杉木光皮桦混交林效益的调查研究

对桂西北杉木光皮桦混交林和杉木纯林的对比研究表明,３５年生杉桦混交林的立木蓄积量为４４１．０８７ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２,比杉木纯林高３．６％。混交林枯枝地层现存量及其Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ五种元素的积累量分别为１３．１８ｔ／ｈｍ＾２和２９９．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,分别比杉木纯林高９．７％和６９．９％。８混交林地（０～１００ｃｍ）土壤容重为０．８１～１．２２ｇ／ｃｍ＾３,比杉木纯林低１．０％～８．０％,而土壤孔隙度,通气度和持水量分别比杉木纯林高２．０％～３．９％。土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、有效磷和速效钾分别比杉木纯高５．５％～４９．８％。     

木麻黄林生态系统营养元素的动态模拟

对福建惠安１５年生木麻黄林生态系统进行定位观测表明，系统营养元素总贮量为３１６．４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２其中９９．５％贮存于土壤层中；系统的养分年吸收量为２３４．６２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，养分净积累３２．７９ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，营养元素的动态模拟显示，随林龄增长，林木层和凋落物层养分贮量增加，土壤层除氮以外的元素贮量下降；施肥能增进养分的积累，改善生态系统养分循环状况。     

内蒙古磴口引黄灌溉对土壤影响的研究

内蒙古磴口河套地区４ａ灌溉试验表明：（１）采用目前生产上的１５０００－２２５００ｍ＾３／（ｈｍ＾２．ａ）灌溉量，使土壤表层的含盐量由灌溉前的０．５ｇ／ｋｇ上升到１．０ｇ／ｋｇ以上。（２）按合理灌水定额公式计算，年灌溉量以７５００ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２为宜；最佳含水率下限１９．９９％；在灌水期地下水位为１．９７－３．０２ｍ，变幅１ｍ左右（３）年灌水次数应控制在８－１２次。     

白石山森林土壤有机质及氮,磷,钾养分状况研究

对太行山脉北端白石山不同类型森林土壤中氮、磷、钾养分全量及有效量进行了室内分析。结果表明：土壤有机质平均含量为１８．３７％￣１０６．３４ｇ／ｋｇ，全氮量为１．１１￣３．４３ｇ／ｋｇ，全钾量为２０．６９￣２５．４６ｇ／ｋｇ；碱解氮含量为３８．５￣２４４．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，速效钾含量为１３３．２￣２１４．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，有机质及氮、钾全量较高，有效供应较好；全磷量多低于０．８ｇ／ｋｇ，速效磷多低于１０ｍｇ／     

不同树种苗期营养元素循环的初探

研究了桧柏、毛白杨、核桃苗期生物量及营养元素循环。结果表明：毛白杨苗期生物量为４．５８０ｋｇ／ｍ２；桧柏苗期生物量为６．２８５ｋｇ／ｍ２；核桃苗期生物量为０．５６７ｋｇ／ｍ２。不同树种苗期营养元素的归还量及利用量以Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ最高；不同树种对营养元素的吸收、利用、归还规律不同。     

不同龄组马尾松林凋落物量及养分归还量研究

对不同龄组马尾松人工林的年凋落物量、林地凋落物现存量及其元素含量和养分归还量进行分析测定，结果表明，从幼龄林至成熟林，马尾松林的年凋落物量为４．３９～１１．４３ｔ／ｈｍ２，林地凋落物现存量为４．９９～１３．４５ｔ／ｈｍ２，凋落物养分的年归还量为８７．７４～３５３．７１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，林地凋落物养分的总贮量为１０１～２４８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２．这说明森林凋落物是一个庞大的养分贮存库，它对于维护林地地力，提高森林生产力具有重要的意义．     

木麻黄苗期施肥和密度的田间试验

在田间按正交设计方案，进行木麻黄苗期氮、磷、钾施肥试验，并安排了木麻黄苗木五种不同密度试验，结果表明：合理配施氮、磷、钾肥能提高苗木生长量，最佳施肥组合为氮３００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、磷９００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、钾１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；适当增大苗木株行距有利于苗高、地径的生长；在一定密度限度（１５００００株／ｈｍ２）下，苗木生物量随密度提高而增加。     

哀牢山木果石栎林降雨过程中的养分循环

本文以云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区中山湿性常绿阔叶林的主要森林类型－木果石栎林为研究对象，分析了大气降雨对该生态系统地养分循环。结果表明，以大气降雨，穿透雨和树木干流为养分输入，以地表迳流和土壤渗漏为养分输出的养分循环过程中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ，Ｃａ等分别增加了１５．９４１ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ，０．３５３ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ，３．８３ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ和１．２０１ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ而Ｍｇ减少了０．６５４ｋｇ／ｈｍ     

桉树与固氮树种混交对地力及生物量的影响

桉树与大叶相思混交，由于大叶相思的根瘤能固氮，同时产生大量的枯枝落叶，从而明显提高了土壤有机质及氮素水平；速效钾含量也随之提高。造林９年后桉树相思１：１行间混交林与桉树纯林相比，林下０～２０ｃｍ土层土壤中，前者比后者提高：有机质４．３４ｇ／ｋｇ、全氮０．１００ｇ／ｋｇ、速效钾６．８８ｍｇ／ｋｇ；２：１混交林则分别提高２．６０，０．０７５ｇ／ｋｇ和６．３２ｍｇ／ｋｇ；但对速效磷的影响不明显。桉树与黑荆混交，对地力的培肥效果不理想。对林木生长的调查结果表明，桉树与相思混交，在培肥地力的同时，也有利于林分生产力的提高。     

哀牢山木果石栎林降雨过程中的养分循环

本文以云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区中山湿性常绿阔叶林的主要森林类型——木果石栎林为研究对象，分析了大气降雨对该生态系统的养分循环。结果表明，以大气降雨、穿透雨和树木干流为养分输入，以地表迳流和土壤渗漏为养分输出的养分循环过程中，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ等分别增加了１５．９４１ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２·ａ，０．３５３ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２·ａ，３．８３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２·ａ和１．２０１ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２·ａ，而Ｍｇ减少了０．６５４ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２·ａ。     

Productivity and nutrient cycling in an agroforestry ecosystem for interplant of pineapple and coconut

lntroductionCoconut(Cocosnucifera)isanimportanteconomicplantinthetropicalareas.Butinthetraditionalcoconutplantation,theroutinespaceintherowsis7.5mX7.5m.Sothefieldareasabout75%werenotefficientlyused.Inrecentyears,Indonesiahasmadegreateffortstodevelopanagroforestrysystemofcoconutinterplantedwithpineapple(Satyabalan1986).Asthepineapplehasacertainamountofshade-resistance,thissystemcannotonlymakefulluseofthesoilresources,butalsogreatlyimprovethebiomassproductivityofthewholesystem.Buttheresearchab…     

混农间作对兴安落叶松人工林土壤生态条件的影响

以落叶松人工纯林及落叶松与大豆混农间作人工林下土壤为研究对象,对不同林分下土壤物理性质和化学性质进行测定及比较分析,结果表明:混农林的土壤容重低于纯林,土壤总孔隙度和含水量大于纯林。另外,落叶松与大豆间作使土壤有机质含量增加,全N、速效N、P、K的含量增加,其中间作林土壤中N素含量增加尤为明显。     

Decomposition and nitrogen release patterns of tree prunings and litter

Many studies have shown that agroforestry tree prunings can supply sufficient nutrients to meet crop demand, with the exception of phosphorus. The potential of these organic inputs to supply nutrients depends on their resource quality. Various indices have been developed to predict decomposition and nitrogen release patterns of tree prunings. To date the (lignin + polyphenol):N ratio seems to be the most robust ratio for predicting mass loss and nitrogen release. However, no critical value can be given because of the different methods used to analyze polyphenols. Suggested areas of future research include development of robust indices for predicting plant litter quality, decomposition patterns of belowground litter (roots), residual effects of tree biomass additions, and effects of adding mixtures of organic materials of contrasting quality. The overall challenge is to develop ways of managing organic matter decomposition to optimize short- and long-term release of nutrients and the maintenance of soil organic matter. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Carbon, nitrogen, organic phosphorus, microbial biomass and N mineralization in soils under cacao agroforestry systems in Bahia, Brazil

Large amounts of plant litter deposited in cacao agroforestry systems play a key role in nutrient cycling. Organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and microbial biomass were investigated in cacao agroforestry systems on Latosols and Cambisols in Bahia, Brazil. The objective of this study was to characterize the microbial C and N, mineralizable N and organic P in two soil orders under three types of cacao agroforestry systems and an adjacent natural forest in Bahia, Brazil and also to evaluate the relationship between P fractions, microbial biomass and mineralized N with other soil attributes. Overall, the average stocks of organic C, total N and total organic P across all systems for 0?C50?cm soil depth were 89,072, 8,838 and 790?kg?ha^?1, respectively. At this soil depth the average stock of labile organic P was 55.5?kg?ha^?1. For 0?C10?cm soil depth, there were large amounts of microbial biomass C (mean of 286?kg?ha^?1), microbial biomass N (mean of 168?kg?ha^?1) and mineralizable N (mean of 79?kg?ha^?1). Organic P (total and labile) was negatively related to organic C, reflecting that the dynamics of organic P in these cacao agroforestry systems are not directly associated with organic C dynamics in soils, in contrast to the dynamics of N. Furthermore, the amounts of soil microbial biomass, mineralizable N, and organic P could be relevant for cacao nutrition, considering the low amount of N and P exported in cacao seeds.     

Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: an overview

Agroforestry systems are believed to provide a number of ecosystem services; however, until recently evidence in the agroforestry literature supporting these perceived benefits has been lacking. This special issue brings together a series of papers from around the globe to address recent findings on the ecosystem services and environmental benefits provided by agroforestry. As prelude to the special issue, this paper examines four major ecosystem services and environmental benefits of agroforestry: (1) carbon sequestration, (2) biodiversity conservation, (3) soil enrichment and (4) air and water quality. Past and present evidence clearly indicates that agroforestry, as part of a multifunctional working landscape, can be a viable land-use option that, in addition to alleviating poverty, offers a number of ecosystem services and environmental benefits. This realization should help promote agroforestry and its role as an integral part of a multifunctional working landscape the world over.     

Nutrient cycling in an agroforestry system with runoff irrigation in Northern Kenya

A nutrient balance was determined for sole and alley cropped Sorghum bicolor and Acacia saligna in a runoff irrigation system in Northern Kenya. Nutrient input including precipitation and runoff, and output through harvest and leaching were measured for N, P, K, Ca and Mg using adsorption resins, tensiometry and suction cups. Various management scenarios are discussed with respect to nutrient return. Nutrient input with rainfall was generally low in comparison to nutrient uptake or leaching losses. The irrigation water, however, constituted an important nutrient input, especially for Ca and Mg. Nutrient export with the harvest was large for N and K, but can effectively be reduced by a nutrient return with mulch. Nutrient leaching losses from the topsoil (0–30 cm) were lower in the sorghum monoculture than in the tree-based systems. In the subsoil (120 cm), however, leaching was effectively reduced by the trees. In the agroforestry system, leaching losses of N under the sorghum were 53% lower than in the sorghum monoculture. This could be attributed to a higher root abundance and a higher ratio of nutrient uptake-to-leaching in the agroforestry system than in the monocultures indicating a higher nutrient efficiency. The lower leaching losses in the agroforestry system compared to the crop monoculture could not compensate for the additional nutrient export in tree biomass. A nutrient return by mulching crop residues and acacia leaves was essential for a positive nutrient balance in the agroforestry system. Combining annual and perennial crops provided a higher internal nutrient cycling than the monocultures. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The role of integrating agroforestry and vegetable planting in structuring communities of herbivorous insects and their natural enemies in the Neotropical region

The integration of agroforestry plots with ephemeral crops such as vegetables on the farm scale can probably serve as a refuge and source of beneficial insects. Therefore, agroforestry systems possibly represent an alternative that favors ecosystem services and help growers in the transition process from conventional to agro-ecological agriculture. This study aimed to understand the role of introducing agroforestry systems in structuring insect communities, with consequences for the abundance of herbivore and natural enemies, contributing to farm management and favoring biological control as an ecosystem service. Field surveys showed that agroforestry systems can harbor more species than horticultural crops, independent of the functional group. They also contain a greater diversity of herbivores and an even greater diversity profile of natural enemy communities. Agroforestry systems served as a source of natural enemies that can colonize horticultural crops when herbivores are present. As a consequence, natural enemies can establish a numerical response to herbivore abundance, but their communities are also affected by stochastic factors related to climatic conditions. Thus, agroforestry systems and agro-ecological practices might favor an agriculture based on the maintenance and conservation of ecosystem services.     

京北山区人工刺槐水源涵养林主要养分元素含量特征分析

北京北部山区刺槐水源涵养林生态系统的总生物量(包括乔木层、灌木层、草本层和枯落物层)为26 301kg/hm2。刺槐林不同器官中各养分元素的含量差异较大,在叶和枝中各养分元素的含量顺序相同,均是Ca>N>K>Mg>P;在干中的含量顺序是N>Ca>Mg>K>P;根系中的养分元素除Ca随着根系直径的增加呈升高的趋势外,其余的养分元素的含量随着根系直径的增加而降低。刺槐林生态系统5种养分元素的贮存量为514.90 kg/hm2,其中,乔木层中的养分贮存量占总贮存量的85.5%。若以各养分元素在生态系统生物层中的贮存量来计,则Ca的贮存量最大,P的最小,不同养分元素贮存量的顺序为Ca>N>K>Mg>P。     

Abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates in annual crops, agroforestry and forest ecosystems in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve of Western Ghats, India

Biologically mediated soil processes rely on soil biota to provide vital ecosystem services in natural and managed ecosystems. However, land use changes continue to impact on assemblages of soil biota and the ecosystem services they provide. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of land use intensification on the distribution and abundance of soil invertebrate communities in the Nilgiri, a human-dominated biosphere reserve of international importance. Soil invertebrates were sampled in 15 land use practices ranging from simple and intensively managed annual crop fields and monoculture tree plantations through less intensively managed agroforestry and pristine forest ecosystems. The lowest taxonomic richness was found in annual crops and coconut monoculture plantations, while the highest was in moist-deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. With 21 ant species, agroforestry systems had the highest diversity of ants followed by forest ecosystems (12 species). Earthworms and millipedes were significantly more abundant in agroforestry systems, plantations and forest ecosystems than in annual crop fields. Ants, termites, beetles, centipedes, crickets and spiders were more abundant in forest ecosystems than in other ecosystems. It is concluded that annual cropping systems have lower diversity and abundance of soil invertebrates than agroforestry and natural forest ecosystems. These results and the literature from other regions highlight the potential role that agroforestry practices can play in biodiversity conservation in an era of ever-increasing land use intensification and habitat loss.     

Partitioning of applied <Superscript>15</Superscript>N fertilizer in a longleaf pine and native woody ornamental intercropping system

The cultivation of ornamentals to produce woody floral products—the fresh or dried stems that are used for decorative purposes—may be an attractive option for southeastern landowners looking to generate income from small landholdings. Since many shrubs native to the understory of the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystem have market potential, one possibility is the intercropping of select species in the between-row spacing of young longleaf pine plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate how interspecific competition affects the fate of ¹⁵N fertilizer when American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana L.), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera (L.) Small) and inkberry (Ilex glabra (L.) A.Gray) are intercropped with longleaf pine. Nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NDF), utilization of fertilizer N (UFN) and recovery of fertilizer N (RFN_soil) were compared between agroforestry and monoculture (treeless) treatments to assess the effects of competition. Results varied by species, with NDF being higher for C. americana foliage and lower for all M. cerifera tissues in the agroforestry treatment. No effect was observed for I. glabra. UFN was lower for all species in the agroforestry treatment. RFN_soil was higher in the agroforestry treatment for I. glabra, but no treatment effects were observed for C. americana or M. cerifera. Overall, while it is clear that interspecific competition was present in the agroforestry treatment, the inefficiency of fertilizer use suggests that nitrogen was not the most limiting resource. Management interventions, particularly those that address competition for water, will likely be critical to the success of this system.