龚咀电站水库塌岸模式研究

利用已运行多年的山区型水库地质勘探、预测评价成果,在掌握库岸防护工程的勘察设计、施工及变形坡体的监测等技术资料的基础上,通过对塌岸及变形的分布、类型及形成条件等方面问题的实测调查,分析塌岸效应的形成机制及模式类型,确定各类岩土体的水下及水上稳定坡角等塌岸参数。     

畜禽舍带孔PVC正压风管均匀送风特性的研究

建立了综合考虑带孔ＰＶＣ风管的管道结构特性、入口静压、气流量、空气性能及舍内压力等参数对送风均匀性影响的计算模型，并在模型中首次运用了温度修正方程对管内空气参数进行修正，减少了计算误差。通过对五组不同孔口分布的带孔ＰＶＣ风管的送风均匀性试验，推荐了在孔口气流一致性误差允许范围（±１０％）内带孔ＰＶＣ风管的工程设计参数。     

LRC数字电桥检测茶叶品质的研究

介绍了采用仪器进行客观、快速、正确测定茶叶品质的方法。包括测试仪器选择、传感器设计、品质数学模型的建立和测定方法。试验结果表明，采用ＬＲＣ数字电桥，对以电容为主要依据的多项电特性参数值的测定，能检测茶叶的综合品质，正确判别率达９４％以上。     

农村能源建设对减排SO2和CO2贡献分析方法

农村能源建设从节约能源和开发利用可再生能源以替代常规能源两个方面对减排ＳＯ₂和ＣＯ₂作出贡献。该文以国际通用的减排量计算方法为依据,在具体分析农村能源特点的基础上,提出了农村能源建设对减排ＳＯ₂和ＣＯ₂贡献的定量分析方法、计算公式和参数,并对１９９６年农村能源建设的环境效益进行了计算。此方法可为农村能源政策分析提供有益参考。     

筒仓壁压的有限元分析

该文认为筒仓内的散体是服从Ｍｏｈｒ－Ｃｏｕｌｏｍｂ屈服准则的理想弹塑性介质,散体与仓壁的摩擦属于Ｃｏｕｌｏｍｂ摩擦接触问题。建立了接触单元,从连续介质的角度,用有限元方法模拟了散体对带漏斗的筒仓的静态仓壁压力,以静态解为初始条件,用给定位移的方式,模拟了卸料初期的仓壁动压变化情况。     

酿酒酵母耐铜基因CUP1的克隆及其植物表达载体的构建

酿酒酵母铜金属硫蛋白（ｃｏｐｐｅｒ ｍｅｔａｌｌｏｔｈｉｏｎｅｉｎ,Ｃｕ－ＭＴ）,属于第Ⅱ型金属硫蛋白,Ｃｕ－ＭＴ由酿酒酵母耐铜基因ＣＵＰ１编码,由６１个氨基酸残基组成,其中半胱氨酸残基１３个,占Ｃｕ－ＭＴ总氨基酸数的２１．３％,Ｃｕ－ＭＴ与铜离子有较强的结合力,在酵母细胞中主要参与过量铜的解毒作用。本研究通过ＰＣＲ方法,从酵母基因组ＤＮＡ中扩增出了ＣＵＰ１基因,克隆于ｐＵＣ１９的多克隆拉点。扩增     

三峡库区忠县岸段塌岸预测研究

水库塌岸给库区带来了巨大的经济损失。自1935年前苏联科学家提出水库塌岸宽度的问题以后,塌岸预测方法成了众多学者研究的热门,提出了许多塌岸预测理论及方法。通过权衡各种方法的利弊,结合对三峡库区忠县岸段现场调查所取得的具有针对性的地质参数,选取了用卡丘金法来预测土质岸坡塌岸宽度,用经验法来预测岩质岸坡塌岸宽度,并借助于SQLite数据库引擎,使两种预测理论计算机程序化、可视化。对两种预测方法的主要参数取值进行了研究,应用于三峡库区忠县岸段的塌岸预测,取得了良好的效果。     

针铁矿对重金属离子的竞争吸附研究

本文研究结果表明，Ｚｎ存在对Ｃｕ吸附影响很小，而Ｃｕ则明显干扰了Ｚｎ吸附，在金属浓度较高时，其干扰程度更显著。Ｎｉ和Ｃｏ并存使各自吸附量都有相应减少。表面络合常数用于表征表面对不同金属离子的相对选择性。Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ并存基本没有改变ｐＫＣｕ（ｉｎｔ），但使ｐＫＺｎ（ｉｎｔ）增大了２．１３单位；Ｎｉ和Ｃｏ并存使各自ｐＫＭ（ｉｎｔ）都有增大，在金属浓度较高时，Ｃｏ的ｐＫＭ（ｉｎｔ）增加值相对较大。这些结果     

小浪底库区塌岸对淤积库容的影响分析

塌岸是影响黄土地区水库库容的重要因素。分析库区塌岸及其对淤积库容的影响,可以为水库水土保持综合治理、可持续化管理提供重要支撑。以黄河干流中游末端的小浪底水库为例,在塌岸问题梳理、河段划分基础上,通过实地塌岸痕迹勘察和典型剖面淤积过程对比,初步发现:在275 m库水位时,松散土体岸坡段占库岸总长近20%,可能发生塌岸的地段库面较宽,多为沙土河岸且坡度较陡;塌岸多为局部,对库区地形地貌及淤积库容影响有限,塌方再造岸边与水流挟沙淤积相比对库容影响的比例较小。由于缺乏系统的观测资料,为了准确评价塌岸对淤积库容影响,今后应增加塌岸、滑坡等观测项目,加强库区河岸边坡稳定性监测、预测与模拟。     

蒙特卡罗法在水库塌岸预测中的应用

目前土力学方法预测水库塌岸时还没应用可靠度计算,因为一般预测工作中没有足够的岩土测试结果;但是定值计算的结果毕竟有不确定性,最危险滑动部分是否该作为塌岸处理有时较难决定;基于岩土参数正态分布的特征,针对这一问题作者提出类比参数情况下,蒙特卡罗法中岩土统计参数的获取,计算简单,方便了应用,具有一定的理论和实用价值。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.