogs were part of an allo-transplant study.¹ The mean sonographic value for the length of the kidney was 60.3 mm ± 6.4 (n = 26) while the widths and heights were 34.7 ± 3.8 (n = 27) and 27.8 mm ± 3.3 (n = 26) respectively. Renal cortical measurements were found to be smallest dorsally and ventrally on sagittal and transverse sonograms. The largest volumes were the cranial pole on sagittal scans and the lateral pole on the transverse scans. Pearson correlation coefficient for volume resulted in r values of 0.88, 0.78 and 0.72 for length, height and width (n = 25, dif = 24) respectively.     

双峰驼髂内动脉的形态学观察

采用血管内灌注有色油画颜料的方法,解剖观察了双峰驼髂内动脉的分支及分布情况.髂内动脉是骨盆部动脉的主干,其分支有脐动脉、臀前动脉、闭孔动脉、臀后动脉和阴部内动脉.阴部内动脉的分支有阴道动脉、直肠中动脉、会阴腹侧动脉和阴蒂动脉.在双峰驼未见有会阴背侧动脉.还就双峰驼和其它家畜髂内动脉的解剖学特点进行了比较讨论.     

The Arterial Supply of the Male Reproductive System in the Hamster

The major arteries, the testicular, deferential, prostatic, internal pudendal and external pudendal arteries, supply the male genital organs of the hamster. The same arterial patterns are found in three strains, except that the external pudendal artery arises from the external iliac artery or internal iliac artery in the APG strain, but only from the external iliac artery in the CBN and ACN strains. The deferential and prostatic arteries form the arterial loop on the dorsal surface of the ventrolateral lobe of the prostate. This loop may play some importance parts in the functional interaction between the epididymis and the prostate. The caudal epididymal artery arises more frequently from the spermatic cordai portion of the testicular artery than from the cranial epididymal artery, and it never arises directly from the abdominal part of the testicular artery as reported in the rat, mouse and rabbit. The deferential artery may join with the cranial vesicular artery to form the common trunk (umbilical artery), but sometimes these arteries arise directly from the internal iliac artery.     

Ultrasonographic-anatomic correlation and an imaging protocol of the normal canine kidney

Ultrasonographic or anatomic observations or both were made of the kidneys of 26 dogs. The anatomic studies established precise correlations between the gross anatomic features of the organ and its ultrasonographic images obtained in transverse, sagittal, dorsal, and 2 oblique planes. Uniformly mottled echogenicity of the renal cortex could be clearly differentiated from the less echogenic renal medulla. In the mid-dorsal plane, the papillae of the renal pyramids were directed towards the renal sinus. The bases of the pyramids were almost circular in outline in the midsagittal images and the renal crest was seen as an echogenic line. Although the renal sinus was highly echogenic, neither the renal pelvis nor its recesses were detected. The walls of each of the interlobar arteries provided echogenic parallel lines, passing in the renal recesses between the renal pyramids. Arcuate arteries were demonstrated at the corticomedullary junction and interlobular arteries were detected within the renal cortex. For the right kidney, transverse images were obtained with the ultrasonographic transducer at the last 2 intercostal spaces; images in the dorsal, sagittal, and oblique planes were obtained with the transducer placed over the caudal extremity of the kidney. In the left kidney, transverse images were made with the transducers at, and caudal to, the last intercostal space; images in the dorsal, sagittal, and oblique planes were obtained with the transducer placed over the lateral border of the kidney. The use of such a protocol ensures that the entire organ is inspected and a diagnosis of either a normal or pathologic kidney is made.     

双峰驼肾动脉血管分布的铸型观察

运用管道铸型技术以及扫描电镜技术对双峰驼肾动脉血管进行了系统观察.结果显示,双峰驼肾动脉在入肾门前约4～8 cm处分为背干和腹干,入肾后在肾窦内相继形成肾段动脉.左右两肾段动脉的分支分布各有特点,各段动脉分支延伸至肾的皮髓交界处,形成弓形动脉;弓形动脉是叶间动脉的延续,并不与肾表面相平行;肾血管球以及出、入球微动脉因分布区域的不同,形态结构也不尽一致.表明,双峰驼肾各段动脉分布的规律性强,段动脉分支之间没有吻合支存在;肾各部位的血管球随分布区域的不同,其形态结构也呈现一定的变化.     

Arteriography in ponies with Strongylus vulgaris arteritis.

Radiographs of the aorta and abdominal arteries were obtained from a normal anesthetized pony following catheterization of a femoral artery for nonselective, semiselective or selective arteriography. The arteries had smooth borders and regular diameters and the branches of the cranial mesenteric artery could be followed distally on the angiogram through to the smaller branches proximal to the bowel wall. Following arteriography, the pony walked normally and there were minimal alterations of the levels of serum muscle enzymes and blood lactate. The procedures for arteriography were repeated in three days. At that time the femoral artery was patent and satisfactory angiograms were obtained. Similiarly, radiographs were obtained from two ponies artificially infected with Strongylus vulgaris. The cranial msenteric artery and some of its branches, the right renal artery and segments of the aorta had irregular borders and were enlarged. Branches of the cranial mesenteric artery could not be followed distally because the flow of the contrast material was blocked. Following the above procedures, euthanasia of all ponies was expedited and the findings of arteritis, thrombosis and dilatation of arteries at necropsy compared favorably with interpretations from the radiographs. At least in the pony, arteriography can be a valuable research and diagnostic tool for the demonstration of lesions associated with verminous arteritis.     

Reproductive tract vasculature of the female emu (dromaius novaehollandiae)

The arterial supply of the ovary and oviduct is provided by the ovarian artery, cranial oviductal artery, accessory cranial oviductal artery, middle oviductal artery, caudal oviductal artery and the medial and lateral vaginal arteries. These arteries supply various regions of the oviduct and are branches of either the left cranial renal artery, left external iliac artery, left middle renal artery, left lateral caudal artery or the left pudendal artery. The veins that drain the reproductive tract are satellite vessels to each artery that supplied the tract.     

Separate origin of the main components of the left coronary artery in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

This study describes a rare congenital coronary artery anomaly in the Syrian hamster; namely, the separate origin of the obtuse marginal and left circumflex arteries which are the main components of the left coronary artery. The hearts of nine affected animals were examined by means of a corrosion-cast technique and histology. The hamsters belonged to a laboratory inbred family with a high incidence of coronary artery anomalies and bicuspid aortic valve. The aortic valve was tricuspid in three hamsters and bicuspid in the other six hamsters. In all cases, the right coronary artery was normal, whereas the left coronary artery main trunk was absent. The present anomalous coronary artery patterns could be classified into two main entities: (i) ectopic origin of the obtuse marginal artery from the right aortic sinus or from the right coronary artery, with the left circumflex artery arising from the left side of the aortic valve; and (ii) ectopic origin of both the obtuse marginal artery from the right aortic sinus or from the right coronary artery and left circumflex artery from the dorsal aortic sinus. In all cases, the obtuse marginal artery coursed to the right side of the heart through the ventral wall of the right ventricular outflow tract. When the left circumflex artery arose from the dorsal aortic sinus, it formed an acute angle with the aortic wall. This report seems to be the first to describe the separate origin of the main components of the left coronary artery in a non-human mammalian species. In man, the congenital coronary artery and aortic valve defects reported herein may entail the risk of clinical complications. However, none of the affected hamsters showed signs of disease.     

Arterial distribution to the pelvic cavity and pelvic limb in the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus,Linnaeus 1758)

This research is a study about the arterial vascularization of pelvic cavity and pelvic limb in pampas deer. For this study, 25 dead animals were used. The vascularization of the organs was investigated using a latex injection technique. Two animals were injected in the common carotid artery with contrast to cardiac angiography, and then, radiographs were taken. The aorta showed the two external iliac arteries, and after a short course, the aorta ended in two internal iliac arteries. The median sacral artery was originated from the dorsal surface cranially to the emergence of the internal iliac arteries. The last one gave off parietal (iliolumbar, cranial and caudal gluteal arteries) and visceral (umbilical and internal pudendal arteries) branches. The external iliac artery gave as first branch the deep circumflex iliac artery which was divided into a cranial and a caudal branch. After a short distance from the external iliac artery, the femoral and deep femoral arteries were originated. The deep femoral artery gave origin to the pudendoepigastric trunk and to the medial femoral circumflex artery. Based on the arterial distribution of the pelvic cavity and pelvic limb in the pampas deer, it is concluded that the internal iliac artery has a pattern of intermediate development. In reference to the distribution of the external iliac artery and its branches, the pattern of development is the cranial tibial type.     

Endoscopic evaluation of bronchial morphology in rabbits

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate bronchial morphology endoscopically in rabbits and develop a valid nomenclature for the endobronchial branching pattern. ANIMALS: 10 mature New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES: Flexible bronchoscopy was performed in rabbits anesthetized with isoflurane via nasal mask. Airways were systematically evaluated from the larynx to the terminal branches accessible with a 2.5-mm-outer diameter flexible endoscope. Airway branching patterns were identified and assessed for variation among subjects. RESULTS: Airways of all rabbits were readily examined with the 2.5-mm flexible endoscope. Laryngeal structure and function were normal in each rabbit, and airway branching patterns in all rabbits evaluated were identical. At the carina, branching into left and right principal bronchi was evident. The left principal bronchus divided immediately into the left cranial and left caudal lobar bronchi. The left cranial lobe bronchus further divided into dorsal and ventral segmental bronchi. The left caudal lobe bronchus gave rise to branches originating dorsally, ventrally, and medially before continuing caudally. The right principal bronchus divided into the right cranial, right middle, and accessory lobar bronchi and continued distally as the right caudal lobar bronchus. The right cranial lobe bronchus also divided into dorsal and ventral segmental bronchi, and the right caudal lobe bronchus had branches that originated dorsally, ventrally, and medially. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Definition of a standard nomenclature for airway branching in rabbits will allow precise localization of disease in clinical cases and accurate collection of airway samples in clinical and scientific evaluations.     

Arterial supply of the penis in the New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)

In the present study, the distributional pattern of the penile artery and the vessels joining the blood supply of the penis were investigated in the New Zealand rabbit. Eight adult rabbits were used in the study. In order to exhibit the vascular network by dissection, latex was injected via the abdominal aorta. The main vessel which supplies blood to the penis, the penile artery, is a branch of the internal pudendal artery. It divides into two branches which form the deep and dorsal penile arteries at the level of the ischiadic arch. The deep penile artery penetrates the tunica albuginea, and forms the arterial network of corpus cavernosum penis. On the other hand, the dorsal penile artery gives off three small branches for the subischiocavernosus muscle and at the level of the attachment of this muscle sends two small branches for the preputium. The course of both arteries follows the dorsolateral surface of the penis to the glans and ends in an anastomosis. Hence, a caudal branch of the prostatic artery which originates from the umbilical artery joins the blood supply of the penis in the rabbit. After vascularizing the prostate complex, it ends by entering the corpus spongiosus penis at the dorsolateral surface at the level of the ischiadic arch.     

Macroanatomic investigations of the blood supply of thoracic limb of Kangal dogs

In this study, the arterial supply of the thoracic limb was investigated in Kangal dogs. Twelve adult healthy Kangal dogs of either sex were used. Latex was injected into the common carotid artery, and then the axillary artery was dissected. The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery and supplies the thoracic limb in Kangal dogs. The axillary artery gave off a deltoid branch and external thoracic, lateral thoracic, and subscapular thoracic arteries in its course along the thoracic wall. The axillary artery continues distally as the brachial artery in the arm. The brachial artery gives rise to the cranial humeral circumflex, deep brachial, bicipital, ulnar collateral, superficial brachial, transverse cubital, and common interosseus arteries. It continues as the median artery after giving off the common interosseus artery. It was observed that the deep antebrachial artery arose from the median artery at the proximal third of the forearm. In the distal third of the forearm, the median artery divided into the palmar carpal and dorsal carpal branches. The deep palmar branch of the radial artery and deep branch of the palmar branch of the caudal interosseus artery form the deep palmar arch. The median artery joined the superficial branch of the palmar branch of the caudal interosseus artery to constitute the superficial palmar arch. The radial artery and cranial interosseus artery contributed to the dorsal carpal rete. The ulnar artery contributed to the formation of the deep and superficial palmar arches.     

Evaluation of a modification of the McKinnon technique to correct urine pooling in mares

The urethral fold of 30 mares was split transversely into dorsal and ventral shelves, and the ventral shelf was used to help create a urethral extension. The dorsal shelf was stretched caudally and sutured to the roof of the extension so that it covered at least the cranial half of the extension. For 20 mares, a relaxing, vaginal incision was created cranial to the external urethral orifice to enable the dorsal shelf to be retracted further caudally. Ten of the 30 mares (33.3 per cent) developed a defect, but none developed a defect in that portion covered by the dorsal shelf of the urethral fold. Two of the 30 mares (6.7 per cent) developed a defect so small that the defect could be detected only by inserting a dye, under pressure, into the tunnel. The total number of mares that developed only a grossly visible and palpable defect was eight of 30 (26.6 per cent). Four of the 10 mares that did not receive the relief incision and six of 20 mares that did receive the relief incision developed a defect in the extension. Modifying the McKinnon technique by transversely splitting the urethral fold and retracting the dorsal half helps prevent a defect from forming in the cranial portion of the extension. The dorsal shelf can be retracted further caudally by creating a relief incision on the floor of the vagina.