玉米茎秆纤维素含量遗传分析

以B73×By804和郑58×HD568构建的两个重组自交系群体为材料,采用近红外光谱技术分析不同时期玉米茎秆纤维素含量,通过表型分析、联合方差分析以及多世代联合分离分析方法研究玉米茎秆纤维素含量的遗传规律。结果表明,纤维素含量变异丰富,遗传力高,两个群体纤维素含量随着生育时期的推进均呈现出先减后增的变化趋势,两个群体在生育后期纤维素含量差异明显。符合加性-上位性多基因遗传模型(C),遗传率分别是71.04%和86.68%。     

脂麻秆中纤维素与半纤维素的含量测定

目的：测定脂麻秆中纤维素与半纤维素的含量。方法：重铬酸钾氧化法、碱提取法和差重法。结果：脂麻秆中纤维素含量约为37％，半纤维素含量约为50％。结论：脂麻秆中含有丰富的木质纤维素来源，其中纤维素含量与玉米秆、麦秆、稻秆相当，而半纤维素的含量要高，可加以综合利用。     

Fortification of rice with folic acid using parboiling technique: Effect of parboiling conditions on nutrient uptake and physical characteristics of milled rice

Parboiling was used as a technique for folic acid fortification in brown rice. A range of parboiling conditions (i.e. 70 °C soaking for 1, 2 and 3 h with 0.15, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 g folic acid/300 g brown rice and milled for 0, 60 and 120 s) were studied to investigate the uptake of folic acid in the fortified rice. Approximately 20–300 μg folic acid/g was found in the fortified rice and an average of 90% of folic acid was retained in the washed and cooked fortified rice. The quality of the fortified rice was evaluated based on head rice yield (HRY), kernel dimensions and color. No significant change in HRY and grain dimensions were observed between raw and fortified rice, suggesting the economic value of rice will not be compromised with the fortification process and rice uniformity may likely be achieved after mixing with the untreated rice. Despite the inherent yellow color of folic acid, in comparison with parboiled rice, a significant difference in yellowness was exhibited only in rice fortified at 1.2 g folic acid/300 g brown, but not among those fortified at lower fortificant concentrations. The difference in lightness (ΔL^∗) (between fortified rice and parboiled rice) was reduced as soaking duration increased.     

糯玉米鲜子粒和熟子粒叶酸含量分析及评价

以8个不同糯玉米品种为材料,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法,测定糯玉米适采期鲜子粒叶酸含量和蒸煮后熟子粒叶酸含量。结果表明,糯玉米品种间鲜子粒叶酸含量存在显著差异,京科糯928含量最高,为305.43μg/100 g;农科玉368、兆玉18、京科糯2016叶酸含量在200～300μg/100 g;京科糯2010、垦粘1号、中航糯3号和万糯2000等4个品种叶酸含量较低,为100～200μg/100 g。蒸煮后熟子粒叶酸含量呈降低趋势,品种间熟子粒叶酸含量和叶酸流失率存在显著差异。京科糯928、农科玉368、京科糯2016、京科糯2010和兆玉18的叶酸流失率低于25.52%。综合表明,京科糯928和农科玉368鲜子粒和熟子粒叶酸含量较高且稳定,属于高叶酸营养强化型鲜食糯玉米品种,适合大面积推广种植。     

Effect of pre-harvest calcium chloride applications on fruit calcium level and post-harvest anthracnose disease of papaya

Anthracnose disease of papaya, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz, can cause extensive postharvest losses. The goal of this research was to use pre-harvest calcium applications to reduce anthracnose disease. Six pre-harvest foliar calcium sprays were applied biweekly to papaya trees in experimental orchards at Universiti Putra Malaysia. Additional in vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to test the effect of calcium on fruit calcium content, spore germination, mycelial growth and disease severity. Calcium chloride at 1%, 1.5% and 2.0% concentrations significantly decreased spore germination. Calcium content of papaya fruit was significantly increased by calcium sprays at a concentration of 2.0% in 2012 and 2013. In vivo studies showed that increasing calcium content in fruit by calcium sprays at 1.5 and 2.0% concentrations significantly reduced anthracnose incidence of fruits during five weeks storage at 12 ± 2 °C, and delayed initiation of disease symptoms by four weeks.     

Effect of cereal-legumechapati diets on absorption and retention of calcium

Wheatchapati, wheat+Bengal gram (8020 and 7030)chapatis and casein diets, at 10 percent protein level, were fed to rats for 12 weeks to study the effect on calcium utilization. The supplementation of Bengal gram to wheat diets significantly improved the calcium absorption. The urinary calcium excretion in wheat+Bengal gramchapati diets was significantly less than that of wheatchapati diet fed group. The in vivo⁴⁵Ca absorption (CPM/100 l serum) was also less in wheatchapati group as compared to wheat+Bengal gramchapati diets fed groups. The supplementation of legumes to cereals improved the calcium utilization and it may be concluded that there will be no risk of occurance of protein induced hypercalciuria.     

Inhibitory effect of whole oat on aberrant crypt foci formation and colon tumor growth in ICR and BALB/c mice

Recently, the incidence of colon cancer has been rapidly increasing in previously low-risk countries other than the Western world. Since dietary factors are thought to be key components involved in high risk colon cancer, the current trend for colon cancer prevention is toward dietary intervention. To explore if whole oat functions as a chemoprevention agent, an inflammation-related mouse colon cancer model, initiated with 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), followed by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), was performed to evaluate the preventive effect of whole oat containing diets. The result indicated middle and high dose whole oat diets significantly reduced the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as well as colon tumors. Further, human colon carcinoma cells were subcutaneously inoculated into BALB/cAnNg-Foxn1 nude mice to measure the growth inhibition on whole oat diets. Low, middle and high dose whole oat diets significantly decreased the tumor volumes by 13%, 17% and 43%, respectively, indicating a dose dependent inhibitory effect. Meanwhile, 38% and 54% reductions in tumor weights were observed in middle and high dose whole oat diets. Together, the evidence suggests whole oat helps protect against colon cancer development and could be a good chemoprevention agent taken as a daily supplement.     

钙对花生植株生长和叶片活性氧防御系统的影响

水培条件下设置不同钙离子施用量,研究了施钙对花生泉花10号生长发育和叶片活性氧防御系统的影响.结果表明,高钙处理的植株高大,茎枝粗壮,叶片厚且大,果量多,果大饱满,叶片叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性较高,脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、O2-·产生速率、电导率值较低.低钙对花生生长发育的影响与植株体内活性氧防御系统受到破坏密切相关.     

外源钙对盐胁迫下芸薹属植物幼苗的生理效应

本文研究了外源钙对盐胁迫下“禹氏三角关系” 中3个芸薹属多倍体物种（Brassica. carinata、B.juncea 和B. napus）和3个祖先二倍体物种（B. nigra、B. oleracea 和B. rapa）幼苗中叶绿素含量、MDA、SOD、 POD 和CAT活性的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫7 d后,加入外源钙,与对照相比,可显著提高叶绿素含量,降低MDA含量,提高SOD、POD及CAT的活性,表明外源钙可明显降低芸薹属植物的盐胁迫效应。此外,在盐胁迫下,使用外源钙后产生的各生理效应差异主要受物种本身的影响,然后是钙处理,而物种-钙处理间的交互作用则很小。通过各物种间生理指标的比较分析后发现,多倍体复合种的耐盐性比其祖先二倍体亲本强,但在对钙的敏感程度及作用效果上,则是后者强于前者。     

Effect of dietary fiber on the activity of intestinal and fecal beta-glucuronidase activity during 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis

The effects of fiber isolated from black gram (Phaseolus mungo) and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) kernel on the metabolic activity of intestinal and fecal beta glucuronidase activity during 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis were studied. The results indicated that the inclusion of fiber from black gram and coconut kernel generally supported lower specific activities and less fecal output of beta-glucuronidase than did the fiber free diet. This study suggests that the fibers isolated from coconut or black gram may potentially play a role in preventing the formation of colon tumors induced by the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by reducing the activity of the intestinal as well as fecal beta-glucuronidase.     

常规施肥与钙肥不同加量对讷河市大豆产量的影响

通过3年7项次的大豆常规施肥与钙肥的不同加量的效果试验,研究了大豆施用钙肥的增产效果和效益。结果表明,适量增加钙肥的施用对大豆有明显的增产效果,其增产与效益表现为8kgCaO〉10kgCaO〉5ksCaO〉2kgCaO〉CK〉15kgCaO〉20kgCaO。     

Changes in phytates and HCl extractability of calcium,phosphorus, and iron of soaked,dehulled, cooked,and sprouted pigeon pea cultivar (UPAS-120)

UPAS-120, a high yielding and early maturing variety of pigeon peas releasedby the Department of Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar contained a significant amount of phytic acid, i.e. 886 mg/100 g. When it was subjected to various domestic processing and cooking methods viz. soaking (6, 12, 18 h), dehulling, ordinary as well as pressure cooking and germination (24, 36 and 48 h), a drastic decrease in level of phytic acid with a remarkable increase in the HCl-extractability of mono, divalent, andtrivalent ions, like calcium, phosphorus, and iron occurred. Germination (48 h) was found to be the best method for decreasing the phytic acid content, i.e.35 to 39 percent less than the control and significantly (p<0.05) increasingthe non-phytate phosphorus and HCl-extractable phosphorus. Pressure cooking of soaked-dehulled pigeon pea also rendered equally good results. The calcium, phosphorus and iron contents of pigeon pea seeds were 197.3, 473.1, and 9.91 mg/100 g, respectively; some losses varying from 3 to 9 percent were noticed when the legume was subjected to soaking, cooking, and germination but the maximum losses, i.e. 23 percent, occurred when the seeds were dehulled. However, HCl-extractability of Ca, P and Fe improved to a significant extent when the pigeon pea seeds were soaked, soaked-dehulled, cooked and sprouted which may have been due to decrease in the phytate content followed by processing and cooking. The significant negative correlations between the phytic acid and HCl-extractability of minerals of processed pigeon pea strengthens these findings.     

氯化钙对花生中黄曲霉毒素B1提取及其快速检测结果的影响

本文以氯化钙为蛋白沉淀剂、黄曲霉毒素B1为靶标,探究了70%甲醇水（V/V）提取液中不同含量氯化钙对花生中黄曲霉毒素提取及其免疫检测结果的影响;采用样品加标回收的方法,研究比较了五种不同含量氯化钙对胶体金免疫层析试纸条和ELISA检测结果的影响。研究结果表明,样品经含1% CaCl2 （m/V）的甲醇水处理后,用胶体金免疫层析试纸条检测时,试纸条T线颜色梯度变化,不同浓度加标回收率等参数均得到明显改善,前处理效果显著;选取20份花生实际样品,经过这种前处理之后,进行胶体金免疫层析试纸条和ELISA检测,同时将其检测结果与免疫亲和层析高效液相色谱法（IAC-HPLC）进行比对,胶体金免疫层析试纸条与IAC-HPLC检测结果符合率为90%,间接竞争ELISA与IAC-HPLC检测结果相关性系数达0.996,表明本研究所改进的样品前处理方法能提高免疫检测准确度,具有很好的应用性。     

钙对大豆生长及产量的影响

通过小区试验研究了氯化钙拌种和喷施对大豆生长及产量的影响.结果表明:氯化钙拌种或喷施均能促进营养生长、提高大豆产量,拌种的适宜浓度为0.0225～0.045mol/L,喷施的适宜浓度是1.8～2.7mol/L.另外通过氯化钙、醋酸钙、氯化钾的对比试验,可知,氯化钙中对大豆生长及产量具有促进作用的是钙而不是氯.醋酸钙代替氯化钙效果更好.     

Genetic variability and diversity for protein and calcium contents in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) in relation to grain color

Analysis of 36 genotypes of finger millet ( Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) with varying seed colors revealed a wide range of protein and calcium contents. White seeded genotypes had higher protein contents, while brown seeded types had a wide range of values. The brown seeded genotype GE 2500 had the highest protein content. Although protein content had significant negative association with calcium content, white seeded types had moderate levels of calcium. The genotypic coefficients of variability were moderate and high for protein and calcium, respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance indicated their governance by additive gene action. A negative significant correlation was observed between protein content and grain yield. Mahalanobis D 2 analysis grouped the 36 genotypes into eight clusters. Clustering pattern failed to indicate any relationship between genetic diversity and geographic diversity. Based on genetic diversity and performance, the genotypes MS 1168, MS 174 and CO 13 were found to be suitable for use as parents in a hybridization program for improving yield; the genotypes MS 1168, MS 174 and MS 2869 for protein and Malawi 1915 and CO 11 for calcium. Protein and calcium contents contributed less to genetic divergence.     

Morphological Changes and Function of Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Eddo Roots in Hydroponic Solution Containing Calcium at Various Concentrations

Abstract

Morphological changes and function of calcium oxalate crystals in eddo roots in hydroponic solution containing calcium at various concentrations were investigated. Bundles of needle-shaped crystals in crystal idioblasts were tubularly arranged in the peripheral part of cortex in the apical zone of primary roots. Under scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, crystals in the idioblasts of roots cultured in 1 mM calcium nitrate solution were larger than those in 0 mM calcium solution but smaller than those in the solutions containing either 15 mM calcium nitrate or 15 mM calcium chloride. The number and area of crystal bundles in the sections of the apical zone in 1 mM calcium nitrate solution were significantly larger than those in 0 mM calcium solution and smaller than those in the solutions containing 15 mM calcium. The calcium mapping image obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry showed that the amount of calcium in crystal idioblasts was increased with increasing calcium concentration in the solutions. However, the weight percentage of calcium per cortex parenchyma cell in root apical zone did not vary significantly with the concentration of calcium in the solutions. In the root zone apart from the root apex having no crystals, the weight percentage of calcium per cortex parenchyma cell in the solutions containing 15 mM calcium was significantly higher than that in either 0 mM calcium or 1 mM calcium nitrate solution. These results suggested that the crystals in the tubular arrangement participated in the regulation of calcium levels in the apical zone of primary roots.     

小麦强化营养粉中钙、锌含量的盐酸浸提快速测定

为了研究盐酸浸提快速法在测定小麦强化营养粉钙、锌含量中的应用,以5份小麦强化营养粉和小麦标准物质(GBE08503b)为材料,分别用盐酸浸提快速法和高温灰化法对样品进行前处理,再用火焰原子吸收法测定钙、锌含量.结果表明,盐酸浸提快速法的钙、锌检出限分别为0.52、0.08 μg/mL;方法精密度(RSD)分别为3.4%、2.8%,与国家标准推荐的高温灰化法相比较差异均不显著.两种方法下小麦标准物质钙、锌含量的测定值与标准值的差异性以及两种方法测定值间的差异性t检验均不显著,表明盐酸浸提快速法有较高的准确度.5份小麦强化营养粉的钙、锌质量分数用盐酸浸提法的测定值略低于高温灰化法,t检验差异不显著.试验表明,该方法快速、操作简单,适合测定小麦强化营养粉中钙、锌的含量.     

Effect of Calcium Concentration in Growth Medium on Oxalate Content and Evaluation of the Role of Guttation in the Regulation of Oxalate in Eddo

The effects of calcium concentrations in the growth medium on oxalate content of leaf blades, petioles and corms and the involvement of guttation in the regulation of oxalate homeostasis were investigated in eddo (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. antiquorum Hubbard & Rehder). The plants were grown hydroponically in solutions containing 0 mM calcium, 1 mM calcium nitrate (control), 15 mM calcium nitrate or 15 mM calcium chloride. Total oxalate content (soluble plus insoluble) of leaf blades, petioles and corms did not differ with the calcium concentration in solutions containing 1 mM or 15 mM calcium nitrate or 0 mM calcium. The soluble oxalate content of these parts decreased as the calcium concentration of the solution was increased. Solutions containing 15 mM calcium nitrate or 15 mM calcium chloride gave a significantly lower proportion of soluble oxalate content to total oxalate content in each part, especially in leaf blades than 0 mM calcium or 1 mM calcium nitrate. In contrast, a positive correlation was found between insoluble oxalate content and calcium concentration in the solution. These results demonstrate that high calcium concentrations in the growth medium reduce soluble oxalate content of the plant. Soluble oxalate was detected in eddo guttation fluid. Soluble oxalate content in this fluid (mg mL^?1) and the amount of soluble oxalate exuded by guttation (mg leaf^?1 night^?1) were significantly lower in the solutions containing 15 mM calcium than in those containing 0 mM and 1 mM calcium. These results indicate that guttation may affect the concentration of soluble oxalate in the plant bodies although not strongly contributing to a decrease in soluble oxalate content in eddo grown under high calcium conditions.     

亚麻纤维素合成酶及其类蛋白基因部分序列的克隆

分离和克隆了亚麻纤维素合成酶基因(CesA)及其类蛋白D基因家族(CSLD)的部分序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析。纤维素合成酶类蛋白(CSL)作为一种重要的膜蛋白与纤维素合成酶具有相似的蛋白结构,都含有D,D,D,QXXRW保守区。利用其它物种中CesA基因的保守序列设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增基因片段,经多次重复测序,获得了6个CesA基因片段和5个CSL基因片段。应用ClustalW和NCBI数据库对获得的基因片段进行序列分析,它们分别属于CesA基因家族和CSLD基因家族,6个CesA基因片段之间核酸和蛋白的相似性分别在67%～88%和71%～98%之间,5个CSLD基因片段之间核酸和蛋白的相似性分别在68%～83%和76%～94%之间。推测LusiCesA1与LusiCesA3,LusiCesA4与LusiCesA5及LusiCSLD1与LusiCSLD2的亲缘关系较近。     

Comparison of lignin and cellulose solubilities in ionic liquids by COSMO-RS analysis and experimental validation

In this work, the solubilities of lignin and cellulose in ionic liquids (ILs) have been analyzed and compared by COSMO-RS simulation. The excess enthalpy of the IL + lignin/cellulose mixtures is evaluated as reference property to describe the affinity of lignin and cellulose for different ionic liquids, in terms of the intermolecular interactions contributing to their mixing properties. Thus, the anion plays the main role in the dissolution process of both lignin and cellulose, in which the hydrogen bonding forces are the major interactions. The most promising anions for the cellulose and lignin dissolution are acetate, formate and chloride, whereas different cations can be employed. Computational results indicated that a rational combination of the anions and cations allows designing ILs able to dissolve with different selectivity lignin and cellulose. Some of these solutions are tested in the laboratory to validate the model employed and the regenerated solids are analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy.