测定土壤硝态氮的紫外分光光度法与其他方法的比较

使用酚二磺酸法、还原蒸馏法、镀铜镉还原．重氮化偶合比色法和改进紫外分光光度法（校正因数法）测定了中国9种不同类型土壤的硝态氮含量，分析了改进紫外分光光度法与其余三种测定方法的差异及其适用性。统计分析表明对于有机质含量低于50g kg^-1的矿质土壤，可以使用2．2作为校正因数，四种分析方法的测定值具有极显著的相关性，尤其是紫外分光光度法与酚二磺酸法的测定结果最为接近，没有极显著差异；对于有机质含量接近和高于50g kg^-1的土壤，校正因数还需要修改。紫外分光光度法具有操作简单、测定速度快等优点，适用于批量快速测定。     

测定土壤硝态氮的紫外分光光度法和镉柱还原法比较

使用改进的紫外分光光度法(校正因素法)和基于镉柱还原的流动注射分析法(镉柱还原法)测定了中国10种不同类型土壤的NO3–-N含量,分析了两种方法的差异性及其适用性。统计分析表明,改进紫外分光光度法与镉柱还原法测定的结果具有极显著的相关性,测定样品的准确度介于89%~104%,具有可比性。在浓度适用上略有差异,对NO3–-N含量极低的土壤样品,采用镉柱还原法可提高精确度;对于NO3–-N含量高的土样选用紫外法可提高测定精确度,测定结果变异性低于镉柱还原法,且紫外法测定值都要高于镉柱还原法。从仪器操作及校准角度来看,紫外法测定操作过程简便,影响因子较少,对NO3–-N批量快速测定更为适用。     

紫外分光光度法测定土壤过氧化氢酶活性

土壤过氧化氢酶是土壤中非常重要酶类,为了探索一种测定土壤过氧化氢酶活性的简单、可靠而适用的测定方法,我们进行了利用紫外分光光度法测定土壤过氧化氢酶活性的方法研究。结果表明,紫外分光光度法重现性优于高锰酸钾容量法,溶液在240nm处的吸光度可以稳定11小时以上,对4种土壤分析表明,紫外分光光度法的测定结果与高锰酸钾容量法之间无显著差异。传统高锰酸钾容量法加酸后再过滤容易导致溶液有颜色,过滤液易浑浊,过滤时间长。本试验表明,在过滤前加入饱和铝钾矾,然后直接将溶液过滤到盛有酸的容器内,既可以使溶液无色,又能使溶液澄清透明,还能使过滤速度大为加快。总之紫外分光光度法重现性好、稳定时间长,操作简单,不需要特殊试剂,避免了容量法的滴定误差,是一种值得推广普及的测定土壤过氧化氢酶活性的好方法。     

紫外分光光度法测定农田土壤微生物生物量氮可行性初探

采用氯仿熏蒸浸提-紫外分光光度法和消化法比较测定了田间定位试验不同施肥处理土壤、添加植物残体土壤、添加葡萄糖土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC,SMBN)。结果表明,当土壤微生物生物量氮含量较高时(>20 mg kg-1),采用分光光度法与消化法测定的SMBN具有显著正相关关系(P<0.05),但当SMBN量较低时(<20 mg kg-1)时,分光光度法测定与消化法测定的SMBN没有显著相关性。当土壤中添加麦秸和玉米秸时,土壤浸提液颜色较深(黄色),不适合采用分光光度法测定SMBN。因此,熏蒸提取–分光光度法测定SMBN,仅适于土壤浸提液无色透明、且SMBN含量较高的土壤。     

全波长扫描式多功能读数仪-靛酚蓝比色法测定水样铵态氮含量

全波长扫描式多功能读数仪(酶标仪)是一种多通道光学系统的分光光度计,将靛酚蓝比色法与酶标仪相结合,建立了酶标仪-靛酚蓝测定水中铵态氮的方法,方法检出限为0.046 mg/L。方法的加标回收率在90.7%~101.8%之间,该方法与连续流动分析仪-水杨酸分光光度法相比,两者测定数据之间回归直线方程为Y(连续流动分析仪-NH_4~+-N)=1.052 4X(酶标仪-NH_4~+-N)-0.009,相关系数R=0.976 1**(n=32,P0.01)。5个水样重复6次测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于3%。全波长扫描式多功能读数仪(酶标仪)结合靛酚蓝比色法测定重现性好,结果准确,快速方便,可用于水样中铵态氮含量测定。     

不同土壤有机碳测定方法的比较

对土壤碳的准确定量是研究土壤肥力和农业固碳的前提。本文选择我国不同有机碳和无机碳含量的8个代表性土壤/沉积物样品,比较湿氧化法、酸洗法和间接法三类方法对有机碳含量的测定效果。研究结果表明:对有机碳含量为3.4~11.5 g/kg的土壤和沉积物样品,湿氧化法有较低的平均相对误差(0.32%~4.72%)和变异系数(0.40%~1.22%),间接法的平均相对误差(5.16%~20.46%)和变异系数(0.60%~7.00%)都较高,而酸洗法介于这两个方法之间。说明在保持稳定准确的加热温度情况下,湿氧化法对土壤/沉积物有机碳含量的测定比较稳定和准确,且操作简单。对大部分样品,由于酸对土壤无机碳难以充分溶解,造成酸洗法和间接法的有机碳测定值偏高,且变异系数较大。     

两种测定土壤微生物量氮方法的比较初探

用氯仿熏蒸-0.5mol/L的K2SO4直接浸提,280nm紫外比色法和熏蒸-淹水培养法测定了20种有机质、全氮和速效氮差异较大的土样的土壤微生物量N。研究结果表明,两种方法测得20种土样的土壤微生物量N数值呈极显著正相关;280nm紫外比色法操作步骤简单、产生误差的环节少、测定所需时间短、且测定数据比熏蒸-淹水培养法有更好的重现性。初步认为,280nm紫外比色法来反映土壤微生物量的大小。结果还表明,两种方法的测定结果都与土壤的全氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,与有机碳含量有一定的正相关关系,与速效氮无明显的相关关系;但在不同的土壤类型上,与全氮、有机碳和速效氮的相关性有所不同。用280nm紫外比色法测定两种土壤的新鲜和风干样的微生物生物量的结果说明,可用风干土经预培养后测定土壤微生物生物量。风干土样的预培养时间初步确定为10天。     

不同浸提剂处理森林土壤溶解性有机碳含量比较

为了解亚热带森林土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的特征规律,采用培养离心的方法获取土壤溶液测得DOC含量,对比传统水溶性有机碳(WSOC)提取法间的差异。选取湖南大山冲森林公园保存完好的3种亚热带典型次生林地,按10cm一层采集剖面土壤,采用不同方法提取测定土壤DOC和WSOC含量,分析与土壤理化指标的相关性及方法间的显著性关系。结果表明:①典型森林土壤DOC或WSOC含量随土壤剖面深度的增加,呈显著下降趋势。培养离心提取测得的土壤DOC含量明显较低,仅0.82～9.52 mg/kg,超纯水浸提的风干土WSOC含量达10.56～249.19 mg/kg,而0.5 mol/L K₂SO₄提取的鲜土WSOC含量达155.70～576.94 mg/kg,0.5mol/L K₂SO₄浸提的干土WSOC含量最高,达158.94～797.56 mg/kg,含量表现为:DOC<干土超纯水浸提WSOC<鲜土K₂SO₄浸提WSOC<干土K₂...     

酸沉降影响下庐山森林生态系统土壤溶液溶解有机碳分布

采用土壤溶液提取法及TOC仪测定法分析了庐山森林生态系统土壤中溶解有机碳 (DOC)的含量及其与植被因素和季节动态的关系。结果表明 ,供试土壤中DOC的含量为 289.85 111.0 4mgkg-1,其剖面分布相对平缓 ,除表层外 ,底部土壤含量也较高 ;针叶林和根圈土中表层土壤DOC含量分别高于阔叶林和非根圈土 ;土壤溶液DOC浓度的季节分异明显 ,冬、秋季偏高 ,夏、春季偏低 ;土壤溶液DOC与溶解铝间呈极显著正相关关系     

水稻土和湿地土壤有机碳测定的CNS元素分析仪法与湿消化容量法之比较

土壤固碳研究中需要精确的(有机)C计量,而常规的湿氧化法与CNS元素分析仪法测定结果的吻合性足C计量中的问题.国外对旱地土壤的研究表明,这两种方法的结果基本可以对比,但是否同样对于湿地土壤也适用还不清楚.采用CNS元素分析仪(仪器法)和重铬酸钾外加热湿氧化法(容量法)对20个水稻土样品,26个淡水湿地土壤样品和20个沿海湿地土壤样品进行了总有机C(TOC)的对比测定.结果表明,无论是土壤的表土样品还是剖面样品,仪器法测定结果约低于容量法10%以下.两种方法对淡水湿地土壤和水稻土的有机C含量的测定可以对比,但是重铬酸钾氧化容量法对于含氯化物较高的沿海湿地土壤有机C的测定可能不精确.CNS元素分析仪测定的精密度和准确度较高,可以用于各种湿地土壤的C计量.     

Mineralization of dissolved organic carbon in mineral soil solution of two forest soils

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constitutes an important carbon input flux to forested mineral soils. Seepage from mineral subsoils contains only small amounts of DOC because of mineralization, sorption or the formation of particulate organic matter (POM). However, the relation between these processes is largely unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the mineralization of DOC from different depths of forest soils, and to determine degradation rate constants for rapidly and slowly degradable DOC pools. Mineralization of DOC and formation of POM in mineral soil solution from two forested sites in northern Bavaria (Germany) were quantified in a 97 days laboratory incubation experiment. Furthermore, spectroscopic properties such as specific UV absorption and a humification index derived from fluorescence emission spectrometry were measured before and after incubation. DOC in all samples turned out to belong mainly to the stable DOC pool (> 95 %) with half‐lives ranging from years to decades. Spectroscopic properties were not suitable to predict the mineralization of DOC from mineral soils. However, together with data on DOC from the forest floor and long‐term data on DOC concentrations in the field they helped to identify the processes involved in C sequestration in mineral subsoils. Mineralization, formation of POM, and probably sorption seem all to be responsible for maintaining low concentrations of DOC in the upper mineral soil. DOC below the upper mineral soil is highly resistant to mineralization, and thus the further decrease of DOC concentrations in the subsoil as observed under field conditions cannot be attributed to mineralization. Our results suggest that sorption and to some minor extent the formation of POM may be responsible for C sequestration in the subsoil.     

Quantification of Organic Carbon in Soils: A Comparison of Methodologies and Assessment of the Carbon Content of Organic Matter

Abstract

Renewed interest in temporal soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes has stressed the importance of reliable methods for quantitative assessment of organic compound (OC) content. Particularly with the establishment of modern dry‐combustion analyzers, which are replacing the traditional wet‐oxidation methods, the need for correct relationships between both is of crucial importance for comparison of past and current SOC data in long‐term SOC stock change studies. Dry combustion with a Variomax CNS‐analyzer was the standard to evaluate three other methods for Belgian agricultural soils. Excellent linear relationships were found with the Walkey and Black method and the Springer and Klee method, whereas a Shimadzu TOC‐analyzer slightly underestimated the OC content. Precision of the investigated methods was comparable and tended to be dependent on the sample size used for measurement. The OC oxidation efficiency of the most widely applied method of Walkey and Black for the soils in this study was very close to the generally accepted 75%. Mass loss on ignition at 800°C could be very well related to the soil OC content and the clay content. The traditional factor of 1.724 used to convert OC measurements to organic matter percentages is not valid for the investigated soils, which demonstrates that rather regional‐specific factors (in this study 1.911) should be determined and adopted.     

有机物料还田对华北小麦玉米两熟农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

中国农业废弃物种类多、数量大、利用率低、污染重。将有机物料还田,是实现废弃物资源化利用的重要途径。该研究以循环农业理念为指导,选择代表农田内循环的秸秆以及代表农沼循环、农牧循环、农菌循环、农工循环的废弃物沼渣、猪粪、菌渣和酒渣为试验材料,开展了等碳量还田定位试验,分析各有机物料还田后对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响。结果表明:1)连续施用有机物料提高了土壤总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量。随着有机物料还田年限的增加,土壤TOC、LOC和MBC含量均不同程度地增加,年平均增幅分别为:15.57%~22.82%、20.00%~38.31%和16.30%~50.56%。还田5年后各有机物料处理土壤TOC、LOC、MBC和DOC含量平均分别是无机肥处理的1.24~1.62、2.07~3.19、1.20~2.06和1.05~3.36倍。2)不同有机物料中均利于土壤TOC含量的提高,秸秆提升效果相对最差,沼渣、菌渣、猪粪、酒渣和秸秆还田处理的0~20cm土壤TOC含量平均增长速率分别为:22.82%、21.88%、16.42%、16.13%和15.57%。     

Über die Sorptionseigenschaften von Waldböden bezüglich gelöster organischer Substanzen

About the sorption of dissolved organic matter to forest soils This investigation characterizes the major forest soils of the temperate climatic zones (leptosols, vertisols, cambisols, luvisols, podzols, stagnosols, gleysols) as sorbents for dissolved organic matter (DOM). Sorption isotherms were obtained for 135 soil horizons from 36 profiles. When solutions containing no DOC were added, the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was highest for horizons rich in organic C (A and Bh horizons). In subsoil horizons DOC release was much lower. Most of the investigated top soils (A and E horizons) and Bh, Bg, and C horizons showed a weak DOC sorption. This was caused by low contents of sorbents (clay and sesquioxides) and/or high contents of organic C. Organic C seems to reduce the DOC sorption by occupying binding sites. Subsoils rich in clay and sesquioxides like Bs, Bt, and Bw horizons showed a strong retention of DOC. Under the aerobic conditions of the experiments, some of the subsoils of stagnosols and gleysols also showed a strong sorption of DOC. However, in sorption experiments conducted after an anaerobic incubation, the DOC sorption decreased significantly.     

土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳含量影响的初步研究

以我国川中丘陵区紫色土为背景,研究了5种不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳(可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳)含量的影响,分析了可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、总有机碳(TOC)的关系。结果表明,土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳有显著影响。DOC含量呈现菜地>果园>水田>林地>旱地的趋势;MBC含量为水田>果园>菜地>林地>旱地。有机物质的输入量、种植制度和土壤管理措施是差异存在的重要原因。菜地、旱地、林地、果园和水田的DOC/TOC均值分别为0.58%、0.28%、0.19%、0.57%和0.28%,其相应的MBC/TOC均值分别为3.57%、3.09%、2.38%、2.67%和3.42%。经相关性分析,5种土地利用方式DOC、MBC含量与TOC之间的差异性达到了显著或极显著水平。     

A Comparative Study of the Use of Organic Carbon and Loss on Ignition in Defining Tropical Organic Soil Materials

Organic soils or Histosols or peats as they are commonly referred to, are characterized by the presence of large amounts of organic soil materials (OSM), which is commonly quantified by the Walkley and Black (1934) (WB) method to determine the soil organic matter (SOM) using a correction factor of 1.724. SOM of Histosols is also identified through a combustion (loss on ignition, LOI) or elemental C-analysis (with a carbon-nitrogen-sulfur (CNS) analyzer with combustion and gas density detector). These methods were established using temperate and boreal peat deposits and here we demonstrate that tropical peat deposits require a modified approach. Typical SE-Asian tropical lowland peat pedons from rain forest and oil palm settings were sampled and the material analysed using a CNS analyzer, WB-C and LOI. The ratios for LOI:CNS-C for the 20 samples yielded values between 2.00–3.09 with a mean of 2.50 while the LOI:WB-C ratio yielded values from 1.75 to 2.58 with a mean of 1.94. A comparison of these values for topsoils and subsoils showed mean ratios (LOI:WB-C) of 1.94 and 1.89 for topsoils and subsoils, respectively. The forest samples had higher LOI:WB-C ratios than the subsoils from oil palm settings (1.94 vs 1.84). These values suggest that the standard factor of 1.724 to correct OSM to SOM for tropical soils is untenable. The values to convert CNS and WB-C values of tropical topsoils/subsoils to SOM or LOI should be 2.5 or 1.9, respectively. Our results indicate a significant difference in the soil organic carbon (SOC) of tropical lowland peats depending on the method used.     

冻融次数和含水量对棕壤总有机碳和可溶性有机碳的影响

以东北地区棕壤为供试土样,采用人工控温,室内培养的方法,使土样经受不同冻融处理,研究了冻融次数和含水量对棕壤有机碳的影响。研究结果表明,冻融次数和含水量对棕壤总有机碳的影响不显著,冻融次数对可溶性有机碳的影响达到显著水平,随着冻融次数的增加土壤可溶性有机碳含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,在试验设计范围内表现为冻融降低了棕壤可溶性有机碳的含量,可溶性有机碳占总有机碳的比例随冻融作用的变化趋势与可溶性有机碳基本一致。土壤可溶性有机碳对冻融处理的反映较为敏感,可以作为反映不同冻融处理对土壤有机质影响的一个较好的指标。     

不同复垦年限煤矸山重构土壤有机碳及其组分差异

土壤有机碳含量是土壤肥力状况的重要标志之一,其活性组分对田间管理措施反映敏感。因此,分析煤矸山复垦重构土壤有机碳含量及其组分差异对于揭示土壤碳库变化、指导复垦地田间管理措施的实施有重要意义。本研究以山西省霍州曹村煤矸山复垦后5a(R-5a)、7a(R-7a)和9a(R-9a)的果园为对象,通过与当地原地貌果园(CK)对比,分析了3种复垦样地土壤总有机碳(TOC)及其组分可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)的差异,以及与土壤环境因子间的关系。结果表明:①随复垦年限的增加,3种复垦样地土壤TOC、LFOC和HFOC含量均呈先增后减趋势,DOC含量呈增加趋势,MBC含量呈先减后增趋势;但与CK相比,3种复垦样地土壤TOC、DOC、MBC、LFOC和HFOC含量均明显偏低。②DOC/TOC和MBC/TOC在R-7a样地中最低,LFOC/TOC随复垦年限的增加呈增加趋势,HFOC/TOC呈减少趋势,表明土壤中更多的有机碳从稳定态转变为活性态。③土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、碳氮比、黏粒含量、pH和含水量均不同程度影响有机碳含量,其中全氮、全磷、黏粒含量和土壤pH为关键因子。     

果园土壤有机碳及呼吸速率对豆科和禾本科草类的差异反应

在行间长期(连续6年)种植豆科植物毛苕子和禾本科植物黑麦草的苹果园,调查土壤不同深度的有机碳组分和表层土壤呼吸速率日变化。结果表明:间作2种植物后,行间土壤0—20,20—40cm土层总有机碳(TOC)、轻质有机碳(LFOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量均显著提高;在40—60cm土层,仅DOC含量明显提高;0—20cm土层的TOC和全部有机碳组分及20—40cm土层的TOC、DOC、POC和ROC的含量在种植毛苕子后均明显高于种植黑麦草。TOC与LFOC、TOC与POC、DOC与LFOC、DOC与MBC、DOC与ROC、MBC与ROC、ROC与POC、LFOC与ROC之间均呈显著正相关,土壤呼吸速率与LFOC、DOC、MBC和ROC之间也呈显著正相关。种植2种草类均显著提高土壤呼吸速率,并使呼吸速率日变化峰型更突出,其中毛苕子的作用效果比黑麦草更显著。     

红壤侵蚀退化地土壤对不同来源可溶性有机碳的吸附特征

选取南方典型红壤侵蚀退化地恢复后的马尾松林为研究对象,通过在室内模拟芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的鲜叶与凋落叶的浸提液在侵蚀退化地原状土柱的淋溶过程,分析了植被恢复过程中马尾松林土壤对不同来源可溶性有机碳(DOC)吸附特征及影响因素。结果表明:(1)红壤侵蚀退化地对不同来源DOC的吸附作用具有明显差异,来自马尾松鲜叶的DOC平均截留量最大为2.39mg/kg,来自芒萁鲜叶的DOC平均截留量最小为1.67mg/kg,说明马尾松鲜叶的DOC更易被表层土壤吸附,芒萁鲜叶的DOC更易进入深层土壤,不同来源DOC组成和性质的差异是其主要原因。(2)随着退化地的植被恢复,土壤渗滤液的DOC浓度增加,土壤截留DOC能力下降。土壤DOC截留量与粉粒和土壤pH呈正相关,与土壤DOC含量、土壤有机碳含量和砂粒呈负相关,其中土壤有机碳含量可以解释DOC截留量变化的51.4%,是影响土壤DOC截留能力的关键因素。(3)光谱特征表明芳香类化合物、腐殖类物质易被土壤吸附,吸附能力更强的物质可以解吸土壤中亲水性腐殖类物质。淋溶后DOC光谱特征的变化由不同来源DOC的化学组成和土壤有机碳的性质共同决定。红壤侵蚀退化地对不同植物来源的DOC吸附作用特征主要受DOC和土壤SOC性质的共同调控,对进一步认识退化红壤的固碳机制具有重要参考价值。