辽西北风沙地不同植物群落土壤入渗特性

采用野外双环入渗试验和室内土壤物理性质分析相结合的方法,研究辽西北风沙地不同植物群落(乔木林地、灌木林地、人工草地、荒草地)土壤入渗特征及影响因素。结果表明:不同植物群落的土壤初始入渗率、16min入渗率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量等土壤入渗特征值均表现为荒草地人工草地灌木林地乔木林地;土壤入渗特征值与毛管孔隙度呈显著负相关,与饱和含水量、粉粒含量呈负相关,与土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、砂粒、粘粒含量呈正相关,但未达显著水平。不同植物群落下土壤入渗过程的拟合优度存在差异,Horton模型、G-P综合模型、Philip模型、Kastiakov模型的平均拟合优度依次为0.948、0.896、0.893、0.868,Horton模型相对误差为15.71%~68.61%,可作为辽西北风沙地不同植物群落土壤入渗过程的预测模型;主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序为荒草地人工草地灌木林地乔木林地,初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、16 min入渗率和累积入渗量的主成分方差累积贡献率为99.628%,较好地表达了土壤入渗能力。     

科尔沁地区不同类型沙地土壤饱和导水率特征分析

土壤饱和导水率反映了土壤的入渗性质,是研究水分在土壤中运动规律的重要水力参数。利用Guelph入渗仪测量了科尔沁地区樟子松林、灌木林和草地0-20cm、20-40cm和40-60cm三个不同土层深度的土壤饱和导水率,分析了这三种类型沙地土壤饱和导水率的差异及其随土层深度的变化特征。结果表明:1)平均土壤饱和导水率樟子松林较大,草地次之,而灌木林较小,它们的平均取值在0.63～12.50mm/min范围内;随土层深度增加,樟子松林土壤饱和导水率逐渐增大,而草地的逐渐减少,灌木林的随土层深度变化不大;2)樟子松林和灌木林土壤饱和导水率与容重显著负相关;灌木林和草地土壤饱和导水率与细沙百分含量显著负相关,而与中沙百分含量显著正相关;樟子松林和草地土壤饱和导水率与粗沙百分含量显著正相关。     

添加γ-聚谷氨酸条件下Philip模型与Green-Ampt入渗模型的对比分析

干旱加剧及土壤退化严重,使新型保水剂γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)的应用在农田节水灌溉中开始暂露头角。基于室内垂直一维入渗试验,在分析了γ-PGA对土壤水分入渗能力的影响的同时还对Philip模型和Green-Ampt入渗模型进行对比分析。结果表明:与未施加聚谷氨酸的处理(对照组)相比,随着γ-PGA施量的增加,累积入渗量和入渗率均呈单调递减趋势;两个入渗模型的拟合结果显示:Philip公式中,吸渗率呈减小趋势,Green-Ampt公式中,饱和导水率、饱和导水率与土壤水吸力的乘积都呈减小趋势,但土壤水吸力无明显变化。Philip模型与Green-Ampt入渗模型的对比分析结果表明:利用模型参数互推关系计算的Philip模型计算参数与拟合参数的一致性较好,而Green-Ampt模型的计算参数与拟合参数的一致性较差;利用Philip模型计算参数计算的累积入渗量与实测累积入渗量之间的吻合程度高,均方根误差小于0.5,而利用Green-Ampt模型计算参数计算的累积入渗量与实测累积入渗量之间的吻合程度较差,均方根差均大于0.5。说明在添加保水剂的条件下采用Philip入渗模型确定入渗参数时较为精确。     

新疆阿瓦提丰收灌区砂壤土非饱和土壤水分运动参数的测定与计算

采用负压计法和双环入渗法在田间分别测定了阿瓦提丰收灌区砂壤土土壤含水率及其对应的土壤水吸力和土壤饱和导水率,采用Sigmaplot软件拟合了Van Genuchten水分特征曲线公式.根据Mualem提出的非饱和土壤导水率公式,建立了该灌区砂壤土非饱和土壤导水率的计算公式,并间接推导了非饱和土壤扩散率和比水容量两个参数...     

土石混合介质入渗模型及其参数影响因素研究

选取4种碎石含量、5种碎石粒径,将纯土作为对照,共进行20组一维积水入渗试验和20组实测饱和导水率试验,分析了碎石含量对土石混合介质水分运动参数的影响以及水分运动模型的适用性。结果表明:Green-Ampt入渗公式、Philip入渗公式、垂直一维代数模型中个别参数随碎石含量的增加呈先减小、再增大、后减小的趋势;模型的适用性因碎石粒径而异,粒径在0.5~3 cm时,垂直一维代数模型可以相对准确地描述土石混合介质的饱和导水率,粒径为3~5 cm时,Green-Ampt公式所描述的饱和导水率精度较高。     

微咸水矿化度对重度盐碱土壤入渗特征的影响

通过微咸水室内一维垂直入渗试验,分析了淡水以及4种不同矿化度(2,3,4,5 g·L~(-1))微咸水对重度盐碱土壤累积入渗量、湿润锋运移深度、土壤含水率、入渗历时、入渗速率的影响。结果表明:累积入渗量、湿润锋运移深度、土壤含水率随微咸水矿化度的增加呈现增大的趋势,但与淡水相比,2,3,4,5 g·L~(-1)微咸水的累积入渗量、湿润锋运移深度随入渗时间的变化差异较小;同一土层,土壤含水率大小比较:淡水5 g·L~(-1)3 g·L~(-1)2 g·L~(-1)4 g·L~(-1);在微咸水灌溉条件下,累积入渗量与湿润锋运移深度呈线性关系。采用Kostiakov模型,Philip模型和Green-Ampt模型模拟微咸水入渗过程,结果显示,Kostiakov模型可以更好地描述重度盐碱土入渗率与入渗时间的关系。     

保水剂对土壤的物理性质与水分入渗的动态影响

保水剂在农业上的应用对于缓解干旱具有重要的意义,但其应用后会发生降解而最终失去保水作用,因此了解其在降解过程中引起的土壤物理性质的动态变化及水分运动的机理,是其能否正确应用的关键,本试验以保水剂在农业应用中的典型用量为基础,研究了保水剂对土壤的物理性质动态影响及一维土壤水分。结果表明,保水剂施入土壤后其性能不断衰减是导致土壤物理性质不断变化的最根本原因;土壤中施用保水剂后土壤的质量饱和含水率明显增加,饱和导水率降低,但随着保水剂性能的逐渐衰减,饱和含水率呈现下降趋势,饱和导水率呈现上升趋势;施入保水剂后土壤的扩散率是一个曲面,并且随着保水剂自身性能的衰减,呈现逐渐扩展的趋势;施用保水剂后土壤入渗的湿润锋前进速度下降,这主要是由于施用保水剂土壤的饱和含水量增加和保水剂膨胀堵塞土壤孔隙造成的;通过对施用保水剂土壤的扩散率和导水率的分时段研究,最终建立施用保水剂土壤的一维水分运动方程,试验证明其可行,且精度在允许的范围内。     

荒漠结皮对土壤水分状况的影响

本研究针对鄂尔多斯沙地生物结皮进行调查 ,利用人工喷水模拟降雨分析结皮对土壤入渗性能的影响。研究表明 :生物结皮能显著地降低土壤水分的入渗速率。在去掉结皮时 ,表层下 5 cm处的土壤含水量在 1 0分钟时即开始显著增加 ,而有结皮时 ,此处的含水量则在 1 5分钟时才开始显著增加。利用圆盘入渗仪测定有结皮和无结皮条件下的土壤饱和导水率表明 :固定沙丘间地有生物结皮的土壤饱和导水率范围是 :2 9.1 0 - 82 .2 1 mm/ h;半固定沙丘有微弱结皮时饱和导水率为 1 43.5 4 - 2 30 .2 5 ;去掉结皮后土壤的饱和导水率可显著上升数倍 ,无结皮的流沙的饱和导水率最高。     

生物炭对黄绵土水分吸渗特征及水力学参数的影响

探究不同生物炭添加量对宁南山区黄绵土水分吸渗特征及水力学参数的变化，为提升区域生态功能及促进农业生产提供数据支撑。选取6种生物炭添加量(0、10、20、30、40和50g/kg),通过室内一维水平土柱试验，利用Philip模型拟合土壤吸渗过程并确定吸渗率(S),并推导出Van Genuchten模型中进气吸力倒数(a)、形状系数(n)及水吸力(h),利用上述水力学参数拟合土壤水分特征曲线、非饱和导水率及比水容量。结果表明：随着生物炭添加量增大，各处理湿润锋运移距离及累积入渗量均逐渐减小。与未添加生物炭处理相比各处理S分别降低了7.83%、14.99%、16.90%、23.36%和39.50%;随生物炭添加量增加，a、n及饱和导水率(K_s)逐渐减小，饱和含水率(θ_s)、滞留含水率(θ_r)逐渐增大。相同土壤含水率下，生物炭添加量增加h增大，非饱和导水率减小且增长速率逐渐降低。相同h下，生物炭添加量越大比水容量越大，水分有效性越高。可以看出添加生物炭显著增强了宁南山区黄绵土持水性能及水分有效性。     

六盘山林区土壤物理性质分布特征

研究了六盘山林区土壤物理性质分布特征及其与海拔和林型的关系,结果表明:六盘山林区阔叶林地土壤有机质和饱和导水率显著高于针叶林地,土壤容重显著低于针叶林地,阔叶林地0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤有机质和饱和导水率分别比针叶林地高27.7%、21.2%和38.0%、42.2%,容重比针叶林地低13.8%和7.6%;高海拔处林地土壤有机质含量较高,容重较低;研究区土壤饱和导水率不受海拔影响,土壤水稳性团聚体分布不受林型和海拔的影响;阔叶林地0~20 cm土层土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径平均值分别比针叶林地高3.46%和5.21%,但不受海拔影响,大团聚体数量与饱和导水率极显著正相关。研究表明六盘山林区阔叶林地土壤物理性状显著优于针叶林地,林地土壤结构的改良主要体现在大团聚体增加方面。     

Changes in soil properties and erodibility of gully heads induced by vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China is effectively controlled due to the implementation of several ecological restoration projects that improve soil properties and reduce soil erodibility. However, few studies have examined the effects of vegetation restoration on soil properties and erodibility of gully head in the gully regions of the Loess Plateau. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of vegetation restoration on soil properties and erodibility in this region. Specifically, a control site in a slope cropland and 9 sites in 3 restored land-use types(5 sites in grassland, 3 in woodland and 1 in shrubland) in the Nanxiaohegou watershed of a typical gully region on the Loess Plateau were selected, and soil and root samples were collected to assess soil properties and root characteristics. Soil erodibility factor was calculated by the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator method. Our results revealed that vegetation restoration increased soil sand content, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, organic matter content and mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregate but decreased soil silt and clay contents and soil disintegration rate. A significant difference in soil erodibility was observed among different vegetation restoration patterns or land-use types. Compared with cropland, soil erodibility decreased in the restored lands by 3.99% to 21.43%. The restoration patterns of Cleistogenes caespitosa K. and Artemisia sacrorum L. in the grassland showed the lowest soil erodibility and can be considered as the optimal vegetation restoration pattern for improving soil anti-erodibility of the gully heads. Additionally, the negative linear change in soil erodibility for grassland with restoration time was faster than those of woodland and shrubland. Soil erodibility was significantly correlated with soil particle size distribution, soil disintegration rate, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, water-stable aggregate stability, organic matter content and root characteristics(including root average diameter, root length density, root surface density and root biomass density), but it showed no association with soil bulk density and soil total porosity. These findings indicate that although vegetation destruction is a short-term process, returning the soil erodibility of cropland to the level of grassland, woodland and shrubland is a long-term process(8–50 years).     

Effect of Pisha sandstone on water infiltration of different soils on the Chinese Loess Plateau

The infiltration of water into soil is one of the most important soil physical properties that affect soil erosion and the eco-environment, especially in the Pisha sandstone area on the Chinese Loess Plateau. We studied the one-dimensional vertical infiltration of water in three experimental soils, created by mixing Pisha sandstone with sandy soil, irrigation-silted soil, and loessial soil, at mass ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5. Our objective was to compare water infiltration in the experimental soils and to evaluate the effect of Pisha sandstone on water infiltration. We assessed the effect by measuring soil bulk density(BD), porosity, cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity(Ks). The results showed that Pisha sandstone decreased the infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity in the three experimental soils. Cumulative infiltration over time was well described by the Philip equation. Sandy soil mixed with the Pisha sandstone at a ratio of 1:3 had the best water-holding capacity. The results provided experimental evidence for the movement of soil water and a technical support for the reconstruction and reclamation of mining soils in the Pisha sandstone area.     

Effect of Pisha sandstone on water infiltration in different soils on the Chinese Loess Plateau

The infiltration of water into soil is one of the most important soil physical properties that affect soil erosion and the eco-environment, especially in the Pisha sandstone area on the Chinese Loess Plateau. We studied the one-dimensional vertical infiltration of water in three experimental soils, created by mixing Pisha sandstone with sandy soil, irrigation-silted soil, and loessial soil, at mass ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5. Our objective was to compare water infiltration in the experimental soils and to evaluate the effect of Pisha sandstone on water infiltration. We assessed the effect by measuring soil bulk density (BD), porosity, cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). The results showed that Pisha sandstone decreased the infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity in the three experimental soils. Cumulative infiltration over time was well described by the Philip equation. Sandy soil mixed with the Pisha sandstone at a ratio of 1:3 had the best water-holding capacity. The results provided experimental evidence for the movement of soil water and a technical support for the reconstruction and reclamation of mining soils in the Pisha sandstone area.     

天山中部不同林龄天然云杉林地表土壤入渗性能研究

通过对天山中部不同林龄天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana var.tianschanica(Rupr.)Chen et Fu)地表土壤和林外草地土壤进行实验室人工降雨模拟渗透试验,初步探讨了天山云杉林地土壤的入渗性能.结果表明:1)累积渗透量、入渗速率与入渗时间均呈幂指数相关关系.稳渗速率最高为近熟林1.91...     

不同植被覆盖下子午岭土壤养分状况研究

以黄土丘陵沟壑区的子午岭次生林区为研究区域,研究了不同植被覆盖对土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明:不同植被类型覆盖下,土壤有机质含量为乔木>灌木>草本>农田>弃耕地。土壤全氮含量为乔木≥草本>灌木>农田≥弃耕地;全磷含量变化不大,其中农田土壤全磷含量最高;全钾含量为乔木>灌木>草本>农田>弃耕地;土壤碱解氮含量为乔木>灌木≈草本≥农田>弃耕地;速效磷含量为乔木≈灌木≈农田>草本>弃耕地;速效钾含量为乔木≥草本>灌木≥农田>弃耕地。由此可见,随植被演替阶段的提高,不同植被覆盖下土壤的养分含量逐渐升高。因此,在黄土高原丘陵区,坡地退耕还林,恢复植被,可以有效改善土壤养分状况。     

土壤初始含盐量对水分入渗特性的影响

研究土壤初始含盐量对入渗特性的影响,对盐碱地治理具有重要意义。在室内分别进行初始氯化钠含量为3.6、4.5、5.3、5.7 g•kg^-1和9.0 g•kg^-1的一维垂直土柱淋洗试验。根据试验数据,采用多元回归法,建立了湿润锋、累积入渗量与时间和土壤含盐量之间的量化关系,回归相关系数分别为0.992、0.922,回归模型拟合程度较好;根据累积入渗量得到了入渗率与时间和土壤含盐量之间的量化关系。实验和分析计算表明：土壤初始含盐量对入渗特性的影响大于时间对入渗特性的影响,相同时间土壤初始含盐量越高,入渗湿润锋、累积入渗量和入渗率值越小。     

Revegetation with artificial plants improves topsoil hydrological properties but intensifies deep-soil drying in northern Loess Plateau,China

Knowledge about the effects of vegetation types on soil properties and on water dynamics in the soil profile is critical for revegetation strategies in water-scarce regions, especially the choice of vegetation type and human management measures. We focused on the analysis of the effects of vegetation type on soil hydrological properties and soil moisture variation in the 0–400 cm soil layer based on a long-term(2004―2016) experimental data in the northern Loess Plateau region, China. Soil bulk density(BD), saturated soil hydraulic conductivity(Ks), field capacity(FC) and soil organic carbon(SOC) in 2016, as well as the volumetric soil moisture content during 2004–2016, were measured in four vegetation types, i.e., shrubland(korshinsk peashrub), artificial grassland(alfalfa), fallow land and cropland(millet or potato). Compared with cropland, revegetation with peashrub and alfalfa significantly decreased BD and increased Ks, FC, and SOC in the 0–40 cm soil layer, and fallow land significantly increased FC and SOC in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil water storage(SWS) significantly declined in shrubland and grassland in the 40–400 cm soil layer, causing severe soil drought in the deep soil layers. The study suggested that converting cropland to grassland(alfalfa) and shrubland(peashrub) improved soil-hydrological properties, but worsened water conditions in the deep soil profile. However, natural restoration did not intensify deep-soil drying. The results imply that natural restoration could be better than revegetation with peashrub and alfalfa in terms of good soil hydrological processes in the semi-arid Loess Plateau region.