家兔自体皮肤移植技术试验

为探讨自体皮片的嵌植效果, 在试验家兔臀部人为制造两个3cm×4 5cm全层皮肤缺损创。造创后用涂有市售烧伤药膏的无菌纱布覆盖创面, 每隔1d换1次药。5~6d后创面出现肉芽组织, 13d时肉芽组织覆盖整个创面, 并与周围皮肤缘相平, 肉芽平整, 有光泽。造创后14d开始植皮。用手术刀自同体臀部中央取薄层皮片, 取皮面积约等于受皮区面积的1 /10。将取下的皮肤修剪成大约边为4mm的等腰三角形的小皮片用于植皮, 采用嵌植法将皮块移植于创面。左右创面分别为9、14块。结果: 植皮24d后, 原来皮肤凹陷已经长平, 新生表皮覆盖整个创面,色素区扩大盖满了整个创面, 创面呈黄色, 在色素较多的地方有毛生长。试验结果证明了自体薄层小皮片嵌植法简单易行, 皮片成活率高, 可大大缩短皮肤缺损创的愈合时间。     

牛大面积皮肤移植试验

兽医临床上,家畜皮肤的大面积磨损创、真菌等引起的皮肤损伤，蜂窝织炎引发的大面积皮肤坏死，重度的皮肤烧伤等十分常见。本实验选用健康黄牛1头，双侧臂部皮肤人工造创，颈部取皮进行自体薄层皮片嵌植。结果表明，在植皮后的20-30d植皮创面即可愈合，皮片成活率达到97.6%，但受皮区皮肤被毛生长较少，皮片厚度有待进一步研究。     

牛自体皮肤移植试验研究

为探讨自体皮片的嵌植效果 ,在实验牛臀部人为制造 1 1 .2 cm× 1 5cm、1 1 cm× 1 5cm两个全层皮肤缺损创 ,造创后用涂有蒽诺沙星药膏的无菌纱布覆盖创面 ,每隔 1天换 1次药。5～ 6d后创面出现肉芽组织 ,1 2 d时肉芽组织覆盖整个创面 ,并与周围皮肤缘相平 ,肉芽平整 ,有光泽。造创后 1 3 d开始植皮。用自制的取皮工具自颈部取皮 ,取皮面积约等于受皮区面积的1 / 1 0。将取下的皮肤修剪成大约有 5mm2的小皮块用于植皮 ,采用嵌植法将皮块移植于创面。左右创面分别为 90、78块。结果 :植皮 2 4d后 ,原来皮肤凹陷已经长平 ,新生表皮覆盖整个创面 ,色素区扩大盖满了整个创面 ,创面呈黄色 ,在色素较多的地方有毛生长。结论 :自体小皮块嵌植法简单易行 ,皮块成活率高 ,可大大缩短皮肤大面积缺损创的愈合时间。     

红柿快速育苗技术试验

1995～1997年在福建省长汀县进行试验。土壤为肥沃疏松的砂质壤土,当年1月份播下广西大粒毛柿种子,培育砧木苗,薄膜覆盖,于2月下旬至3月上旬移栽于大田。砧木茎粗0．4～0．6cm时,离地面5cm处嫁接,统一采用单芽腹接法,接后立即对砧木扭枝打顶,15天左右剪砧,采用二次剪砧法。嫁接时间设5月中下旬和6月上中旬两种。嫁接口以下处理设按传统方法清除叶片和留2～3片绿叶两种。接穗来源分上年贮藏的红柿接穗和当年做枝接穗两种。嫁接后30天调查成活率。结果表明,（1）嫁接口以下留绿叶是提高成活率的关键。不论嫁接时间和接穗来源,留绿叶的成活率76．7％～95．3％（平均为86．7％）,不留的成活率40．7％～62．7％（平均为50．2％）。（2）适宜的更接时间是提高成活率的先决条件。红柿最适夏接时间为5月中下旬,用上年贮藏的接德平均成活率95．3％（嫁接口以下保留绿叶）,用当年撤技接穗成活率达93％。随着时间的推迟成活率下降,6月中下旬嫁接,采用贮藏接穗的成活率平均为82．7％,采用当年接穗成活率平均为76．7％。（3）接穗的成熟度和芽片厚薄也是影响成活率的主要因素。虽然上年贮藏的接穗和当年嫩枝接穗的成活率差异不显著,...     

实验性牛皮肤移植的研究

在牛体上对比薄层皮片、中厚层皮片、厚层皮片３种皮片的嵌植效果。结果表明，牛皮皮片嵌植法简便易行，移植皮片成活率高；其生长速度以薄层皮片最快，中厚层皮片次之，厚层皮片最慢。     

自体皮肤蒂形瓣移植修补犬耳缺损

1　病例概况　 1只成年重庆猎犬右耳廓外耳轮自远端向耳基部对耳屏撕成不规则“S”样两瓣 ,耳背部分皮肤撕烂、缺损、皮片悬垂外翻。伤口长 6～ 7cm,占耳长 80 %。皮肤缺损和退缩裸露组织面有 4 cm宽。有长 4 cm、宽 2 cm不能覆盖伤口。2　手术过程　 84 6麻醉 ,术前作抗菌、钳压血管辗转止血处理。剃除创缘周围被毛 ,用灭菌水冲洗创面 ,清除创内污物和断毛 ,剪除游离组织及裸露面上粘附的异物、修整创缘。用手术刀顺耳背伤口走向 ,靠近缺损缘 2 .5 cm处 ,切下 3.5 cm长、2 cm宽皮片瓣。皮片前端游离 ,后端耳基部仍与原来皮肤相连 ,使之形…     

我国今冬明春兔市行情分析

獭兔皮价跌后看涨 2004年獭兔市场价格创历史新高，一等皮每张卖40～50元，特等皮每张55～60元，引发了今春全国性的獭兔养殖热，獭兔皮张产量增长过快，獭兔皮价格下跌。以杭州、西安市场为例，一级獭兔皮今年年初每张40～50元，6月份降至30～35元，降幅高达20％。獭兔种兔也因此畅销变为滞销。     

后备母猪的饲养管理

母猪生产效率的高低是决定猪场经济效益的基础。而影响母猪生产效率高低的因素主要有母猪的年产窝数、窝产仔数和仔猪的成活率及窝重。调整优化饲养母猪的胎次结构、缩短经产母猪的繁殖周期和养好仔猪,是提高母猪生产效率,实现母猪高产仔、高成活率、高效益的关键措施。一般认为一个猪场1～8产次母猪的理想比例应大约分别为17％、16％、15％、     

小型猪微粒植皮的研究

本实验利用琥珀酸脱氢酶法定量研究了液氮冷冻贮存法对15头小型猪皮肤活力的影响,并从临床和组织学的角度比较了自体微粒皮(自体组)、自体微粒皮—新鲜同种异体皮(新鲜组)和自体微粒皮—冷冻同种异体皮(液氮组)三种植皮方法的效果。 皮肤在液氮中贮存5天后活力为新鲜皮肤的82.46％(P<0.05);贮存180天后活力为新鲜皮肤的44.7％,与贮存21天后的活力(52.03％)无显著差异(P>0.05)。自体组、新鲜组和液氮组创口愈合时间分别为31.08±2.72、37±11.5和25.12±5.66天,与对照组(52±7.02天)差异均极显著(P<0.01);液氮组与自体组差异显著(P<0.05),与新鲜组比较差异极显著(P<0.01);新鲜组与自体组无显著差异(P>0.05)。 液氮组异体皮的排斥反应较新鲜组出现晚且反应较轻;新鲜组血中淋巴细胞和嗜酸性白细胞的增加、组织中淋巴细胞的浸润与排斥反应相平行,液氮组淋巴细胞和嗜酸性白细胞的变化不明显。     

奶牛皮肤烧伤的移植手术

皮肤移植术适用于皮肤的大面积烧伤和创伤,它可以避免疤痕的形成以及由于疤痕组织收缩造成的局部机能障碍.2006年1月我们成功的对一大面积烧伤的奶牛进行皮肤移植,证明自体薄层皮片移植手术治疗大面积烧伤和创伤是切实可行的,现将手术过程介绍如下.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.