菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、中杆属和拟丽突属线虫毒性效应研究

采用悉生培养系统,研究不同浓度菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、拟丽突属与中杆属线虫的毒性效应,以及3种线虫对菲的去除作用。结果表明:(1)随着菲浓度的增加,3种线虫存活率逐渐降低。秀丽隐杆线虫在不添加菲的处理中,48 h内出现繁殖,而在添加菲的处理中,即使在最低浓度5 mg/L下,繁殖现象也会消失。中杆属与拟丽突属线虫由于世代时间较长,在本试验周期内均未出现繁殖现象。(2)暴露24 h时,比较不同浓度菲处理下线虫的相对死亡率,得到3种线虫的耐性依次为中杆属线虫≥秀丽隐杆线虫≥拟丽突属线虫,且随菲浓度的增加,秀丽隐杆线虫耐性水平逐渐降低;暴露48 h时中杆属线虫耐性依旧高于拟丽突属,而72 h时中杆属与拟丽突属线虫的耐性趋于一致。(3)3种线虫受菲胁迫后均失去头部正常摆动能力,且秀丽隐杆线虫与拟丽突属线虫体长随菲浓度的增加而逐渐降低。(4)不同种类线虫的添加均能促进菲的去除,不同线虫之间无显著差异。因此,菲会显著抑制3种线虫的存活率和生长发育,抑制秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖。线虫的存活率受线虫种类、暴露时间、菲浓度及其交互作用的影响显著,其中中杆属线虫对菲的综合耐性最强,3种线虫均能促进溶液中菲的去除。     

Praemachiloides iberica n. sp. from Spain (Insecta Microcoryphia)

Praemachiloides iberica n. sp. is described and compared with the other four known species of the genus: P. janetschecki, P. insularis, P.tarsispina and P. autumnalis. The main difference of P. iberica n. sp. from the other known congenerics is the presence, in the male, of a field of plaited setae on the ventral surface of the maxillary palp.     

Isolation and characterisation of symbiotically effective Rhizobium resistant to arsenic and heavy metals after the toxic spill at the Aznalcóllar pyrite mine

After the toxic spill occurred at Aznalcóllar pyrite mine (Southern Spain), a wide area of croplands near the Doñana Wild Park was contaminated with 4.5 million m³ of slurries composed of acidic waters loaded with toxic metals and metalloids such as As, Sb, Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, Tl, Bi, Cd, Ag, Hg and Se. Today, 6 years after the spill, the concentration of toxic elements in these soils is still very high, in spite of the efforts to clean the zone. However, some plant species have colonised this contaminated area. Legumes possessing N₂-fixing nodules on their roots represented a significant proportion of these plants. Our objective was to use the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis as a new tool for bioremediate the affected area. We have isolated about 100 Rhizobium strains, 41 of them being resistant to high concentrations of As (300 mg l⁻¹), Cu (100 mg l⁻¹) and Pb (500 mg l⁻¹). Their phenotypes and bioaccumulation potentials have been characterised by their growth rates in media supplemented with As and heavy metals. The presence of the resistance genes in some strains has been confirmed by PCR and Southern blot hybridisation. Several Rhizobium were symbiotically effective in the contaminated soils. On the other hand, the first steps in nodule establishment seemed to be more affected by heavy metals than N₂-fixation.     

Interception of water by pastures of Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. and Melinis minutiflora Beauv.

The conversion of montane cloud forests into pastures for grazing cattle is the main cause of important impacts on rivers and streams in most of the Andes. In order to evaluate the effects of vegetation changes we need to understand water fluxes, particularly canopy interception. We measured net precipitation responses by the canopies of Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. and Melinis minutiflora Beauv. under simulated rainfall. The samples were taken from grazed pastures during 1 year, digging out round mats of grass, placing them on wire-mesh devices after eliminating soil and underground biomass, and irrigating with different water amounts. The resulting data allow us to present a validated model for each species that predicts percentage of interception at different precipitation intensities taking into account previous canopy wetness within determined biomass ranges. We use these models to estimate 2 years of interception values for pastures of both species in the upper watershed of El Cañadón, Capaz River, Venezuelan Andes. Mean annual precipitation of El Cañadón is 1244 mm and the estimate of pasture interception was 36.5% and 31.8% for P. clandestinum and M. minutiflora, respectively. Interception models, such as the ones derived in this study, provide a basis for quantifying interception rates as a function of previous wetness of canopies and grass species.     

Diversity of Paenibacillus durus strains isolated from soil and different plant rhizospheres evaluated by ARDRA and gyrB-RFLP analysis

Strains belonging to Paenibacillus durus isolated from the rhizosphere of various grasses and from bulk soil were previously divided into five phenotypic groups (A1–A5) based on the fermentation pattern of six carbohydrates (A1: sorbitol (+), A2: dulcitol and tagatose (+), A3: starch and glycogen (+), A4: starch, glycogen and d-arabitol (+) and A5: negative for these carbohydrates). This study aimed to assess whether plant types select for specific P. durus phenotypic groups. For that purpose, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of part of genes encoding 16S rRNA (ARDRA) and DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB-RFLP) were used to produce genetic fingerprints. ARDRA and gyrB-RFLP data were clustered together to generate a dendrogram and two main clusters were observed. Cluster I showed a predominance of strains isolated from wheat, maize and sugarcane rhizospheres. Strains isolated from maize were distributed among the five patterns of carbohydrate metabolism, while strains isolated from sugarcane showed to be predominantly able to metabolize starch and glycogen. Neither sorbitol- nor arabitol-metabolizing strains were found in cluster II, which consisted of strains isolated from soil and from all plant species used. Our results suggest that the plants influenced the diversity of P. durus in their rhizospheres.     

Growth of Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa in an acid forest soil, and their effects on enchytraeid populations and soil properties

A laboratory experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa are able to maintain their populations and reproduce in the acid forest soil of a deciduous forest where no lumbricids were found in the field. The experiment was conducted in 45-l containers in which layers of mineral subsoil, humus and organic topsoil collected from the site were established. Both species survived and at least L. terrestris reproduced during the 60 weeks’ incubation. Burrows and middens of L. terrestris were recorded and quantities of litter were consumed. The presence of lumbricids increased the organic matter content of humus, reduced the acidity of the topsoil and humus layers, and suppressed the population of the enchytraeid Cognettia sphagnetorum. A dense population of Enchytraeus albidus was found in L. terrestris middens. It is concluded that edaphic factors do not explain the absence of earthworms, but isolation from cultural landscapes and lack of opportunity to colonize the site from the surroundings is the decisive factor.     

荧光原位杂交技术检测土壤中博德特氏菌探针的设计与应用

根据博德特氏菌(Bordetellasp.)的16S rRNA基因序列,设计荧光原位杂交(FISH)检测博德特氏菌的寡核苷酸探针FW_iso_62和FW_iso_761,在20%～60%甲酰胺均有很强的荧光信号。采用探针FW_iso_62及其竞争探针,结合Nycodenz和DAPI技术,建立定量检测土壤中博德特氏菌的DAPI-FISH方法。该方法可排除土壤颗粒的自动荧光对细菌信号的掩盖,保证图片中有大量微生物供统计分析,还能有效保存微生物的原位信息。应用该方法分析土壤中1,2,4-三氯苯降解菌-博德特氏菌,结果未受氯苯污染的农田土壤中没有检测到博德特氏菌,而氯苯污染土壤中检测到大量的博德特氏菌,每克土壤含3.78×106个。将该污染土壤中分离的博德特氏降解菌及其降解菌群接种至农田土壤中,降解菌的数量均随培养而增加,一个月后分别占DAPI计数的1.7%和3.8%。本研究设计的探针可有效用于复杂环境样品中博德特氏菌的定性与定量检测。     

接种bradyrhizobium sp.对豇豆生物量及根瘤的影响

Vigna unguiculata(L.)Walp (cowpea)is a tropical legume of very high nutrive and economic values.A laboratory experiment.was conducted to evaluate the BNF (biological nitrogen fixation) effciency of 4 strains of Bradyrhizobium sp.(VUXYI,VUIE1,VUMDS1 and VUID1).From the results obtained these strains were classified into efficiency groups,with VUID1 being the most efficient and VUXY1 the least efficient.the effect of inoculation was tested on 2 cowpea varieties in a field experiment.Remarkable increases in nodulation biomass and crop yield were observed.An increase from 58% ti 81% in dry seed was obtained for the two varieties.A significance test revealed a signifecantly positive correlation between nodulation and biomass.     

紫花苜蓿、黑麦草和狼尾草对Cu、Pb复合污染土壤修复能力的研究

随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前对于土壤重金属污染的治理主要以植物修复为主。为了寻找适宜修复Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的牧草,采用盆栽试验法,将试验的植物设置9组处理:1组对照组(CK),不添加任何重金属盐;4组单一污染,即单一Cu低(Cu1,200 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Cu2 400 mg×kg-1),单一Pb低(Pb1 300 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Pb2 800 mg×kg-1);4组Cu、Pb复合污染(Cu1Pb1、Cu1Pb2、Cu2Pb1、Cu_2Pb_2)。通过比较紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides)的适应能力和富集特征,研究了这3种常见牧草植物对受Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:1)紫花苜蓿地上部和根部生物量均在Pb1处理组时最大,显著高于其他处理组;黑麦草地上部生物量在Cu1Pb1处理组最大,根部生物量在Pb1处理组最大;狼尾草地上部生物量在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,根部生物量在Cu2处理组最大。2)Cu单一污染下,狼尾草抗性系数最大;Pb单一污染下,紫花苜蓿抗性系数最大;Cu-Pb复合污染下,狼尾草的抗性系数较大。高浓度Cu处理组3种牧草植物的地上部生物量、根部生物量和抗性系数均呈现:狼尾草黑麦草紫花苜蓿,且狼尾草显著大于黑麦草和紫花苜蓿。3)种植3种牧草植物后,土壤重金属Cu、Pb含量均有所降低。在一定浓度下,土壤Cu-Pb重金属间会相互促进对方在牧草植物中的吸收。4)3种牧草中紫花苜蓿地上部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达1.61;黑麦草根部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达3.80;3种牧草地上部和根部对Pb的富集系数只在黑麦草根部的Cu1Pb1处理组时大于1,达1.46。5)黑麦草对Pb的吸收能力较强,且主要积累在根系;紫花苜蓿对Cu-Pb复合污染综合修复效果最好。紫花苜蓿和黑麦草分别在Cu-Pb复合污染和Pb单一污染土壤中对Pb的转运系数大于1,分别为2.72和2.06,反映其对土壤中的Pb具有富集潜力。综合表明,黑麦草对重金属Pb具有较强的耐性,在Pb单一污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料;紫花苜蓿对重金属Cu、Pb均具有较强的耐性,在重金属Cu单一或Cu-Pb复合污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。     

基于东亚金发藓监测土壤镉污染的生物学机理

采用对镉具有高敏感性特征的苔藓植物——东亚金发藓(Pogonatum inflexum)为材料,以不同浓度梯度镉污染基质作为胁迫条件,观测该植物在镉胁迫下的生长发育状况、镉富集能力、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量及MDA含量,并分析比较了各项指标变化特征与土壤中全镉含量及有效镉含量的相关性。结果显示,供试土壤中有效镉含量约占全镉含量的20%~40%,东亚金发藓对镉的富集能力总体较弱,其最大富集浓度值为1.627 mg kg-1,最高富集系数为63.9%,植株富集浓度与土壤有效镉含量之间的相关性高于全镉;东亚金发藓对镉污染表现出显著反应特征,植株孢子体和配子体受害症状明显,1~2 mg kg-1以上的镉胁迫(土壤有效镉含量大于0.559 mg kg-1时)即可使叶部黄化、褐变,5 mg kg-1的镉处理导致蒴柄弯折、植株枯亡;东亚金发藓叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理指标变化特征受镉胁迫影响明显,且与有效镉含量呈显著相关性,适合作为东亚金发藓监测土壤镉污染及镉生物有效性的指示指标。     

Yield and N assimilation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Norstar) inoculated with rhizobacteria

The effects of bacterial inoculants on the growth of winter wheat were studied in a growth chamber. Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus polymyxa, Enterobacter cloacae, or a mixture of the four rhizobacteria were the inoculants tested. Inoculation effects on yield, yield components, and N-derived from fertilizer (Ndff) were assessed. The response of plants inoculated with individual bacteria was inconsistent and varied with treatment. At the first harvest (58 days after planting-DAP) plants inoculated with the mixture exhibited increases in plant dry weight, total-N and Ndff. At the second harvest (105 DAP), plants inoculated with A. brasilense and the mixture exhibited increases in shoot biomass, whereas at maturity (170 DAP), the inoculated plants showed no differences in total-N or shoot dry matter yield, as compared to the uninoculated controls. Inoculation with A. brasilense, however, increased the Ndff in the shoots, and B. polymyxa tended to enhance grain yield. Practical use of these rhizobacteria as inoculants for winter wheat may have limited value until such time as we better understand factors which influence rhizosphere competence of bacterial inoculants.     

Plant microcosm studies demonstrating bioremediation of cyanide toxicity by Trichoderma and Fusarium spp.

The biodegradation of cyanide by Trichoderma and Fusarium spp. growing in association with plant roots in microcosms was investigated with CN^– at 50 or 100 mg/kg. Pea and wheat seeds germinated and plants grew only when seeds were inoculated with the fungi, probably because the plant/fungal association was capable of promoting cyanide catabolism. Inoculation by fungi also increased plant shoot lengths and the biomass of shoots and root compared with control plants without CN^– and fungi. Such plant/fungal association shows potential as a land remediation system.     

藻(Ziziphus spina-christi)体内外无性繁殖的方法

Christ‘s thorn (Ziziphus spina-christi L. Desf.) is ecologically and economically important in Iran. Since it is a crosspollinated plant with a wide range of genetic variability, an investigation was carried out to determine the best method for mass and clonal propagation. Three vegetative methods were examined, including 1) cutting, where shoots with a 22-25 cm length and three shoot diameters were treated with two culture media; 2) layering, where air layering and trench layering treatments consisted of three growth regulators at three levels of concentration; and 3) tissue culture with nodal segments bearing axillary buds that were removed from shoots of mature trees at different seasons. Several experiments were carried out to determine the best disinfectant chemical, the best culture method, the best season, the appropriate explant characteristics and media type. Rooting was successful only on the sandy beds for cuttings with more than 8.0 mm diameter. For the trench layering method, only one specimen in one replicate rooted a very small root, while for the air layering method, only seedlings with growth regulator treatments rooted successfully. The best season for explant harvesting was determined as mid summer, and among the disinfecting treatments, Ca(OCI)2 at a concentration of 0.5g kg^-1 for 20 minutes was the best. There were no significant differences for shoot weight and length with a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with and without a hormone.     

自生固氮菌对土壤钾的活化作用

以土壤为钾源,通过液培试验研究了5株自生固氮菌(Azotobacter sp.)对土壤钾的活化作用。结果表明,自生固氮菌能分泌大量的氢离子,大幅度降低培养液p H,使氢离子浓度提高40倍以上。自生固氮菌分泌有机酸的种类与数量因菌株不同而异,这些有机酸包括甲酸、乙酸、草酸、丁二酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乳酸等。其中,全部供试菌株均能分泌草酸和苹果酸。在自生固氮菌的培养液中,钾浓度显著高于未接种的培养液,但土壤矿物结构钾则显著降低。由于土壤是培养液钾的唯一来源,说明自生固氮菌可促进土壤矿物钾溶解。相关分析表明,土壤矿物结构钾与自生固氮菌的有机酸分泌总量呈显著负相关(r=-0.845*,n=6),与培养液p H呈显著正相关(r=0.702*,n=6),说明自生固氮菌分泌的有机酸和氢离子可能溶解土壤矿物钾。考虑到自生固氮菌的草酸分泌量最大,络合钙、镁、铁、铝的能力最强,且与有机酸分泌总量呈极显著正相关(r=0.990**,n=6),推测草酸的分泌在活化土壤无效钾的过程中起重要作用。接种自生固氮菌显著降低土壤无效钾,活化能力因菌株不同而异,其原因可能与有机酸分泌的数量和种类有关。     

Analysis of clonal germplasm from five Saccharum species: S. barberi , S. robustum, S. officinarum, S. sinense and S. spontaneum . A study of inter- and intra species relationships using microsatellite markers

In order to study relationships within and among species of the highly complex polyploid genus Saccharum, 30 clones from 5 species (S. barberi, S. officinarum, S. robustum, S. sinense, and S. spontaneum) and 6 cultivated clones were analyzed using 15 sugarcane simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and two multivariate statistical methods. The origins of two species, S. barberi and S. sinense, are unclear, and it has been hypothesized that they arose from crosses of S. officinarum × S. spontaneum. S. robustum is suggested to be ancestral to S. officinarum, which, when crossed with S. spontaneum, principally comprise the genomes of commercial cultivars. Although our analyses supported S. robustum as being an ancestor of S. officinarum, and show the composition of commercial clones as expected, our results concerning the species S. barberi and S. sinense indicated them to be much less related to the main Saccharum germplasm pool than previous molecular marker investigations, suggesting that introgression from other genera may exist in their ancestry. The differing results of our analysis of S. barberi and S. sinense are likely attributable to more equal and larger numbers of clones studied in each species. Given the extremely high ploidy, the use of only 15 SSR markers enabled clear distinction of Saccharum species and clones, and also identified likely mislabeled accessions. In addition, the replication of DNA extraction, polymerase chain reactions, and fragment electrophoresis increased the robustness of our analysis.     

冀西北山地华北落叶松和白桦林下枯落物水文特征

[目的]探讨冀西北山区不同人工林枯落物持水特性的差异,为该地区森林水文循环和森林开发管理提供基础依据。[方法]以冀西北张家口市崇礼山区的华北落叶松、白桦人工林为研究对象,在林下设置标准样地,测定枯落物层厚度和蓄积量,通过室内浸泡法测定持水特征。[结果]华北落叶松和白桦林下枯落物层厚度分别为4.2,3.4cm,枯落物蓄积量为10.90,4.92t/hm2;浸泡24h后华北落叶松枯落物(未分解层和半分解层)总持水量为4 228.5g/kg,白桦枯落物(未分解层和半分解层)总持水量为5 208.6g/kg,二者的有效拦蓄量分别为14.06,8.85t/hm2。在整个持水过程中,华北落叶松、白桦林下枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间的变化规律基本一致,均在前4h内持水作用较强,4~8h后逐渐变缓,10h后其持水量基本达到饱和;枯落物持水量与浸水时间存在对数曲线关系,而吸水速率与浸泡时间存在幂函数关系。[结论]森林枯落物层发挥水文功能由持水能力和蓄积量共同决定,在森林经营管理过程中应充分考虑包括树种组成和搭配、林分密度等因子的影响。     

不同密度樟子松固沙林土壤水分特征

[目的]探讨樟子松固沙林合理栽植密度,为进一步深入分析樟子松固沙林水量动态平衡、衰退原因及林分稳定性评价提供参考。[方法]以科尔沁沙地南缘3种密度(400,600和800株/hm2)的33a樟子松固沙林为研究对象,连续监测了生长季降雨、0—200cm土壤含水量、200cm以下渗漏量,分析了3种密度下土壤水分特征及差异。[结果](1)3种密度下土壤水分时空变化趋势基本一致,0—30cm为降雨影响剧烈层,60cm以下受40mm降雨影响,降雨结束后均表现蒸渗型水分消退特征,之后转换为蒸散型;(2)0—200cm土壤体积含水量大小为:400株/hm2600株/hm2800株/hm2,且差异显著(p0.05);(3)200cm以下均有水分渗漏,其中800株/hm2最低,为0.4mm。[结论]丰水年3种密度林分基本能够维持水量平衡,但正常降水或极端降水年份会增加土壤蓄存水消耗,可能出现水分亏缺或衰退现象。建议生产中樟子松固沙林适宜密度应控制在400株/hm2左右。     

Humic acid bleaching by white-rot fungi isolated from biosolids compost

A screening assay for isolating humic-substances degrading fungi from biosolids compost at the thermophillic phase employed using plates containing 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), MnCl₂ or the monoazo dye Acid Red 183. Two of the most active fungi out of 70 fungal strains isolated were identified based on rDNA sequences and designated Trametes sp. M23 and Phanerochaete sp. Y6 (accessions no. DQ408582 and DQ438910). These isolates, when compared to a model white-rot fungi T. versicolor and P. chrysosporium, showed the ability to bleach humic acids extracted from biosolids compost while growing under solid-state conditions using perlite as a solid support. T. versicolor and Trametes sp. M23 also exhibited the ability to bleach humic acids from a peat source. Interestingly, only Trametes sp. M23 bleached leonardite humic acid, which is considered to be a highly aromatic and stable type of natural organic matter. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of white-rot fungi being isolated and identified from thermophilic composts. Since these fungi are capable of degrading lignin and humic acid and were found active in organic-matter-degradation processes, we suggest that they may play a significant role in the degradation and transformation of these refractory substances during composting.     

长江三角洲地区麻栎和栓皮栎蒸腾规律及其对气候因子的响应

森林蒸腾在维系森林生态系统水量平衡上起着重要作用,研究麻栎和栓皮栎的蒸腾耗水规律,有助于了解栎林的水文过程和水量平衡.采用热扩散探针法,对江苏省句容市麻栎和栓皮栎林蒸腾速率进行连续观测,研究蒸腾速率在晴天、阴天和雨天的日变化特征,以及不同天气下气候因子对蒸腾速率的影响机制.结果表明,麻栎和栓皮栎蒸腾速率日变化在晴天、阴...     

Meta-analysis of the effects of management factors on Miscanthus × giganteus growth and biomass production

Biomass crops in the U.S. have the potential to reduce the dependence on foreign energy supply, to lower net greenhouse emissions, and to diversify agroecosystems. Miscanthus × giganteus has been extensively researched in Europe but the response to key agronomic management factors has not been summarized. In this study we have collected most of the relevant and up to date European literature on the response of dry biomass production to planting density and nitrogen (N) fertilizer and we provide quantitative estimates of the effect of these practices. The data were analyzed through non-linear mixed models which take into account the hierarchical structure of the data due to variability among countries, locations and years. M. × giganteus responded to N fertilizer only after the third growing season and planting density only had a significant effect on the second growing season. The similarity among growth curves, when dry biomass production was analyzed as function of thermal time, shows the stability of the cropping system against other environmental factors.