9种抗菌药物对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌体外抗菌活性研究

采用试管二倍稀释法，测定了9种抗菌药物对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外抗菌活性（MIC和MBC）。结果表明氨苄西林、阿莫西林和诺氟沙星对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的MIC均为0．125μg／mL，诺氟沙星MBC为0．5μg／mL，氨苄西林和阿莫西林的MBC都为1．0μg／mL。氟苯尼考、替米考星和卡那霉素对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的MIC分别为：0．5、2和2μg／mL。     

替米考星预混剂在肉鸡体内残留消除规律的研究

替米考星为半人工合成的新型动物专用广谱抗生素。其具有左旋和右旋两种异构体，比例为85：15，具有较广的抗菌活性和较小的MIC，对许多革兰氏阳性菌和部分革兰氏阴性菌、支原体、螺旋体等有抑制作用，尤其对胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、溶血性巴氏杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌和支原体具有较强的抗菌活性。在我国已被允许作为治疗猪和牛的巴氏杆菌病和鸡的支原体感染。替米考星预混剂由于使用方便，已广泛应用于临床治疗。但如果使用不当，会造成药物残留。为了对其在肉鸡体内的残留消除进行了解，以便更好地使用该药防治动物疾病，同时为制定对人类安全的休药期提供可靠的依据，特进行了本次试验。     

几种动物病原菌对替米考星耐药性的体外诱导

在测定替米考星对鸡毒支原体、多杀巴氏杆菌和猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的最小抑菌浓度基础上,采用药物浓度递增法体外诱导3种病原菌对替米考星的耐药性。结果鸡毒支原体经9次传代对替米考星产生了高水平耐药,多杀巴氏杆菌经7~9次传代对替米考星产生了高水平耐药,猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌经14次传代对替米考星的耐受浓度未发生明显变化;鸡毒支原体和多杀巴氏杆菌替米考星诱导耐药株对红霉素、阿奇霉素、泰乐菌素、吉他霉素和林可霉素表现交叉耐药。研究结果提示,替米考星较易诱导鸡毒支原体和多杀巴氏杆菌产生耐药性,兽医临床应合理应用。     

氟苯尼考对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌小白鼠的防治效果研究

[目的]观察抗菌药物氟苯尼考对多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外抑菌效果,评价其对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌小白鼠的防治效果。[方法]采用微量肉汤稀释法测定临床常用的9种抗菌药物对多杀性巴氏杆菌的抑菌效果,筛选敏感抗菌药物,进一步选择小白鼠开展预防试验和治疗试验,观察抗菌药物对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌小白鼠的防治效果。[结果]在9种常见的抗菌药物中,对多杀性巴氏杆菌抑菌效果最好的是氟苯尼考和多西环素,2种药物的MIC为1 μg/mL,MBC为2 μg/mL;抑菌效果最差的是延胡索酸泰妙菌素,MIC为64 μg/mL,MBC为128 μg/mL。利用多杀性巴氏杆菌人工感染小白鼠,治疗试验与预防试验均设置阴性对照组（注射生理盐水）、阳性对照组（攻毒细菌）以及药物治疗或预防组（攻毒细菌+氟苯尼考）;治疗试验获得氟苯尼考的保护率为78.6%,预防试验的保护率为84.6%。[结论]氟苯尼考对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌小白鼠有较好的防治效果。     

动物专用半合成大环内酯类抗生素——替米考星

替米考星是由泰乐菌素半合成的动物专用的大环内酯类抗生素，最初是由美国礼来公司开发成功。由于其独特的抗菌活性和特殊的药动学特征，目前已被批准用于牛、羊、猪、鸡、兔等动物感染性疾病的防治。替米考星适合于防治牛、羊、猪的肺炎和溶血性巴氏杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、胸膜肺炎放射杆菌、霉形体和其他敏感菌感染。     

替米考星饮水剂治疗人工感染禽巴氏杆菌试验

替米考星是泰乐菌素的合成衍生物，具有其类似的分子结构和抗菌谱，但对某些病原菌的抗菌活性比泰乐菌素更高，如鸡支原体，巴氏杆菌等。替米考星由于具有非常高的抗菌活性，在鸡上作为饮水剂预防和治疗呼吸道感染疾病，具有使用剂量比泰乐菌素低得多的优势。近年来国内多家药厂已开始研制并生产出替米考星，     

加米霉素对牛呼吸道病原菌多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外抑菌活性研究

考察了加米霉素对分离自牛呼吸道疾病的病原菌多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外抑菌活性,以期为临床用药提供依据.试验采用微量稀释法测定了加米霉素和对照药物替米考星对引起牛呼吸道疾病的23株多杀性巴氏杆菌临床分离株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC).结果显示,加米霉素对牛多杀性巴氏杆菌的MIC范围为0.125～4.0μg/ml,MIC90为1.0μg/ml,替米考星对牛多杀性巴氏杆菌的MIC范围为0.5～16μg/ml,MIC90为4.0μg/ml,可见加米霉素对引起牛呼吸道疾病的多杀性巴氏杆菌具有较好的抗菌活性,优于临床治疗牛呼吸道疾病的常用药物替米考星.     

替米考星治疗人工感染巴氏杆菌病仔猪试验

研究了国产替米考星注射用药对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌病猪的治疗效果,用断奶仔猪进行试验,为临床使用提供了依据.结果表明,替米考星治疗急性猪肺疫效果确实, 推荐剂量为10 mg/kg体重.     

替米考星在猪生产中的应用研究

替米考星是一种由泰乐菌素半合成的大环内酯类畜禽专用抗生素,具有抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强、吸收迅速、消除半衰期长、体内分布容积大且在肺组织和乳中药物浓度高等特点,主要排泄途径为消化道,药物残留及环境毒性不显著.兽医临床常用于防治动物溶血性巴氏杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、支原体和其他敏感菌所引起的感染性疾病,特别是畜禽呼吸道感染.替米考星在猪生产中主要应用于猪传染性胸膜肺炎、猪呼吸道疾病综合征、猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征、猪支原体肺炎以及猪巴氏杆菌病等呼吸道疾病的防治.     

一株鹅霍乱巴氏杆菌的分离和PCR鉴定

鹅巴氏杆菌病（AvianPasteurellosis）又叫鹅霍乱（Fowlcholera），是由多杀性巴氏杆菌引起鹅的一种急性、败血性、高度接触性传染病。该病发病急，死亡率高，是影响养鹅业发展的重要传染病之一。2013年5月份，海南某鹅场所养的40—210日龄鹅陆续发病，食欲减退或废绝，先后采用青霉素、磺胺类药物饮水治疗，病情未见好转，且不断加重，死亡率高达40％。通过无菌采集病死鹅的肝脏、脾脏、心脏等组织病料，进行病原菌的分离、生化鉴定、PCR检测及测序分析，确诊为多杀性巴氏杆菌感染引起的鹅巴氏杆菌病。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.