The adsorption and degradation of glyphosate in five Hawaiian sugarcane soils*

The rate of aerobic evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ from ¹⁴C-glyphosate labelled in the methylphosphonyl carbon, varied 100-fold within a group of five Hawaiian sugarcane soils. The rate depended inversely on the degree of soil binding, probably associated with the phosphonic acid moiety, and to a less certain extent on soil pH and soil organic matter. After an initial rapid degradation, the rate of ¹⁴CO₂ evolution in three soils reached a constant at 16–21 days which continued to the 60-day termination. The other two soils showed a continually decreasing rate throughout. Two soils released over 50% of the labelled carbon in 60 days, a third released 35%, while the remaining soils released 1.2 and 0.8% respectively. Labelled carbon in the soils after 60 days consisted of glyphosate and one metabolite, aminomethyl-phosphonic acid, with glyphosate predominating in high fixing soils. The ¹⁴C could be extracted almost completely with NaOH solution, and remained mainly in solution after acidification.     

Chemical versus microbial degradation of cyanazine and atrazine in soils

A laboratory study was performed to investigate the relationship between chemical (non-biological) and microbial degradation of cyanazine and atrazine in soils ranging in pH from 5.3 to 8.1. Atrazine degradation was dominated by chemical processes in both a moderately acidic and a neutral pH soil, but showed a significant microbial involvement in the neutral pH soil. The primary cyanazine degradative mechanism was dependent on soil properties. Cyanazine was short-lived in neutral to slightly basic soils, due to rapid microbial degradation. Cyanazine amide and cyanazine acid were the major metabolites formed. In a moderately acidic soil, microbial degradation was slowed and chemical processes were the primary means of cyanazine degradation.     

The effect of herbicides on respiration and transformation of nitrogen in two soils I. Metribuzin and glyphosate

The effects of metribuzin and glyphosate at 100 ppm on carbon dioxide evolution and nitrogen transformation in two soils have been investigated in the laboratory. Both herbicides reduced CO2 evolution from Boddington Barn soil (organic carbon content 1.5%, pH 6.6) at some dates, but neither gave any consistent effects on Triangle soil (organic carbon content 4.0%, pH 5.1). Both metribuzin and glyphosate stimulated mineralization of nitrogen for at least 9 weeks. Only metribuzin on Triangle soil gave any indication of inhibition of nitrification. Metribuzin degraded more rapidly in Triangle soil than in Boddington Barn.     

Effects of repeated glyphosate applications on soil microbial community composition and the mineralization of glyphosate

Background: Repeated applications may have a greater impact on the soil microbial community than a single application of glyphosate. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of one, two, three, four or five applications of glyphosate on soil microbial community composition and glyphosate mineralization and distribution of ¹⁴C residues in soil. RESULTS: Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) common to gram‐negative bacteria were present in higher concentrations following five applications relative to one, two, three or four applications both 7 and 14 days after application (DAA). Additionally, sequencing of 16S rRNA bacterial genes indicated that the abundance of the gram‐negative Burkholderia spp. was increased following the application of glyphosate. The cumulative percentage ¹⁴C mineralized 14 DAA was reduced when glyphosate was applied 4 or 5 times relative to the amount of ¹⁴C mineralized following one, two or three applications. Incorporation of ¹⁴C residues into soil microbial biomass was greater following five glyphosate applications than following the first application 3 and 7 DAA. CONCLUSION: These studies suggest that the changes in the dissipation or distribution of glyphosate following repeated applications of glyphosate may be related to shifts in the soil microbial community composition. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

土壤干旱对两品种小麦根际土壤微生物群落组成和酶活性的影响

采用双因素随机试验,在小麦孕穗期、灌浆期和成熟期研究了土壤干旱对两品种小麦根际土壤微生物丰度、多样性及4种酶活性(蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶和脱氢酶)的影响。试验设4个处理,即分别在土壤干旱和正常水分下种植小麦"矮抗58"(P1)和"泛麦8号"(P2)。结果表明:与正常水分处理(种植P1和P2)相比,孕穗期,土壤干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中普通细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌的丰度显著降低了11.3%和6.9%、8.4%和8.2%;灌浆期,干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中丛枝菌根真菌的丰度明显下降了34.3%和21.8%;成熟期,干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中革兰氏阳性细菌、真菌的丰度显著降低30.9%和8.6%、34.1%和17.3%。土壤干旱对微生物多样性无显著影响,却显著降低了孕穗期和灌浆期的碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性和灌浆期的蔗糖酶活性,提高了成熟期的蔗糖酶活性。"矮抗58"比"泛麦8号"根际微生物多样性更高,但孕穗期其蔗糖酶活性更低。干旱与品种的交互作用对微生物各类群的丰度、多样性和4种酶活性的影响均不显著。综上,土壤干旱主要抑制微生物丰度,而品种间根际微生物多样性差异明显,干旱和品种均...     

冻融对伊犁草地土壤水稳性大团聚体的影响

以伊犁托乎拉苏大草原土壤为研究对象,进行0~20 cm草地表层土壤混合样品多点采集,实验室内依据干筛法取得各粒级大团聚体,模拟不同含水率、冻融试验,利用湿筛法获得每种粒级的水稳性大团聚体质量,对实验数据进行统计分析,研究草地土壤在冻融环境条件下其水稳性大团聚体的特征、变化规律及其机理。研究结果表明:(1)初始水分含量是影响土壤水稳性大团聚体的关键因素。随着土壤初始含水率的提高,5 mm、5~4mm、4~2 mm、2~1 mm四个粒径组水稳性团聚体,呈现出逐渐降低、或先升高后降低的变化趋势;1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm呈现先降低后增加、或先增加后降低再增加的趋势。(2)冻融循环次数是影响土壤水稳性大团聚体的重要因素。随冻融循环次数的增加,各组粒级水稳性团聚体表现出的规律性不尽相同,1 mm水稳性团聚体整体有降低趋势,1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm两组粒径水稳性团聚体则整体呈现增加趋势。(3)冻结温度是影响土壤水稳性大团聚体的另一重要因素,随着冻结温度的降低,5 mm与5~4 mm水稳性团聚体有降低的趋势,1~0.5 mm与0.5~0.25 mm水稳性团聚体有升高的趋势,4~2 mm与2~1 mm两个粒级水稳性团聚体并无显著变化。     

Fate of the herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron in two Finnish arable soils

The fate of five herbicides (glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron) was studied in two Finnish sugar beet fields for 26 months. Soil types were sandy loam and clay. Two different herbicide-tolerant sugar beet cultivars and three different herbicide application schedules were used. Meteorological data were collected throughout the study and soil properties were thoroughly analysed. An extensive data set of herbicide residue concentrations in soil was collected. Five different soil depths were sampled. The study was carried out using common Finnish agricultural practices and represents typical sugar beet cultivation conditions in Finland. The overall observed order of persistence was ethofumesate > glyphosate > phenmedipham > metamitron > glufosinate-ammonium. Only ethofumesate and glyphosate persisted until the subsequent spring. Seasonal variation in herbicide dissipation was very high and dissipation ceased almost completely during winter. During the 2 year experiment no indication of potential groundwater pollution risk was obtained, but herbicides may cause surface water pollution.     

Effects of glyphosate on soil microbial communities and its mineralization in a Mississippi soil

Transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has enabled highly effective and economical weed control. The concomitant increased application of glyphosate could lead to shifts in the soil microbial community. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on soil microbial community structure, function and activity. Field assessments on soil microbial communities were conducted on a silt loam soil near Stoneville, MS, USA. Surface soil was collected at time of planting, before initial glyphosate application and 14 days after two post-emergence glyphosate applications. Microbial community fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed from these soil samples and soybean rhizospheres. Principal component analysis of the total FAME profile revealed no differentiation between field treatments, although the relative abundance of several individual fatty acids differed significantly. There was no significant herbicide effect in bulk soil or rhizosphere soils. Collectively, these findings indicate that glyphosate caused no meaningful whole microbial community shifts in this time period, even when applied at greater than label rates. Laboratory experiments, including up to threefold label rates of glyphosate, resulted in up to a 19% reduction in soil hydrolytic activity and small, brief (<7 days) changes in the soil microbial community. After incubation for 42 days, 32-37% of the applied glyphosate was mineralized when applied at threefold field rates, with about 9% forming bound residues. These results indicate that glyphosate has only small and transient effects on the soil microbial community, even when applied at greater than field rates.     

冻融过程中乌梁素海湖泊水质变化特征分析

为能够利用冻结作用处理水环境问题,以乌梁素海为研究对象,利用一维单向湖泊结冰模拟器(自制)分别在-15℃及-25℃的冻结温度下进行室内冻融模拟实验。应用模糊神经网络法对冻融过程中各阶段冰融水及冰下水的水质进行评价,分析不同冻结温度、不同原水水质状况对冻融过程中水质变化特征的影响。结果表明:冰体在冻结过程中向外排出污染物,在融化过程中又成为污染物的吸纳体;冻结温度越低,污染物的迁移量越少,原水水质状况越差,冻结作用排出污染物的效果越明显。通过改善湖泊冰封期冰下水的水质状况,可以显著改善湖泊水体质量,为湖泊环境治理提供最佳时机。     

Study of the relation between carbofuran degradation and microbial or physicochemical characteristics of some french soils

In France, corn rootworm (Agriotes sp.) is controlled by applying insecticides such as carbofuran to the soil. In recent years, the failure of carbofuran to control this pest has been observed in the south-west area of France in continuous corn cropping. A soil survey was conducted in order to determine the main factors which could influence carbofuran degradation in various soils. Degradation estimates were based on measurement of the release of [ 14 C]carbon dioxide from [carbonyl- 14 C]carbofuran. The enhanced degradation of carbofuran observed in laboratory conditions corresponded to the growth of micro-organisms able to use carbofuran as sole carbon and nitrogen source. The size of this microbial population and the rates of carbofuran degradation were higher in the samples taken from plots with a history of carbofuran use than in samples from previously untreated plots. Abiological degradation was only observed in alkaline soil conditions. Statistical analyses showed that carbofuran-degrading activity was not related to any particular pedological characteristics.     

不同温度梯度及频率的冻融对冬型中国梨木虱存活的影响

为明确冻融对冬型中国梨木虱存活的影响,本研究在测定冬型中国梨木虱过冷却点及-20℃低温下的存活情况的基础上设计了4组冻融梯度(-20℃/2℃、-20℃/5℃、-20℃/10℃、-20℃/20℃),3组频段(1、2、3 h),以探索迅速冻融对冬型中国梨木虱存活的影响.结果表明:冬型梨木虱的过冷却点主要分布在-14℃～-1...     

The inactivation of glyphosate by various soils and metal salts*

A root bioassay was used to determine the effect of various soils, and the chloride salts of Fe⁺⁺⁺, Fe⁺⁺, Al ⁺⁺⁺, Ca ⁺⁺, K ⁺, and Na⁺ on the activity of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Mineral soils significantly reduced the inhibitory effects of glyphosate on root growth. One muck soil inactivated glyphosate, but another muck soil and bentonite clay had little effect. Soils with the greatest inactivation capabilities had high concentrations of weak-acid-extractable iron. Glyphosate inactivation showed no correlation between cation exchange capacity and organic matter of the muck soils. FeCl₃, FeCl₂ and AlCl₃, significantly reduced the activity of glyphosate, and, when allowed to stand in solution, combinations of FeCl₃ and glyphosate formed a precipitate. CaCl₂, KCl and NaCl did not inactivate glyphosate. Inactivation du glyphosate par divers sols et sels métalliques Un test biologique sur racines a été utilisé pour déterminer l'action de divers sols et de sels chlorés de Fe⁺⁺⁺, Fe⁺⁺, Al⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, K ⁺, et Na⁺ sur I'activité du glyphosate N-(phosphono-méthyl) glycine. Les sols minéraux ont réduit significativement les effets inhibiteurs du glyphosate sur la croissance des racines. Un sol organique a inactivé le glyphosate, mais un autre sol organique, ainsi que la bentonite. n'ont eu que peu d'effet. Les sols qui ont présenté les plus grandes possibilités d'inactivation renfermaient des concentrations élevées dc fcr extractible par des acides faibles. II n'a pas été observé, en ce qui concerne l'inactivation du glyphosate, de corrélation entre la capaeité d'échange des cations et la teneure matiére organique des sols organiques. FeCl₃, FeCl₂, et AlCl₃ ont significativement réduit l'activité du glyphosate et, lorsqu'ils ont été mis en présenceen solution, la combinaison de FeCl₃ et du glyphosate a provoqué la formation d'un précipité, CaCl₂, KCl et NaCl n'ont pas inactivé le glyphosate. Die Inaktivierung von Glyphosat durch verschiedene Böden und Metallsalze Die Wirkung verschiedener Bödden und der Chloride von Fe⁺⁺⁺, Fe⁺⁺, Al⁺⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, K⁺ und Na⁺ auf die Aktivität von Glyphosat N-(Phosphonomethyl)glycin wurde mit einem Wurzel-Biotest festgestellt. Mineralische Böden verringerten signifkant den Hemmeffekt von Glyphosat auf das Wurzelwachstum. Durch einen der organischen Böden wurde Glyphoat inaktiviert, ein anderer und das Tonmineral Bentonit, wirkten jedoch nur wenig inaktivierend. Böden mit der stärksten Inaktivierungsfähigkeit besassen hohe Konzentrationen an mit schwacher Säure extrahierbarem Eisen. Die Inaktivierung von Glyphosat war nicht mil der Kationen-Austauschkapazität und dem Gehalt der Böden an organischer Substanz korreliert Durch FeCl₃, FeCl₂ und AlCl₃ wurde die Aktivitat von Glyphosat signifikant verringert. Wenn FeCl₃ und Glyphosat in Lösung zusammengebracht wurden, bildete sich beim Stehenlassen dieser Kombination ein Niederschlag. CaCl₂, KCl und NaCl wirkten auf Glyphosat nicht inaktivierend.     

Effect of recent cropping history and herbicide use on the degradation rates of isoproturon in soils

Five soil samples were taken from each of five fields with different crop management histories. Three of the fields were in an arable rotation, the fourth field was temporary grassland, and the final field was under permanent grass. Of the three arable fields, two had been cropped with winter wheat in three of the preceding 6 years, and the third had last been cropped with winter wheat once only, 6 years previously. With one exception, the winter wheat had been sprayed with the herbicide isoproturon. The rate of isoproturon degradation in laboratory incubations was strongly related to the previous management practices. In the five soils from the field that had been treated most regularly with isoproturon in recent years, <2.5% of the initial dose remained after 14 days, indicating considerable enhancement of degradation. In the soils from the field with two applications of the herbicide in the past 6 years, residues after 27 days varied from 5% to 37% of the amount applied. In soils from the other three sites, residue levels were less variable, and were inversely related to microbial biomass. In studies with selected soils from the field that had received three applications of isoproturon in the previous 6 years, kinetics of degradation were not first‐order but were indicative of microbial adaptation, and the average time to 50% loss of the herbicide (DT₅₀) was 7.5 days. In selected soils from the field that had received just one application of isoproturon, degradation followed first‐order kinetics, indicative of cometabolism. Pre‐incubation of isoproturon in soil from the five fields led to significant enhancement of degradation only in the samples from the two fields that had a recent history of isoproturon application.     

烟嘧磺隆的微生物降解研究进展

烟嘧磺隆属磺酰脲类除草剂,因其对玉米安全,对一年生和多年生禾本科杂草及部分阔叶杂草、莎草科杂草高效而在玉米田广泛应用,但其在土壤中的残留则易对后茬敏感作物产生药害。微生物对烟嘧磺隆的降解有望成为修复污染土壤的有效措施。文章从烟嘧磺隆的使用及危害,可降解烟嘧磺隆的微生物种类及降解特性、降解途径、降解酶及其编码基因等方面进行了综述。目前有关烟嘧磺隆微生物降解的研究多集中于其降解菌的筛选、降解特性及降解途径等方面,对于其微生物降解过程中起关键作用的酶和基因方面的研究仍较少,因此未来的研究趋势将主要体现在降解复合菌系的培养、降解微生物的环境生态学、降解基因以及降解酶制剂等方面。     

Applying non-steady-state compartmental analysis to investigate the simultaneous degradation of soluble and sorbed glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) in four soils

The decomposition behaviour of glyphosate in four Victorian soils was investigated at two temperatures using non-steady-state compartmental analysis. At 25°C, glyphosate degradation was shown numerically to be derived from two different sources where the rate of release from each source behaved in accordance with first-order kinetics. Over the first 40 day period for each of the soils, glyphosate was derived simultaneously from the labile and non-labile phase, whilst after the first 40 days, glyphosate was derived solely from the non-labile phase. At this temperature, the amount of glyphosate partitioned into the labile phase ranged from 24·1 to 34·5%, whilst the amount partitioned into the sorbed, non-labile phase ranged from 67·2 to 74·9%. The half-lives for glyphosate within each phase was calculated and ranged from six to nine days for the labile phase to 222–835 days for the non-labile phase. Glyphosate appeared to be more strongly held in the acidic Rutherglen soil than in the alkaline soils studied, and this was thought to be related to the substantially lower pH and higher Fe content of the acidic soil. At 10°C, glyphosate was shown numerically to be derived from two different sources for two of the soils. However, for the two remaining soils, glyphosate appeared to be derived either from a single phase or from two phases at either the same rate or at differential rates where the rate of release from one phase was sufficiently fast to mask the rate of release from the other. At this temperature, more glyphosate was partitioned into the non-labile phase of the Walpeup and Rutherglen soils than at 25°C. However, the rate of release of glyphosate from this phase increased for the Walpeup soil relative to that at 25°C, but decreased substantially for the Rutherglen soil. This suggests that different mechanisms for the binding of glyphosate into the non-labile phase may exist between soils. © 1998 SCI.     

The determination of glyphosate in soils with moderate to high clay content

An improved method for the quantitative analysis of the herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in soils containing moderate to high clay content is described. Critical evaluations of previously published methods have indicated that recoveries of glyphosate from soils with high clay content are often low. Where acceptable recovery estimates have been reported, these methods also report increased interferences and rarely include soils with clay content exceeding 30%. The proposed method was developed and characterized using six soils of different clay content (25–87% clay), with other physical and chemical properties as described. Recoveries of glyphosate from the soils were determined after duplicate extractions with 0.1 M potassium hydroxide. Clean-up of soil extract solutions was by cation-exchange column chromatography. Subsequent quantitation was by HPLC with post-column oxidation, followed by derivatization using OPA-MERC with fluorometric detection. No interferences were detected. Recovery estimates for each fortified sample were determined over a concentration range (0.56–11.25 mg glyphosate kg ?1 ) with all recoveries being greater than 80%. Detection limit for glyphosate in soil was 0.04 mg kg ?1, and instrument response was linear for solutions up to 50.0μg glyphosate ml ?1. Reproducibility relative confidence interval, for a single sample analysis, was determined as.     

微生物降解三唑类杀菌剂研究进展

三唑类杀菌剂因具有高效、低毒的特性已在中国得到广泛使用,但同时也因其残留期较长、易污染土壤而备受关注。微生物降解被认为是修复被污染土壤的有效措施。文章从降解三唑类杀菌剂的微生物种类、降解机理及影响微生物降解的因素等方面进行了综述,同时指出,目前有关微生物降解三唑类杀菌剂的研究多数仅限于降解菌的筛选及影响降解的因素分析等方面,对于三唑类杀菌剂的微生物代谢途径、降解过程中起关键作用的酶和基因,以及对手性三唑类杀菌剂的对映体选择性降解机制等机理方面的研究仍较少,相关研究有待进一步加强。     

冻融对北疆盐碱地长期滴灌棉田土壤盐分的影响

为了解北疆积雪覆盖条件下,冻融作用对盐碱地膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分分布及变化的影响。采用时空变异法,以连续应用膜下滴灌0、4、6、8、10、15 a 6块棉田初春土壤盐分的变化为例进行分析。结果表明,"冻层滞水"及积雪消融入渗对80~100cm深度土体中盐分具有天然淋洗作用,冻融前后土壤盐分分布呈"广口杯"状。4月5日至14日在水分(直接驱动力)运动影响下,60~80 cm土层含盐量降低,其中一部分随毛管水向上蒸发,滞留于0~40 cm土壤;另一部分受重力水作用向下淋洗,80 cm以下土层含盐量升高。滴灌0 a地块0~140 cm土体内储盐量为29 063.00 g,滴灌15 a后,降至5 778.86 g。冻融对盐分的淋洗作用在应用滴灌年限较短地块表现得相对明显,即土壤中含盐量越高,淋洗作用越显著;冻融后滴灌0 a棉田0~140 cm土体储盐量降低8 941.33 g,滴灌15 a棉田降低614.62 g。提出冻融循环对土壤中盐分的天然淋洗作用是北疆盐碱地长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分降低的重要因素之一。     

Non-target effect of herbicides: I. effect of glyphosate and hexazinone on soil microbial activity. Microbial population,and in-vitro growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi

The effects of two herbicides, glyphosate (as a 359 g litre^?1 SL) and hexazinone (as a 50gkg^?1 granule) on soil microbial population, carbon dioxide evolution, and in-vitro growth of five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were investigated. Glyphosate at 0–54 and 3.23 kg a.i. ha^?1 and hexazinone at 1. 2 and 8 kg a.i. ha^?1 did not reduce soil microbial population or carbon dioxide evolution in the long term (6 months). However, there was a significant short-term (2 months) effect of glyphosate on both fungal and bacterial counts at the 0.54 kg ha^?1 treatment. In in-vitro tests, Cenococcum graniforme. Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Laccaria laccata were more susceptible to both herbicides than was Suillus tomentosus. which was, in turn, more susceptible than Paxillus involutus. The growth of all five ectomycorrhizal fungi was significantly reduced when subjected to concentrations above 50 μl formulation litre^?1 (glyphosate) or 50 μg formulation litre^?1 (hexazinone).