牛角瓜花粉萌发及花粉管生长研究

运用方差分析、多重比较、正交实验和极差分析方法,对牛角瓜花粉的萌发和花粉管生长进行研究,结果表明,培养基内硼酸、硝酸钙、蔗糖、硫酸镁在一定浓度范围内,对花粉萌发及花粉管生长起促进作用,但浓度过高或过低时,则有抑制作用;钾对花粉萌发及花粉管生长影响不显著;蔗糖和硝酸钙对牛角瓜花粉萌发有显著影响,蔗糖和硫酸镁对牛角瓜花粉管生长有显著影响;牛角瓜最适花粉液体培养基为：15% 蔗糖＋350 mg/L Ca(NO3)2?4H2O＋60 mg/L H3BO3＋150 mg/L MgSO4?7H2O;在30～35℃温度条件下,牛角瓜花粉块萌发和花粉管生长最好。     

甘蔗花粉离体萌发研究

为筛选适宜栽培种甘蔗花粉离体萌发的培养基配方,建立有效的离体萌发体系,以糖用甘蔗主栽品种ROC22花粉为材料,通过单因素试验探索满足甘蔗花粉离体萌发的基本条件,然后利用L₁₆(4 ⁵)正交试验,寻求甘蔗花粉离体萌发的最适宜培养基配方,在此基础上进一步探讨不同温度对甘蔗花粉萌发的影响。在单因素试验中,培养基以刚好凝固时为最佳。蔗糖、硼酸和硝酸钙在一定范围内对甘蔗花粉萌发起促进作用,超过一定浓度则起抑制作用。硫酸镁作用不稳定,硝酸钾影响较小。正交试验中,蔗糖对甘蔗花粉离体萌发率和花粉管生长速率影响最大,呈显著水平,硼酸次之,硫酸镁影响最小。花粉萌发的适宜温度为30 ℃,萌发率和花粉管长度分别为89.83%和143.03 μm。200 g/L蔗糖+400 mg/L硼酸+100 mg/L硝酸钙+400 mg/L硫酸镁+1 g/L琼脂,在30 ℃下培养花粉萌发率最高,花粉管生长状态良好,这种方法可快速有效鉴定不同甘蔗花粉活力差异。     

小麦化粉的离体萌发研究

为筛选适合小麦花粉离体萌发的培养基配方,建立有效的离体萌发方法体系,以小麦品种西农1376为材料研究了不同浓度组合的蔗糖和聚乙二醇4000(PEG4000)在小麦花粉离体萌发中的作用,在此基础上又研究了硼酸(H3BO3)、钙离子(Ca2 )以及生理活性类物质维生素B1(VB1)对小麦花粉离体萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)一定浓度的蔗糖、PEG4000、H3BO3、Ca2 对小麦花粉的萌发有明显的促进作用,而VB1对花粉萌发的效果不明显;(2)18%蔗糖 9%PEG4000 2 g/L Ca(NO3)2.4H2O 60 mg/L H3BO3的培养基成分比较适合小麦花粉的离体萌发;(3)在28℃的条件下培养50 min最适合小麦花粉的萌发及观察与统计;(4)在上述培养基和培养条件下直接采用本研究设计的离心管封闭培养方法可使西农1376的花粉萌发率达到70%以上。     

小麦花粉的离体萌发研究

为筛选适合小麦花粉离体萌发的培养基配方,建立有效的离体萌发方法体系,以小麦品种西农1376为材料研究了不同浓度组合的蔗糖和聚乙二醇4000(PEG4000)在小麦花粉离体萌发中的作用,在此基础上又研究了硼酸(H3BO3)、钙离子(Ca2 )以及生理活性类物质维生素B1(VB1)对小麦花粉离体萌发的影响.结果表明:(1)一定浓度的蔗糖、PEG4000、H3BO3、Ca2 对小麦花粉的萌发有明显的促进作用,而VB1对花粉萌发的效果不明显;(2)18%蔗糖 9% PEG4000 2 g/L Ca(NO3)2·4H2O 60 mg/L H3BO3的培养基成分比较适合小麦花粉的离体萌发;(3)在28℃的条件下培养50 min最适合小麦花粉的萌发及观察与统计;(4)在上述培养基和培养条件下直接采用本研究设计的离心管封闭培养方法可使西农1376的花粉萌发率达到70%以上.     

大麻花粉萌发的影响因子及花粉储存的初步研究

利用不同蔗糖浓度、硼酸浓度、Ca2 浓度、温度对6个不同熟性的大庥品种的花粉进行萌发研究,结果表明:大麻花粉培养以15%蔗糖 80 mg/L硼酸的液体培养基时花粉的萌发率最高.花粉管的生长速度则以硼酸浓度为20mg/L时最快,加入Ca2 则抑制花粉萌发,培养温度25℃最好.花粉储存中,常温下,未干燥的大麻花粉生活力只能保持3d(天);干燥、密封后在1-4℃条件下花粉活力最多可保持30d;干燥、密封后在-20℃条件下,储存120d后的花粉还有较高的萌发率(34%).     

大麻花粉萌发的影响因子及花粉储存的初步研究

利用不同蔗糖浓度、硼酸浓度、Ca2 浓度、温度对6个不同熟性的大麻品种的花粉进行萌发研究,结果表明:大麻花粉培养以15%蔗糖 80mg/L硼酸的液体培养基时花粉的萌发率最高,花粉管的生长速度则以硼酸浓度为20mg/L时最快,加入Ca2 则抑制花粉萌发,培养温度25℃最好。花粉储存中,常温下,未干燥的大麻花粉生活力只能保持3d(天);干燥、密封后在1—4℃条件下花粉活力最多可保持30d;干燥、密封后在-20℃条件下,储存120d后的花粉还有较高的萌发率(34%)。     

海南龙血树的组织培养与快速繁殖

以海南龙血树的顶芽和侧芽作为外植体,把其接种于MS＋BA1mg/L＋NAA0．1mgg/L＋PVP100 mg/L＋蔗糖30g／L培养基上培养40-50d可诱导其腋芽萌发,再把萌发后所形成的新芽切割下来接种于MS＋BA 2mg／L＋KT 0．5mg／L＋蔗糖30g／L的培养基上培养25-30d可诱导形成丛生芽,丛生芽在继代培养过程中每25-30d可增殖3～5倍。把丛生芽分割成单株并接种于MS＋BA3mg厂L＋GA,1mg／L＋蔗糖30g／L培养基上培养4周后使其壮苗后再接种于MS＋NAA0．5～1．0mg／L＋蔗糖30g／L培养基上培养4周可诱导小芽形成完整的根系,小植株移栽成活率可达98％。该体系的建立为海南龙血树的工厂化育苗奠定了坚实的基础。     

多肉植物红司（Echeveria nodulosa）花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长特性研究

以10%蔗糖+0.5%琼脂为基础培养基,采用花粉离体萌发法研究硼酸浓度、培养温度和培养时间对多肉植物红司（Echeveria nodulosa）花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果表明：硼酸浓度、培养温度、培养时间三因素以及相互间的交互效应对花粉萌发率的影响差异极显著;硼酸浓度、培养温度以及二者间的交互效应对花粉管伸长的影响显著,而培养时间对花粉管伸长的影响不显著。12~28 ℃有利于提高花粉管萌发率,20~36 ℃有利于花粉管的伸长。三因素交互效应显示：60 mg/L硼酸+12 ℃+16 h为红司花粉萌发最佳条件,萌发率为52.43%。30 mg/L硼酸+36 ℃+16 h为花粉管生长适宜条件,花粉管平均长度达527.74 μm。     

响应面法优化金银忍冬花粉离体萌发培养基组分

目的以优化金银忍冬花粉离体萌发的培养基组分。方法以盛花期新鲜花粉为材料,采用花粉离体萌发方法,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化培养基组分。结果金银忍冬花粉离体萌发的最佳培养基组分为蔗糖质量浓度为400g/L、硼酸质量浓度为127.23mg/L、2,4-D质量浓度为75.00mg/L,在此培养基组分条件下,金银忍冬花粉萌发率的预测值为90.24%,验证萌发率为89.65%。结论利用响应面分析法可得到理论最佳培养基组分,验证结果表明该方法科学、高效。     

海南野生疣柄魔芋组培快繁技术

为开发利用海南本地魔芋种质资源,以海南本地野生疣柄魔芋球茎顶芽为外植体,研究其组培快繁技术。结果表明：外植体消毒以在0.1% HgCl2溶液中浸泡20 min为宜;采用MS＋6-BA 3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.1 mg/L＋蔗糖30 g/L＋琼脂7 g/L培养基,较有利于从顶芽基部直接诱导出丛芽,且增殖系数较高,达4.37;而丛芽分切成单芽后,在MS＋NAA 0.5 mg/L＋蔗糖30 g/L＋琼脂7 g/L＋活性炭1 g/L培养基上的生根率可达100%。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.