人工饲养白枕鹤繁殖期行为观察

本研究对笼养白枕鹤行为进行观察记录和分析，结果表明笼养白枕鹤繁殖期行为日活动节律依次为休息（32.15％）、取食（30.02％）、理羽（12.92％）、警戒（12.14％）、游走（8.86％）、繁殖（3.90％），另外，繁殖期的不同时期、不同性别其行为时间分配都存在一定差异。人为干扰，邻近笼舍内东方白鹤的干扰，以及外界噪音的干扰对笼养白枕鹤繁殖期行为影响十分显著。同时气候条件以及温度变化对笼养白枕鹤总体行为亦存在一定影响。     

圈养丹顶鹤幼鸟的行为发育

为了研究圈养丹顶鹤幼乌的行为发育规律,为今后的丹顶鹤保护以及再引入工程提供有价值的资料,2011年6～9月,采用目标动物取样法和瞬时扫描取样法,在扎龙自然保护区对6只笼养丹顶鹤幼乌进行了研究.研究了圈养丹顶鹤幼乌生长发育过程中的行为谱及其变化和日间行为规律的变化.结果表明,随着周龄的增加,幼鸟的休息行为时间分配随着周龄的变化明显减少,游走、取食、理羽和警戒行为的时间分配随着周龄的变化有所增加,而玩耍行为的时间分配先逐渐增大然后减少并稳定.最后,圈养丹项鹤幼乌的各行为时间分配分别为:游走14.83％、休息16.8％、取食29.08％、理羽15.33％、警戒13.75％、玩耍9.41％.     

笼养丹顶鹤行为研究

本研究于2005年3月～2006年2月在哈尔滨北方森林动物园内进行,选2对成年丹顶鹤进行了行为观测,结果表明：笼养丹顶鹤繁殖期主要行为活动的时间分配比为采食28.31%、游走22.15%、身体护理21.17%、瞭望13.01%、繁殖行为11.00%、静栖4.36%,且两性间各种行为的时间分配没有明显差异（P＞5%,df=81）;非繁殖期的行为时间分配为采食行为46.65%、瞭望18.92%、身体护理14.72%、游走12.30%、静栖7.40%。笼养丹顶鹤的繁殖行为包括对鸣（6.09%）、炫耀（5.15%）、交尾（4.84%）、营巢（4.65%）、警戒（10.44%）、卧巢（68.83%）等。其中雌鹤用于营巢的时间明显多于雄鹤（P=0.02＜5%）;雄鹤用于警戒的时间明显多于雌鹤（P= 0.006＜1%）。繁殖初期,对鸣、炫耀、营巢、交尾行为的月间差异显著（P＜5%）,是繁殖初期主要的繁殖行为表现,而警戒的月间差异均不显著（P＞5%）。笼养丹顶鹤行为呈现一定的日活动节律。     

圈养赤麻鸭繁殖期的行为日节律及时间分配

2011年4—6月,在徐州金桥珍禽有限公司,采用全日制瞬时扫描法对繁殖良好的一对赤麻鸭在繁殖期的行为日节律及时间分配进行了研究,并用独立样本￡检验进行了不同性别在繁殖各期行为的差异性分析。结果表明：繁殖的不同时期赤麻鸭行为时间分配存在明显的性别差异。繁殖前期雌雄赤麻鸭之间的筑巢行为差异极显著（P〈0．01）,警戒行为差异显著（P〈0．05）。繁殖中期孵化行为由雌性赤麻鸭单独承担,雄性主要负责在巢边警戒,雌雄之间的趴卧、孵化及警戒行为差异极显著（P〈0．01）。繁殖后期雌雄行为差异不显著（P〉0．05）,2只赤麻鸭几乎形影不离。赤麻鸭繁殖期行为呈现一定的日活动节律,采食行为集中在上午和下午的喂食时间7：00～8：00及16：00～17：00这2个时间段内,孵化行为所占比例最低,此时雌性赤麻鸭出巢取食;一天中,休息行为在中午呈现一个高峰;警戒行为在清晨达到最高峰。     

发情期笼养大鸨和半散养大鸨的行为特点分析

2010和2016年分别通过扫描法和目标取样法对比了长春动植物园笼养和图牧吉保护区半散放大鸨发情期的行为,结果表明:两种环境下雌鸨静站,觅食、游走、理羽、趴卧、警戒行为都表现出极显著的差异(P≤0.01);雄鸨静站、游走、理羽、觅食、求偶炫耀和警戒行为都表现出了极显著差异(P≤0.01),趴卧行为表现为差异不显著(P≥0.05)。通过测量取样比对,笼养大鸨单只平均活动区域面积明显小于半散放大鸨,笼养笼舍中的天然植物和昆虫的种类数量明显较半散放区域单一。     

笼养灰鹤繁殖期行为时间分配的研究

2006年5月1日～7月18日,对哈尔滨北方森林动物园1对笼养灰鹤繁殖期行为进行观察,研究表明：笼养条件下,灰鹤静立（雄31．08％,雌35．81％）、理羽（雄19．81％,雌12．45％）、采食（雄13．23％,雌15．09％）行为比例较高,而繁殖行为占总行为时间比例雄鹤为2．49％、雌鹤为10．30％。灰鹤各行为日节律不明显;静立、理羽、休息和繁殖行为的发生受天气状况影响显著,尤其是静立和理羽差异极显著。灰鹤雌雄行为差异性在中期较显著,就整个繁殖期看,受天气状况的影响行为差异不显著。     

笼养灰鹤越冬期行为活动的时间分配和活动节律

2003年11月～2004年2月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对哈尔滨动物园1对成年灰鹤的越冬行为进行观察,探讨冬季不同温度和不同天气条件下对灰鹤越冬行为的影响,并得出结论如下：笼养灰鹤越冬期行为时间分配比例依次为静栖26.92%、进食25.96%、瞭望18.74%、啄雪草13.32%、理羽6.66%、游走4.91%、呜叫2.48%、警戒1.07%和打斗0.34%;大雾时静栖、瞭望和进食行为与正常天气相似,最为突出的是游走行为明显增多,而啄雪草行为减少了近10%,从总体上看活动量比正常天气时增多。而在下雪时各行为所用时间都比较平均,和正常天气比差别都很大,只有瞭望所用时间相近。     

笼养白鹤越冬行为的初步研究

采用瞬时扫描法研究了白鹤越冬行为的活动节律和时间分配.结果表明:越冬期笼养白鹤行为时间分配依次为静栖33.65%,觅食20.61%,理羽12.67%,避风11.37%,瞭望9.36%,啄雪草5.30%,游走2.96%,趴卧1.86%,鸣叫1.49%,展翅0.74%.笼养白鹤在越冬期活动有一定的节律性.两性间越冬期其行为和时间分配有一定的差异.不同的温度、天气条件,对笼养白鹤越冬行为有影响.     

洞庭湖笼养鸿雁行为节律研究

2013年冬季采用目标动物取样法对东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区人工饲养的12只鸿雁越冬期行为的行为节律进行了研究。研究发现越冬期鸿雁6类23种行为中,取食、静止、运动、清理是越冬期丰要行为,且行为活动频率存在波动。取食主要发生在上午,静止是人工饲养鸿雁发生最多的行为。由于处于笼养状态,社会行为和警戒行为很少发生,且警戒多伴随取食、运动、打斗等行为发生。研究还比较了鸿雁和灰雁在行为谱和行为节律上的差异。越冬期鸿雁行为节律的研究为鸿雁笼养和野生种群救助和保护提供了指导,具有重要意义。     

蓝鹇和白鹇繁殖与非繁殖期间的日常行为比较

2008-03-30-2008-04-30和2008-07-23-2008-08-05采用目标动物瞬时扫描法分别对2对蓝鹇(2♀2♂)和3只白鹇(2♀1♂)繁殖和非繁殖期间的日常行为进行了观察和比较分析。结果表明:同一种雉类比较,蓝鹇繁殖期间的运动行为显著高于非繁殖期,休息行为和其他类行为极显著低于非繁殖期(P<0.01)。白鹇繁殖期间的运动行为和梳理行为高于非繁殖期,观望和休息行为低于非繁殖期。不同动物间比较,蓝鹇非繁殖期的运动行为极显著低于繁殖期间的白鹇(P<0.01),显著低于非繁殖期间的白鹇(P<0.05)。蓝鹇非繁殖期的的休息行为极显著高于繁殖期间的白鹇(P<0.01),显著高于非繁殖期间的白鹇(P<0.05)。不同性别动物间比较,雄性雉类的运动行为、观望行为高于雌性,它们的梳理、采食行为低于雌性。梳理和休息行为对不同时间段总体方差分析差异显著(P<0.05)。7:00-9:00时,繁殖期雉鸡的采食行为明显高于非繁殖期间的动物,9:00-17:00时,动物繁殖期间的运动行为明显高于非繁殖期间。     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.