植被毯边坡防护特点及其研究应用

边坡生态防护不仅能稳定边坡,保持水土,而且节约成本。概述了植被毯边坡生态防护的概念、原理、特点和植被毯的种类,并论述了植被毯在国内外的研究应用,最后建议将植被毯应用到地震造成的山体崩塌、滑坡和泥石流地区,以改善震区脆弱的生态环境。     

北疆盐碱地采用生物措施后的土壤盐分变化

本文是地下水位3~5m、壤土质地条件下盐碱地长期生物改良田间试验的结果,结果表明:种植耐盐冬小麦套播草木樨是最好的脱盐方式,经过1年, 1m土层平均盐分由1 989%降到0 282%,脱盐率达85 82%;种植耐盐牧草套播草木樨、苜蓿是比较好的脱盐方式:经过3年, 1m土层平均盐分由1 34%降到0 524%,脱盐率60 90%;密植枸杞4年后, 1m土层平均盐分由2 363%降到0 800%,脱盐率为66 14%,适应于盐分特别高的土壤改良;施有机肥种植作物(植物)灌溉,是完善的改良盐碱地方法,一方面,在灌溉水作用下盐分被淋溶,另一方面在有机肥作用下,降低了0 ~40cm土层残余HCO-比例。15年盐碱地改良与利用证明:脱盐后的土地利用时,需考虑深根与浅根、多根与少根作物的适配轮作,以免导致土壤上层盐分回升;未施有机肥的高度脱盐,可能引起土壤上层碱化,即残余HCO-比例很大。     

农田水利工程治理天津市土壤盐渍化的效果

为研究农田水利工程治理盐渍化的效果,以天津市为例,结合ArcGIS9.3与试验分析方法,分析说明农田水利建设对土壤盐渍化改良的作用。结果表明,1982-2008年,盐渍土面积由49.40×104hm2,降低到32.42×104hm2,18.76%的盐渍土完全脱盐化,其他土壤盐化程度也大大降低;2006-2010年,来自于盐渍土的新增耕地面积减少了2.54×104hm2,但有1.11×104hm2的沟渠转换成耕地;0~60 cm内的滨海盐渍土剖面中,排水体系完善的耕地,69.81%以上在轻度盐化以下,而排水体系较差的荒地,40%以上为盐土,仅14.85%在轻度盐化以下。1982-2005年,易形成盐渍化的土壤面积由65.55×104hm2,减少到49.60×104hm2,减少区域与盐渍化降低区的分布区域一致。因此,农田水利建设是通过改良盐渍土的形成环境,从而达到治理盐渍化的效果。对于沟渠分布过密的脱盐化地区,可将部分废弃沟渠纳入宜耕后备资源中,通过土地整治促进农田集中连片,进而推进高标准农田建设。     

植被毯措施对黑土农田浅沟侵蚀的防护效果研究

为了探究植被毯在植被恢复早期的浅沟侵蚀防护效果,并为黑土农田浅沟治理提供科学依据。以黑土耕作层土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟汇流冲刷试验,定量分析了植被毯在不同汇流强度下对农田浅沟侵蚀产流产沙的影响。实验结果显示:在小于30 L/min汇流强度时,植被毯措施可减少16.23%的径流和80%以上的产沙。当汇流强度增大到40 L/min时,植被毯措施减沙效益由82.19%下降到26.63%,而减流效益由15.74%减少到1.63%,基本无减流效果。继续增加汇流强度达到50 L/min时,植被毯措施的减沙效果进一步下降,并最终失去防护作用。研究表明植被毯措施在一定汇流强度下能够有较好的减流减沙作用,且其减沙作用明显高于减流作用。因此,一定条件下,可以有效防治浅沟的进一步侵蚀,且对于改善草被前期生长及生态环境有一定帮助。     

不同有机肥对盐渍化耕地土壤盐分、养分及棉花产量的影响

为了分析比较不同有机肥对盐渍化土壤盐分及养分改良效果,通过田间试验研究了不同有机肥对盐渍化耕地土壤盐分含量、土壤肥力指标及棉花产量的影响。结果表明:各有机肥处理对土壤盐分的影响在吐絮期效果最好,其中30—90 cm土层中油渣处理表现最为明显,较对照低了69.55%。等量供肥条件下,不同有机肥与化肥对棉花产量的贡献无明显差异。施用不同有机肥对土壤各肥力指标有不同程度的提升,施用油渣能促进盐渍化棉田土壤有机质的积累,尤其在耕层（0—30 cm）较对照处理高出了18.78%～36.85%;同时,油渣对土壤碱解氮提升也有促进作用,苗期时较对照增幅最大,达到32.70%～35.90%;各有机肥处理土壤速效磷含量较对照有不同程度的增加,其中在0—30 cm土层中羊粪和油渣在不同生育期较对照增幅分别为27.20%～47.14%,4.80%～38.57%;羊粪对于土壤速效钾的释放在苗期有良好的效果,较对照提高了5.20%～70.94%。     

熊毅与黄淮海平原土壤次生盐渍化治理

根据已有的文献资料,将熊毅在黄淮海治理土壤盐渍化的研究分成三个时期,第一是在黄淮海平原出现大规模土壤次生盐渍化之前,熊毅通过华北平原(土壤)调查,已经明确指出灌溉与排水要同时考虑,在低平地区,地下水矿化度高,没有排水设施不能漫灌;第二是引黄灌溉后,黄淮海平原出现大面积的土壤次生盐渍化时,熊毅建议停止引黄灌溉,控制了土壤盐渍化的扩大,同时应用"井灌井排"和"沟排"技术,降低地下水位,防止了土壤次生盐渍化;第三是用生态学观点系统研究黄淮海平原的农业发展。     

滨海重度盐碱地改良土壤盐渍化动态特征及预测

试验设置了对照处理（CK）、有机肥（OM）、聚丙烯酰胺+有机肥（PAM+OM）、秸秆覆盖+有机肥（SM+OM）、秸秆深埋+有机肥（BS+OM）和生物菌肥+有机肥（BM+OM）6个处理方式来探讨滨海盐碱地不同改良方式对土壤含盐量、pH、钠吸附比（SAR）和碱化度（ESP）的影响,进而识别影响土壤盐渍化程度的主要因子,并构建多元线性回归模型（Multi-linear Regression, MLR）、BP神经网络模型（BP Artificial Neural Network, BP-ANN）和随机森林模型（Random Forest, RF）对滨海重度盐碱地改良背景下的土壤盐渍化参数进行模拟预测。研究结果表明：各改良措施均能有效的降低表层土壤盐渍化水平,其中SM+OM处理对于土壤含盐量的抑制效果最好,而BM+OM处理则对于土壤碱分的抑制效果最好。改良过程中气象条件和土壤性质均对表层土壤盐渍化水平产生了显著影响。在模型预测中,随机森林模型对土壤含盐量、pH、SAR和ESP的综合预测精度明显优于BP神经网络模型和多元线性回归模型,体现在随机森林模型具有较高决定系数（Coefficient of determination, R2）和纳什系数（Nash-sutcliffe efficiency, NSE）和较低的均方根误差（Root mean square error, RMSE）。     

中国禹城土壤盐渍化的时空变异及其预测

This research used both geostatistics and GIS approach to compare temporal change of soil salt between 1980 and 2003, to analyze the spatial distribution of surface soil salt, to developed methods for predicting soil salinization potential based on recent improvements to the Dempster-Shafer theory, and to develop probability maps of potential salinization in Yucheng City, China. A semivariogram model of soil salt content was developed from the spherical model, and then employing kriging interpolation the spatial distribution of salt content in 2003 was obtained utilizing data from 100 soil sampling points. Potential salinization distribution was mapped using an approach that integrated soil data of the second general survey in 1980 in Yucheng City, which included groundwater salinity, groundwater depth, soil texture, soil organic matter content, and geomorphic maps. With the support of Dempster-Shafer theory and fuzzy set technique the factors that affected potential soil salinization were characterized and integrated;and then soil salinization was predicted. Finally a prognosis map of potential salinization distribution in the research area was obtained, with higher probability values indicating higher hazards to salinity processes. The distribution of the potential soil salinization probability was a successive surface.     

植被毯覆盖对旱区露天煤矿土壤生态化学计量及酶活性的影响

为阐明不同材质植被毯覆盖对干旱地区露天煤矿土壤养分及酶活性的影响,以宁夏贺兰山自然保护区大峰矿为研究对象,分析秸秆、椰丝及秸秆-椰丝3种不同材质植被毯覆盖后矿区土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶及生态化学计量比特征。结果表明：1）植被毯覆盖增加土壤表层有机碳和总氮含量且最大值为椰丝植被毯覆盖土壤,总磷含量无明显变化,10～20 cm土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷含量无明显变化;2）植被毯覆盖增加C/P、N/P且最大值同样为椰丝植被毯覆盖土壤,C/N无明显变化;3）植被毯覆盖土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于裸地,且0～10 cm大于10～20 cm,蛋白酶活性无显著变化,过氧化氢酶活性仅有椰丝植被毯的0～10 cm显著高于10～20 cm;4）土壤酶活性与环境因子的相关性和冗余分析结果显示：土壤TP、C/N是制约酶活性的主要影响因子,而N/P、TN是驱动酶活性的主要因子。三种植被毯覆盖后,土壤表层养分含量增加,同时增加了土壤表层的C/P和N/P,且促进表层土壤酶活性。此外,4种酶活性之间也存在显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。相对于秸秆、秸秆-椰丝植被毯,椰丝植被毯...     

春灌结合秸秆隔层促进土壤脱盐增加微生物多样性

为探讨春灌结合秸秆隔层对土壤水盐分布及微生物区系的影响,该文采用田间微区试验方法,以当地常规春灌水平(2 250 m3/hm2)为对照(CK),设置秸秆隔层深埋条件下常规春灌灌水量的100％、90％、80％、70％ (W100、W90、W80、W70)4个梯度共5个处理,研究河套灌区不同春灌灌水量下秸秆隔层对中度盐碱地水盐分布、微生物区系及食葵产量的影响.结果表明:秸秆隔层处理20～40 cm土层含水率随春灌量的增加而增加,W100处理春灌后根系分布层(0～40 cm)含水率较CK、W90、W80、W70显著提高6.5％、3.6％、5.8％、8.9％ (P＜0.05);W100和W90处理春灌后均具有较好的脱盐效果,盐分淋洗深度达50～60 cm,其0～40 cm盐分较CK显著降低18.9％和 13.9％ (P＜0.05),春灌前后土壤脱盐率也分别较CK提高34.9％、30.1％ (P＜0.05),但W100与W90处理间春灌后土壤盐分、脱盐率均无显著差异,W80处理与CK之间也没有达到显著差异水平(P＜0.05).收获后,CK处理0～40 cm含水率显著高于其他4个处理,W100和W90处理0～40 cm含盐量显著低于CK 27.6％和16.3％ (P＜0.05),但2个处理间含盐量无显著差异,W80处理与CK差异也不显著,而W70盐分含量显著最高.与CK、W80和W70相比,W100和W90处理均显著增加了收获期土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌可培养微生物数量,并增加了可培养优势菌群种类,而W90处理相比W100处理更有利于土壤真菌生长.W100处理食葵产量显著高于其他4个处理(P＜0.05),分别较CK、W90、W80和W70增产5.3％、6.8％、11.4％和13.6％,W90与CK两处理间产量无显著差异,但其水分生产率显著高于CK,而W100与CK处理间水分生产率差异不显著.综上来看,单纯从高产角度,当前春灌量水平结合秸秆隔层(W100)处理食葵增产效果最显著值得推荐,而从土壤脱盐、作物稳产及水分生产率提高等综合效应考虑,在当前春灌基础上减少10％灌水量结合秸秆隔层(W90)是可推荐的措施.     

适宜肥料与改良剂改善盐碱土壤理化特性并提高作物产量

为了构建黄淮海平原盐碱障碍耕地适宜的培肥改土增产技术体系提供理论依据,在黄淮海平原典型轻中度盐碱障碍耕地进行了2 a的施肥试验,探究肥料结合改良剂施用对盐碱障碍耕地的土壤改良与作物增产效应。研究表明:仅依靠提高化肥施用量能够在一定时期内提高作物产量,但是会造成土壤盐分升高,土壤物理性质恶化,不利于盐碱土改良与可持续利用。在适度增施化肥的基础上,结合施用改良剂或有机肥可以明显降低土壤盐分含量,有利于盐碱耕地养分积累,显著提高作物产量:试验进行2 a后小麦产量分别较当地常规施肥提高21.41%和27.72%,分别达到6.35×103和6.68×103 kg/hm2;玉米产量分别较当地常规施肥提高10.44%和12.85%,分别达到7.68×103和7.85×103 kg/hm2。黄淮海平原盐碱障碍农作区应当重视有机肥与改良剂的施用,在降低土壤盐分含量、培肥地力的基础上提高作物产量,实现区域土壤资源可持续利用。该文可为黄淮海平原盐碱障碍耕地的可持续利用提供技术参考。     

可装配式土壤温度传感器设计与试验

土壤温度是土壤墒情监测的重要参数之一,它影响着土壤中一系列的物理、化学和生物化学过程,并与作物生长、发育及生理过程关系密切。目前土壤温度测量技术与设备主要源于工业领域,应用比较成熟,但在农田土壤墒情、气象环境、水文、地理等领域具体应用过程中,存在结构针对性不足、敏感元件及探头选择盲目、测量方式不科学等问题。该文针对以上问题,在分析农田土壤温度测量特殊需求、常用传感器结构与特征、敏感元件选型的基础上,对土壤温度传感器进行优化设计,将感知区域缩短为2cm,提出探头导管分离可装配式结构,采用不同长度玻璃钢塑料管组合装配方式,能够灵活满足地温单点、多点、多层测量,并通过试验分析比较了该传感器与传统传感器在结构、封装材料、测量精度、测量插入方式的差异。结果表明,该传感器精度不超过±0.2℃,20℃跨度响应时间小于100s,水平、垂直测量差异稳定缩小到±0.2℃以下。该传感器减少了结构、封装、测量方式等因素的影响,提高了土壤温度测量科学性、准确性。     

干旱区盐碱化土地整理工程实证研究--以陕西省蒲城县卤泊滩土地整理项目为例

盐碱化不仅降低了耕地的生产力,而且严重制约着耕地持续利用,直接影响着农业的可持续发展.结合土地整理,治理和改良盐碱地,提高盐碱地的土地利用率和产出率,是盐碱地治理的新思路.该文以陕西省蒲城县卤泊滩盐碱地土地开发整理项目为例,从土地整理工程的角度研究盐碱地治理.     

干旱区盐碱化土地整理工程实证研究——以陕西省蒲城县卤泊滩土地整理项目为例

盐碱化不仅降低了耕地的生产力，而且严重制约着耕地持续利用，直接影响着农业的可持续发展。结合土地整理，治理和改良盐碱地，提高盐碱地的土地利用率和产出率，是盐碱地治理的新思路。该文以陕西省蒲城县卤泊滩盐碱地土地开发整理项目为例，从土地整理工程的角度研究盐碱地治理。     

Combined application of a straw layer and flue gas desulphurization gypsum to reduce soil salinity and alkalinity

Burying a straw layer and applying flue gas desulphurization(FGD)gypsum are effective practices to ameliorate soil salinization or alkalization and to increase crop yield;however,little information exists on the effects of such integration in saline-alkali soils.A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum on soil salinity and alkalinity.We placed a straw layer(5 cm thick)at a depth of 30 cm and mixed FGD gypsum into the 0–20 cm soil layer at application rates of 7.5,15.0,22.5,and 30.0 t ha^-1,with no straw layer and FGD gypsum as a control(CK).The soil water content in the 0–30 cm soil layer was significantly higher(>7.8%)in the treated soil profiles after infiltration than in the CK,but decreased after evaporation.The electrical conductivity(EC)of the 10–30 cm soil layer was 230.2%and 104.9%higher in the treated soil profiles than in the CK after infiltration and evaporation,respectively,and increased with increasing rates of FGD gypsum application,with Ca^2+and SO4^2-being the main dissolved salts.Compared to those in the CK,the concentrations of Na^+,Cl^-,and HCO3-decreased in the treated soil profiles at depths above 55 cm,but the other soluble ions increased,after infiltration.A similar trend occurred after evaporation for all soluble ions except for HCO3-.The p H and exchangeable sodium percentage in the treated soil profiles were significantly lower than those in the CK over the entire profile,and decreased with increasing FGD gypsum application rates.Therefore,the incorporation of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum can reduce salinity and alkalinity,but the quantity of FGD gypsum should be controlled in saline-alkali soils.     

不同盐胁迫条件下微生物菌剂对土壤盐分及苜蓿生长的影响

为研究微生物菌剂对盐碱土的改良效果以及筛选较为耐盐的苜蓿品种,通过室外盆栽试验,研究了不同盐胁迫下微生物菌剂对土壤盐分和苜蓿生长状况的影响,并探讨了盐胁迫微生物菌剂苜蓿品种三者之间的交互作用。结果表明:微生物菌剂对020cm土壤脱盐率有显著影响,与不加菌剂处理相比脱盐率提高9.04%;盐胁迫对不同苜蓿品种生物量有显著影响,表现为随盐胁迫的增加生物量下降;不同苜蓿品种之间的耐盐性差异显著,其中劳博品种最为耐盐,保定次之,三得利最差。因此,盐胁迫下微生物菌剂、耐盐苜蓿品种对于降低土壤盐分以及促进苜蓿生长具有良好调控效果。     

Extent and characterisation of salt‐affected soils in Iran and strategies for their amelioration and management

Salinisation of land resources is a major impediment to their optimal utilisation in many arid and semi‐arid regions of the world including Iran. Estimates suggest that about 34 million ha, including 4·1 million ha of the irrigated land, are salt‐affected in Iran as the consequence of naturally occurring phenomena and anthropogenic activities. The annual economic losses due to salinisation in the country are more than US$ 1 billion. With variable levels of success, different approaches—salt leaching and drainage interventions, crop‐based management, chemical amendments and fertilisers and integrated application of these approaches—have been used to enhance the productivity of salt‐affected soils in the Country. From sustainable management perspective, it is revealed from the past research that integrated salinity management and mitigation approaches have the potential to successfully address the complex problems of salt‐induced land degradation in Iran. As the growing need to produce more food and fibre for the expanding Iranian population necessitates the increased use of salt‐affected land resources in the foreseeable future, there is an urgent need to develop and implement a pertinent National Strategic Plan. In addition to establishing networks for monitoring spatial and temporal changes in soil salinity and water quality, this plan should integrate the management of salt‐affected environments into the overall management of land and water resources in the country. It should also address different management aspects of salt‐affected land resources in a holistic manner by considering the biophysical and environmental conditions of the target areas as well as livelihoods of the affected communities. The involvement of the communities will facilitate in developing a greater understanding about the potential uses and markets of the agricultural products produced from salt‐affected areas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三深度土壤水分传感器的研制及试验

针对当前植物根区不同深度下土壤含水量测量存在的传感器安装困难、对原位土壤扰动大以及传感器间一致性差等问题,该文基于阻抗法设计了一种三深度土壤水分传感器。该传感器不仅可以同时测量3个不同深度的土壤含水量,并且在安装时对原位土壤扰动极小。试验标定结果显示,该传感器具有较高的精度,所测的土壤含水量与烘干法所得的实际含水量非常吻合,决定系数R2和均方根误差(RMSE,root mean square error)分别达到0.996和0.013 cm3/cm3;传感器可适用于多种不同质地的土壤,在3种不同质地土壤中的输出灵敏度均大于1V/(cm3/cm3)。传感器的输出与土壤体积含水量呈现良好的线性关系,对黏土、砂土及壤土的决定系数R2分别达到0.983、0.965和0.975;土壤水分入渗试验结果进一步表明,该传感器性能良好,3个不同深度的传感器电极具有较高的一致性,在壤土和砂土样本中3个深度传感器电极的输出,相对误差分别小于2%和5%。     

Reclamation and salt leaching efficiency for tile drained saline‐sodic soil using marginal quality water for irrigating rice and wheat crops

Due to increased population and urbanization, freshwater demand for domestic purposes has increased resulting in a smaller proportion for irrigation of crops. We carried out a 3‐year field experiment in the Indus Plains of Pakistan on salt‐affected soil (EC_e 15·67–23·96 dS m⁻¹, pH_s 8·35–8·93, SAR 70–120, infiltration rate 0·72–0·78 cm h⁻¹, ρ _b 1·70–1·80 Mg m⁻³) having tile drainage in place. The 3‐year cropping sequence consisted of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops in rotation. These crops were irrigated with groundwater having electrical conductivity (EC) 2·7 dS m⁻¹, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 8·0 (mmol L⁻¹)^1/2 and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 1·3 mmol_c L⁻¹. Treatments were: (1) irrigation with brackish water without amendment (control); (2) Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata) green manure each year before rice (SM); (3) applied gypsum at 100 per cent soil gypsum requirement (SGR) and (4) applied gypsum as in treatment 3 plus sesbania green manure each year (GSM). A decrease in soil salinity and sodicity and favourable infiltration rate and bulk density over pre‐experiment levels are recorded. GSM resulted in the largest decrease in soil salinity and sodicity. There was a positive relationship between crop yield and economic benefits and improvement in soil physical and chemical properties. On the basis of six crops, the greatest net benefit was obtained from GSM. Based on this long‐term study, combined use of gypsum at 100 per cent soil gypsum requirement along with sesbania each year is recommended for soil amelioration and crop production. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土柱入渗性能自动检测装置研制与试验

为实现室内竖直土柱入渗性能的自动检测,研制了一种土柱入渗性能自动检测装置。该装置主要由传感器位置调节装置、土样盛放装置、供水装置、检测和控制模块、电源模块和上位机显示存储模块组成,采用压力应变式传感器检测入渗过程的累积入渗量,采用介电常数土壤水分传感器检测土壤含水率的变化,进而推断湿润锋的运移位置。基于这2种传感器,实现土柱入渗过程自动检测。采用水头为10 mm,容重为1.15、1.20和1.25 g/cm~3的红壤土进行室内土柱入渗试验,检验该装置的性能。结果表明:1)9个试验和18个检测位置,土壤水分传感器进出土柱成功率为100%,表明该装置运行可靠;2)与烘干法相比,土壤水分传感器检测得到土壤含水率的最大相对误差为-4.4%,检测结果比较准确;3)与人工观测湿润锋位置相比,土壤水分传感器推算出的湿润锋位置最大相对误差为-12.9%,说明土壤水分传感器检测湿润锋的运移效果比较明显;4)压力应变式传感器检测累积入渗量与人工实测得到的数据对比,最大相对误差为2.27%。该装置可作为土柱入渗自动检测试验平台。