The rise and fall of the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in the “Siro Negri” Forest Reserve (Lombardy, Italy): lessons learned and future uncertainties

? The alluvial forests of the Ticino valley have been greatly reduced in size and are now represented by only a small number of fragmented remnants. To study the natural development of the black locust, an invasive species, on relatively undisturbed lowland forests, two permanent plots were established in 2005 in the “Siro Negri” Forest Reserve.

? The black locust became established almost exclusively between 1940 and 1960. The observed dynamic of the black locust in the Reserve was very similar to what has been observed in its native North American range: following the initial colonization, the black locust firmly established itself in the dominant and intermediate layers but did not regenerate. In addition to the absence of a significant younger population, the decline of the black locust is evident in an elevated mortality rate and higher proportion of black locust biomass in the total coarse woody debris (CWD)

? Our results support the hypothesis that the best strategy to control the spread of black locust is to avoid disturbances that favour black locust colonization, and to wait for natural suppression of the species by other trees. Due to the lack of past reference conditions and the future uncertainties, ongoing monitoring will be needed to fully understand the dynamics of forest ecosystem change in the Reserve.

     

大袋蛾生物防治技术综合应用研究

大袋蛾是林业的一大害虫。在1998-1999年试验的基础上，2000-2002年在刺槐小片林和林网内对综合生物防治技术进行科技攻关和实践应用研究。试验结果表明，Bt制剂的防治效果达到80％以上；寄生蝇的寄生率在片林中达到25％，在林网中达21％；而大山雀的招引率也很高，平均达70％。3种生物防治方法综合使用后，刺槐片林大袋蛾老熟幼虫平均虫口密度由防治前的47.4头／株下降到防治后的0．39头／株，林网内由46．9头／株下降到0．78头／株，而相似的对照区大袋蛾平均虫口密度刺槐片林为34．8头／株，林网37．6头／株。     

匈牙利刺槐((Robinia pseudoacacia L.)林的经营研究(英文)

匈牙利刺槐((RobiniapseudoacaciaL.)是在17世纪初从北美引入到欧洲的第一个森林树种。在匈牙利,刺槐是非常重要的速生树种,为经济和生态目的,可以成功营造刺槐人工林。结合该树种的生长特点选择营林措施,可以最大限度的提高刺槐人工林的成活率和生产力。本文根据林分结构和森林产量长期实验林的研究成果,提出了刺槐林的抚育作业次序。制定好的营林计划和模式将会培育出效益刺槐林,并能使土地经营者更好地接受该树种。同时,刺槐也是一个非常有用的能源生产树种,本文展示了对这方面的研究成果。图2表1参8。     

松阔异龄混交的林分生长与土壤水分物理性质比较研究

2002年在马尾松残次林下套种红锥、米老排、火力楠、南酸枣、枫香、山杜英、荷木等7个乡土阔叶树种,5年后对其林分生长和土壤水分物理性质进行了研究。结果表明：改造5年后林分已近郁闭,形成复层针阔混交林,以套种南酸枣和枫香的生长表现最佳;混交林的土壤渗透系数、含水量均随着土层深度的增加而下降,水分入渗和涵养水源效能显著增强,土壤渗透系数和含水量比马尾松纯林分别增加31．8％～45．1％和40．2％～55．1％;土壤水分物理性质得到了明显改善,其土壤容重降低6．1％～8．9％,总孔隙度提高5．3％-7．8％,饱和持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量分别提高16．6％～20．8％、9．5％-11．5％和12．7％～15．2％;总体而言,以套种枫香、红锥和南酸枣的生态效果最好。     

基于耗水量的晋西刺槐人工林密度调控研究

根据样地调查、解析木和气象资料,拟合了晋西刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.)人工林基于耗水量的幂函数密度调控模型。其中,以单株材积连年生长量和单株胸径连年生长量表示的模型拟合效果较好。研究表明,干旱、半干旱区有必要在传统密度控制图基础上,以水分资源环境容量为基点,以不同林龄水分消耗与降水资源平衡原则,制定基于降水量的不同林龄林分密度控制图。     

匈牙利刺槐（（Robinia pseudoacacia L.）林的经营研究

匈牙利刺槐（（Robinia pseudoacacia L.)是在17世纪初从北美引入到欧洲的第个森林树种。在匈牙利，刺槐是非常重要的速生树种，为经济和生态目的，可以成功营造刺槐人工林。结合该树种的生长特点选择营林措施，可以最大限度的提高刺槐人工林的成活率和生产力。本文根据林分结构和森林产量长期实验林的研究成果，提出了刺槐林的抚育作业次序。制定好的营林计划和模式将会培育出效益刺槐林，并能使土地经营者更好地接受该树种。同时，刺槐也是一个非常有用的能源生产树种，本文展示了对这方面的研究成果。图2表1参8。     

基于地理遥感技术分析山东黄河流域森林资源状况

选取2000年、2006年时相近的TM遥感影像作为山东黄河流域的基本数据源,利用监督分类法、专家分类法和GIS技术对遥感影像进行分类和建模。利用GPS,全站仪等仪器,采取典型、随机抽样方法进行调查。研究结果表明,2000年、2006年的山东黄河流域森林覆盖率分别为21．40％,25．60％;森林主要分布于鲁中南山地、丘陵地区;落叶阔叶林和温性常绿针叶林是流域地带性植被,其中,杨树、侧柏和刺槐是主要造林树种,森林垂直分布较为明显;森林蓄积量集中分布干鲁中南地区,2006年流域的森林资源及其蓄积量分布比2000年的相对均匀。     

太行山刺槐花量与蜜源林经营

通过对大量标准地的调查研究表明，单株开花量主要受自身遗传因素的控制，单株在量为0－5．2kg／株，同一单株各年度的开花量也有较大变化。林分花量与林龄、林分平均胸径、林分平均高、林分优势木平均高、每公顷胸高断面积、每公顷蓄积、林分总生物量、林分干量、林分枝量、林分叶量、林分根量等林分因子均具有极显著的相关关系，通过逐步回归分析，筛选出影响林分花量的主要林分因子，并建立了林分花量的多元回归估测模型。林分花量生长动态符合生物增长的Logistic运动规律，其速生点为8a，速生期为4-12a，林分生长后期的花量动态与干、枝、叶、根等其它器官的生长动态存在显著差异，上述结论对蜜源林的经营具有重要意义。     

山西省秋千沟林场林种和树种结构的研究

选用分析系统递阶层次结构的层次分析法作为数学工具。对山西省秋千沟林场的林种、树种结构进行了研究。结果表明，该法对于“目标结构比较复杂，缺乏必要数据的结构优化问题”比较适用，可按兼顾生态效益、社会效益、经济效益，又有所侧重的原则，将各林种、树种的面积比例落实到合理的水平上。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地主要造林树种的动态生长与生态效应

各树种的胸径随着林龄增加而增长,白蜡的树高随林龄延长也呈递增趋势,而其他树种的树高变化则没有明显规律性,在林龄13年内,杨树的胸径和树高生长要明显优于其他4个树种。刺槐、白蜡、白榆和臭椿的长期人工林可以显著降低土壤盐分,增加土壤的养分,从而培肥土壤,但对土壤pH稍有提升作用,碳汇量大小顺序为:白蜡刺槐白榆臭椿;刺槐人工林更新为杨树林后,林地土壤含盐量有所增加,但土壤肥力得到改善,明显提高了人工林的固碳性能。     

热带森林与次生林经营研究

文章综述了世界热带地区的森林资源分布、基本类型、主要特征,以及世界次生林的经营现状和主要经营方式。这些经营方式包括建立自然保护区、生态公益林经营、"采掘主义"、限制采伐和伐后更新、"砍三留七"法、"扶持"式育林法、"抑制"式育林法、整体培育法、专门培育法、带状皆伐法、开发欠知名树种、自然更新和封山育林。同时提出了森林分类经营,即按照经营的主要目的将其划分为商品林、公益林和多功能林等基本类型的方法。此外,分析了热带次生林存在的问题,并提出解决这些问题的措施。     

Effects of stand density on ecosystem properties of subalpine forests in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA

? Mixed coniferous, subalpine forest communities in the Rocky Mountains are historically dense and have experienced infrequent, high-severity fire. However, many of these high-elevation stands are thinned for a number of perceived benefits.

? We explored the effects of forest stand density on ecosystem properties in subalpine forests in Colorado, USA, 17–18 y after forests were managed for timber.

? Forest structure significantly altered the composition and chemical signature of plant communities. Previously managed stands contained lower density of overstory trees and higher ground cover compared to paired reference stands. Foliar phenolic concentration of several species was negatively related to basal area of overstory trees. Furthermore, reductions in stand density increased total foliar phenolic:nitrogen ratios in some species, suggesting that gap formation may drive long-term changes in litter quality. Despite significant changes in forest structure, reductions in stand density did not leave a strong legacy in surface soil properties, likely due to the integrity of soil organic matter reserves.

? Changes in forest structure associated with past management has left a long-term impact on plant communities but has only subtly altered soil nutrient cycling, possibly due to trade offs between litter decomposability and microclimate associated with reductions in canopy cover.

     

刺槐蒸腾耗水的动态研究(英文)

推算林分的年总耗水量 ,首先要确定林分的年总蒸腾量 .该文以LI 16 0 0稳态气孔仪在 1998～2 0 0 0年生长季各月典型天气的实测数据和常规气象数据为基础 ,应用Penman Monteith方程模拟了刺槐林的日蒸腾过程 ,并以此计算了生长季的连续日蒸腾 .刺槐林林冠层截留净辐射由实测数据 (Rn)与叶面积指数 (LAI)建立的消光系数 (k)数学关系确定 ,冠层整体气孔阻力由实测数据拟合经验式计算 .经与实测结果对比 ,模拟的相对误差平均在 12 %以内 .由全年连续日蒸腾模拟计算 ,1998年至2 0 0 0年 5月～ 10月生长季不同密度刺槐林的平均总蒸腾量分别为 192 4 6 ,187 0 7和 195 5 9mm .     

刺槐萌条与根系年龄不同组合对林分结构及生物量的影响

探讨了萌条年龄与根系年龄的不同组合，对刺槐薪炭林结构和生物量的影响。结果表明，未割柴林分的萌条密度、平均高度、平均地径、叶面积指数、生物量和生产量，均随年龄增长而增加。割柴后萌生的林分，萌条数量增长缓慢，其余指标均呈下降趋势。随萌条与根系年龄差距的加大，下降的趋势愈加显著。     

刺槐速生丰产林营造技术

通过对桥山林区营造刺槐速生丰产林的调查分析,介绍了营造刺槐速生丰产林的技术,为今后大力发展刺槐速生丰产林提供技术保障。     

Similar carbon density of natural and planted forests in the Lüliang Mountains,China

Key message

The carbon density was not different between natural and planted forests, while the biomass carbon density was greater in natural forests than in planted forests. The difference is due primarily to the larger carbon density in the standing trees in natural forests compared to planted forests (at an average age of 50.6 and 15.7 years, respectively).

Context

Afforestation and reforestation programs might have noticeable effect on carbon stock. An integrated assessment of the forest carbon density in mountain regions is vital to evaluate the contribution of planted forests to carbon sequestration.

Aims

We compared the carbon densities and carbon stocks between natural and planted forests in the Lüliang Mountains region where large-scale afforestation and reforestation programs have been implemented. The introduced peashrubs (Caragana spp.), poplars (Populus spp.), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and native Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) were the four most common species in planted forests. In contrast, the deciduous oaks (Quercus spp.), Asia white birch (Betula platyphylla), wild poplar (Populus davidiana), and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) dominated in natural forests.

Methods

Based on the forest inventory data of 3768 sample plots, we estimated the values of carbon densities and carbon stocks of natural and planted forests, and analyzed the spatial patterns of carbon densities and the effects of various factors on carbon densities using semivariogram analysis and nested analysis of variance (nested ANOVA), respectively.

Results

The carbon density was 123.7 and 119.7 Mg ha^?1 for natural and planted forests respectively. Natural and planted forests accounted for 54.8% and 45.2% of the total carbon stock over the whole region, respectively. The biomass carbon density (the above- and belowground biomass plus dead wood and litter biomass carbon density) was greater in natural forests than in planted forests (22.5 versus 13.2 Mg ha^?1). The higher (lower) spatial carbon density variability of natural (planted) forests was featured with a much smaller (larger) range value of 32.7 km (102.0 km) within which a strong (moderate) spatial autocorrelation could be observed. Stand age, stand density, annual mean temperature, and annual precipitation had statistically significant effects on the carbon density of all forests in the region.

Conclusion

No significant difference was detected in the carbon densities between natural and planted forests, and planted forests have made a substantial contribution to the total carbon stock of the region due to the implementation of large-scale afforestation and reforestation programs. The spatial patterns of carbon densities were clearly different between natural and planted forests. Stand age, stand density, temperature, and precipitation were important factors influencing forest carbon density over the mountain region.

     

Prevalence of interspecific competition in a mixed poplar/black locust plantation under adverse climate conditions

Key message

In a mixed poplar/black locust plantation in central France, adverse conditions have led to a prevalence of interspecific competition, resulting in a poorer performance than monocultures.

Context

In mixed tree plantations, the presence of woody N₂-fixing species is thought to reduce N needs by fertilization. However, benefits associated to soil nitrogen enrichment have to outweigh the negative effects of interspecific competition. To do so, co-occurring tree species have to be chosen carefully to promote niche sharing between species and reduce competition. Black locust and poplar mixtures therefore seem promising since both species are fast growing and have potentially complementary crown shapes.

Aims

Our objective was to evaluate the impact of the poplar/black locust mixture on the growth, above- and belowground biomass production, and nitrogen allocation of the two species, as compared to their respective monocultures.

Methods

An experimental plantation mixing poplar and black locust was set up in central France. For five growing seasons, growth, nitrogen allocation, and carbon allocation were monitored for the two species growing either in mixture or in monoculture.

Results

After a couple of promising growing seasons, black locust growth and survival slowly declined, mainly in the mixture. At the stand level, biomass production in the mixed plots was nearly 50% below the most productive monoculture (poplar) by age 5 years.

Conclusion

Under adverse conditions, interspecific competition in the mixture was the preponderant interaction, resulting in higher mortality and lower biomass production than the two monocultures.

     

不同整地方式对刺槐造林成活率及生长量的影响

通过山西吉县黄土残垣沟壑区在 3种不同整地方式的林地上栽植同一规格的刺槐苗木 ,调查其成活率、生长量 ,结果表明 :刺槐在水平阶加坑整地上栽植 ,成活率比其它整地方式略高 ,而生长量则有明显优势 ,并在栽植的第 2年、第 4年生长量优势进一步扩大 ,对幼林的及早郁闭十分有利     

竹林生态经营类型探讨

传统竹林经营多以获取最大经济效益为出发点,较少关注竹林的生态效益,竹林分类经营可充分发挥竹林的多种效益。文章根据林地权属、区域分布、立地类型,林分起源、竹种、林分组成、生产力水平和经营目标等影响竹林经营的8大因子,将竹林划分为森林竹林、农作竹林、园林竹林、种质资源竹林4大类,并分析了每种类型的经营目标和主要经营措施。     

延安市退耕还林工程林种、树种组成分析研究

林种结构和树种组成是退耕还林工程的关键问题之一,本文分析了延安市退耕还林工程实施以来造林林种和树种组成,指出其存在林种选择上经济林面积过小,使退耕农户从退耕地中收益减少;树种单一,纯林面积过大等问题。建议要因地制宜地发展经济林,适地适树,乔灌草结合,多营造混合林。