鱼类消化道菌群与碳水化合物代谢

碳水化合物氧化分解是鱼类能量的重要来源。由于碳水化合物来源广泛、价格相对低廉,饲料中添加适量碳水化合物,不仅可以降低饲料成本,而且可以节约蛋白原料,减少氨氮排放。然而以往研究表明,鱼类摄入超量碳水化合物时会出现抗病力受损、生长迟缓、脂肪肝、死亡率升高等问题。鱼类消化道微生物参与宿主的糖、脂类和蛋白质等代谢过程,对动物营养代谢有重要的调控作用。提高鱼类对饲料的利用率,对鱼类增产、渔民增收具有重要的现实意义。本研究综述了鱼类对碳水化合物的代谢,以鱼类消化道微生物为出发点,阐述了鱼类消化道微生物调控碳水化合物代谢的方式与可能机制,旨在为鱼类高效利用碳水化合物以及节约饲料中蛋白质提供新视角。     

饲料中三种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼生长性能和肝脏糖代谢关键酶活性的影响

为研究饲料中添加3种不同的碳水化合物对大黄鱼生长性能、饲料利用以及糖代谢关键酶活性的影响,进行为期8周的生长实验和持续24 h的饥饿实验。以葡萄糖、小麦淀粉和糊精这3种碳水化合物作为糖源,设计3组等氮等脂(48%粗蛋白和12%粗脂肪)的饲料。选用初始体质量为(8.51±0.02)g的大黄鱼450尾,随机分为3组(每组3个重复,每个重复50尾)。养殖实验结束后进行饥饿实验,分别在饥饿实验开始后的0、1、3、5、7、9、11和24 h取样。结果显示,小麦淀粉组和糊精组大黄鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著高于葡萄糖组,且这2个饲料组的饲料系数显著低于葡萄糖组。糊精组大黄鱼的肝体比显著高于其余2组大黄鱼的肝体比。饲料中添加3种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼成活率、脏体比和肥满度无显著性影响。葡萄糖组和小麦淀粉组大黄鱼血糖含量在饥饿1 h后都开始显著上升,葡萄糖组高血糖水平持续至少10 h;小麦淀粉组3 h显著下降至初始水平左右,未达到高血糖水平;糊精组大黄鱼血糖含量随着时间的推移持续升高,在11 h达到最大值,高血糖水平持续4 h。饲料中添加3种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼血清胰岛素和肝糖原含量有显著性影响。小麦淀粉对大黄鱼肝脏葡萄糖激酶(GK)活性的升高有诱导作用。大黄鱼摄食3种不同碳水化合物饲料后鱼体血糖水平升高,但糖异生关键酶如葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pase)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBPase)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)的活性并不降低。饲料中添加葡萄糖和小麦淀粉对大黄鱼肝脏丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性有显著性影响。研究表明,大黄鱼利用结构复杂的多糖(如小麦淀粉和糊精)的能力要高于单糖(如葡萄糖),3种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼血糖调节及糖酵解和糖异生途径关键酶活性的影响存在差异。     

鱼碳水化合物营养研究进展(下)

正在肉食性鱼上碳水化合物供能能力有限,鱼摄食高糖饲料后高血糖时间延长。一方面可能是葡萄糖稳态混乱导致的,主要原因是肝脏葡萄糖磷酸化与葡萄糖-6-磷酸水解两个过程不平衡(Panserat等,2001);另一方面可能与以下因素有关:①葡萄糖对鱼体运动所需氧化供能贡献小,鱼体内葡萄糖周转率与哺乳动物相比显著降低(Haman等,1996);     

肉食性鱼类的糖代谢——以南方鲇为例

肉食性鱼类的糖营养和代谢研究一直是国际学术界的热点之一。以典型的肉食性鱼类南方鲇为实验对象,系统研究了糖种类和添加量对鱼体摄食、消化、排泄、代谢和生长的影响。综合分析认为,对于肉食性鱼类同化的食物糖类不能很好转化为脂肪和糖原储存,也不能大量为机体提供代谢能量,但肉食性鱼类可能采取增加代谢耗能的方式消除吸收的非必需糖类,而底物循环为机体增加代谢耗能的基本方式之一。     

饲料中不同碳水化合物水平对刺参幼参生长和能量收支的影响

通过设置不同碳水化合物水平(25.61%,34.55%,45.31%,55.82%,66.09%),探讨对刺参幼参[体重(1.67±0.06)g]生长、饲料利用、体组成和能量收支的影响。实验周期为60 d,每组设3个重复,每个重复40头幼参。结果表明:(1)随着摄食碳水化合物水平的升高,特定生长率和饲料转化率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。基于SGR和FCE的二次回归模型估算幼参碳水化合物的最适需求量为50.15%~53.95%;(2)蛋白质效率和摄食能在45.31%~66.09%碳水化合物水平组均显著高于25.61%~34.55%组,说明碳水化合物为幼参获得蛋白质节约效应提供了能量;(3)饲料中碳水化合物水平对幼参摄食率、排粪率和表观消化率均有显著性影响,适宜的碳水化合物水平会提高机体对营养物质的利用效率;(4)全参、体壁及消化道中粗脂肪含量均随摄食碳水化合物水平的升高而有所增加,表明摄食过量碳水化合物会造成幼参体组织脂肪的沉积;(5)在66.09%碳水化合物水平下,幼参生长能占摄食能的比例显著降低,粪能、排泄能及呼吸能占摄食能的比例有所升高,说明过高的碳水化合物水平会造成机体能量利用效率的降低。综上,适宜的碳水化合物水平可以促进幼参生长,提高饲料利用效率,而摄食过量碳水化合物会造成其体组织脂肪的沉积,并影响机体能量代谢水平。     

鳡肠道排空速率的测定

<正>肠道排空速率是指鱼类摄食后,食物从肠道排出体外的速率。生产中鳡已可以完全采用人工配合饲料养殖,因此,研究鳡摄食人工饲料后肠道排空速率对于评价鳡对人工饵料的消耗能力有重要的意义,并可以得出养殖鳡鱼的科学投喂频率。此外,鳡肠道排空速率的测定还能丰富鳡消化生理的理论知识,为鳡摄食人工饵料后消化运动的研究提供科学资料。一、材料与方法1.试验饲料试验饲料以国产蒸汽鱼粉(蛋白含量60.2%)为蛋白源,豆油为脂肪源,试验饲料粗蛋白为42.05%,粗脂肪为8.12%,试验饲料的具体配比见表1。     

浅析影响鱼类摄食量的因素

饲料与营养摄食量的多少是影响鱼的生长速度的关键因素,而鱼类摄食量也受诸如鱼体自身、水体环境、饲料和管理等因素的影响。一、鱼体自身因素1、食性不同:不同种类的鱼食性不同,影响着摄食量的多少,一般情况下对比鱼类的摄食率呈现一下状况:草食性的鱼>杂食性的鱼>肉食性的鱼,例如草鱼的投饲率一般在5%左右,而青鱼为3%左右。2、胃及消化道容积和食性不同:胃容积相对体重的比例变化很大,胃容积大则摄食量大,按摄食量大小排序一般为成鱼>鱼种>幼鱼,有的鱼无胃,所摄食的饵料依靠肠道来消化,草食性鱼类肠道很长,一般为鱼体长的6~7倍,而肉食性鱼…     

“BOA生物活性剂”在鱼饲料中的应用

碳水化合物是鱼虾及畜禽饲料的重要组成部分,为发挥动物能源的物质基础,也可提高蛋白质、脂肪及维生素的实用效率。但是由于鱼虾类又有异于畜禽,属于水生的变温动物,体温低,基础代谢亦较低,故对碳水化合物的摄食消化和代谢能力比畜禽类低得多。据测定它所需的碳水化合物总     

肉食性鱼类食性驯化技术刍议

很多名贵肉食性鱼类已逐渐被开发为养殖新品种 ,但由于其鲜活饲料供应困难 ,大规模的集约化养殖受到限制 ,而采用人工饲料进行投喂能很好地解决这一问题。只是这些名优鱼类进行集约化养殖之前必须进行有效的食性驯化 ,使之由原先摄食鲜活饲料转向摄食人工配合饲料 ,才便于大规模养殖。但在驯化转食过程中 ,若方法不当 ,不仅苗种成活率不能保证 ,还会导致个体大小参差不齐 ,甚至诱发同类相残现象 ,直接影响到生产效益。本文对鱼类的食性驯化技术进行简要分析 ,以期为养殖单位提供有益的借鉴。1驯食环境对食性驯化的影响驯食环境可分为室内水…     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate level on growth performance of juvenile spotted Babylon (Babylonia areolata Link 1807)

A growth trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary carbohydrate level on growth performance, feed utilization and metabolism of juvenile spotted babylon. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets (48% crude protein and 15 MJ kg^− 1 diet) using wheat starch as the carbohydrate source, were formulated to contain six carbohydrate levels. Triplicate groups of 45 animals (initial average weight, 168.39 ± 0.69 mg) were stocked in 120-l tanks and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 10 weeks. Growth performance and feed utilization were significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate level. Maximum weight gain and specific growth rate occurred at 20% dietary starch inclusion, survival and soft body to shell ratios were not significantly different among diets. There were significant differences in protein, lipid, moisture and glycogen content in soft body. Glycogen content in soft body was positively correlated with dietary starch level. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase were significantly affected by dietary starch level, with both peaking in the 20% treatment; however, there were no significant differences in 6-phosphofructokinase activity in any treatment. Quadratic regression analysis of weight gain against dietary starch level indicated that the optimal dietary carbohydrate level for maximum weight gain of juvenile spotted babylon is 27.1% of dry diet.     

鱼类对饲料可消化糖的利用和代谢特征

糖类是鱼类三大营养物质之一,可消化糖作为一种性价比较高的能量物质,其合理利用对饲料成本的降低和饲料物理性状的维持具有重要意义,但鱼类对糖的利用有限,投喂含有一定比例可消化糖的膨化商业饲料易引起肝脏疾病的发生。文章总结了部分已发表关于鱼类糖耐受和生长试验结果的报道,发现不同鱼类对葡萄糖的代谢模式存在一定的差异,一些鱼类倾向于将过量葡萄糖以糖原的形式储存在肝脏中,而有些鱼类则既能合成糖原也能合成脂肪。糖耐量试验是了解鱼类利用可消化糖类的重要研究手段,但目前还没有统一的标准,导致研究结果的参考意义不强。作者建议将来在统一方法标准的基础上,重点研究不同鱼类的葡萄糖代谢特征以及调控方法。     

饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼、鲫生长和体成分的影响

用分别含20%（低）、40%（高）葡萄糖和糊精的等氮（粗蛋白为35%干物质）,等能（16.4 kJ/g）饲料分别饲养青鱼（Mylopharyngodn piceus）和鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）8周,研究饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼和鲫的生长、体成分的影响.青鱼和鲫鱼平均体质量分别为2.14 g和6.75 g.结果表明,两种鱼都是糊精组增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率显著高于葡萄糖组,提示两种鱼对糊精利用效率比葡萄糖高.饲料糖含量低时增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率相对高,提示两种鱼对脂肪作为能源的利用效率高于糖.两种鱼糊精组脂肪蓄积率显著高于葡萄糖组,体脂、肝脂、肌脂含量也高于葡萄糖组,提示糊精比葡萄糖更容易以脂肪形式积累在体内.青鱼对实验饲料的利用效率高于鲫鱼,推测这与能量代谢有关.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：452-459]     

饲料可消化糖水平对宝石鲈餐后代谢的影响

以含可消化糖水平为0％、6％、23％和40％的等蛋白、等脂肪饲料饲养宝石鲈（Scortum barcoo）6周,禁食36h后饱食投喂,测定不同时间段血液指标及肝肌糖元的变化。结果表明,投喂Ⅱ组（23％）饲料的宝石鲈生长及饲料利用状况最佳;摄食后血糖、甘油三酯和胆固醇均为先上升后下降,随可消化糖水平升高,血糖和甘油三酯上升幅度显著增大（P〈0．05）,总胆固醇上升幅度依次减小,总氨基酸无明显变化;肝糖元除Ⅲ组（40％）外均呈先上升后下降的趋势,肌糖元先上升后下降,最后维持稳定。肝肌糖元含量上升幅度均随可消化糖水平升高而增大。结果显示在饲料可消化糖水平为23％时,宝石鲈的生长及饲料利用状况最佳,过高的可消化糖会对机体产生一定生理负荷及胁迫作用,影响其生长及代谢状况。     

Starch as an energy source in feed for cod (Gadus morhua): Digestibility and retention

An experiment was set up to determine whether cod, Gadus morhua, could use pre-cooked potato starch as an energy source. Four energy levels (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) of carbohydrate with a constant fat content were fed for 8 weeks. The digestion capacity for pre-cooked potato starch decreased from 40% to 26% with increasing amount of carbohydrate, the average being 33%. The digestibilities of protein and fat were independent of the starch content in the feed. The protein intake was similar for all groups. Energy intake increased when the level of carbohydrate in the feed increased. Neither growth values nor retention values for protein and fat indicated that carbohydrate was utilized to any significant degree as a source of energy. Plasma glucose increased from 350 mg/l to 800 mg/l as the carbohydrate increased from 0 to 30%, and the average was 530 mg/l. The glycogen deposition in muscle tissue seemed to reach a level of ca. 0.4% of muscle wet weight in all groups. The glycogen deposition in the liver attained a maximum of 3.5% of liver wet weight.     

Effect of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) on glycogen content and on the activities of selected enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in freshwater catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis

Heavy metals show a wide range of effect on fishes, out of which arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are among the leading heavy metal toxicants. These heavy metals are known to alter different biochemical parameters, including glycogen level, in different tissues of fishes. Glycogen level in fish serves as the main source of energy; hence, in this study, the acute toxicity test of As and Pb and their effect on the glycogen content and the enzymes involved therein (glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase) were studied in the liver and muscle tissues of Heteropneustes fossilis. The 96 h LC50 values of As2O3 and PbCl2 on H. fossilis were found to be 35.09 ppm and 66.20 ppm, respectively. On acute exposure to 96 h LC50 values of As2O3 and PbCl2, the glycogen concentration showed a gradual decrease in both liver and muscle tissues of H. fossilis. However, on chronic exposure (LC50/20th ppm), the glycogen content in liver and muscle of H. fossilis was depleted till 20 days; whereas after 30 days, the glycogen level was recovered in both the tissues. The activities of glycogen metabolic enzymes (glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase) and few selected glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase) were also altered in H. fossilis when exposed to acute and chronic concentration of As2O3 and PbCl2. Our present results showed that As and Pb induced toxicity stress on the catfish, H. fossilis, which might have caused to alter the carbohydrate metabolism in the fish.     

高糖饲料对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、饲料利用和糖脂代谢的影响

为探讨高糖饲料对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、饲料利用和糖脂代谢的影响,设置糖水平为34%的对照饲料(C组,能量水平13.68 k J·g-1)、糖水平为48%的高糖高能饲料(HCE组,能量水平16.03 k J·g-1)和高糖等能饲料(HE组,能量水平13.81 k J·g-1),在室内循环水系统中饲养初始体质量(20.34±0.42)g的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼60 d。结果表明,HCE组和HE组的增重率、特定生长率、肝脏粗蛋白均显著低于C组(P0.05),饲料系数、肝脏粗脂肪、肝糖原、总糖表观消化率、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇均显著高于C组(P0.05);HE组增重率、全鱼粗脂肪、血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇均显著低于HCE组(P0.05);高糖组肝脏葡萄糖激酶显著高于C组,HE组葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、苹果酸酶、脂肪酸合成酶活性最高,C组最低(P0.05);由肝脏组织切片看出,高糖饲料引起吉富罗非鱼肝脏细胞肿大变形,出现空泡,HCE组对肝脏损伤更加显著。研究结果表明,吉富罗非鱼能够耐受48%糖水平的饲料,但长期摄食导致鱼体糖脂代谢紊乱,尤其影响脂肪代谢,造成鱼体脂肪蓄积,肝功能损伤,不利于生长与健康。     

草鱼AdipoR1-B基因克隆、组织分布及其表达的营养调控

为探讨Adipo R1-B在鱼类糖类和脂质代谢中的作用,本实验采用RACE方法获得了草鱼Adipo R1-B的全长c DNA序列(登录号:KP733846),利用生物信息学技术对该基因及其所编码蛋白的结构特征进行了分析;采用实时定量PCR技术,检测了Adipo R1-B在19个不同组织中的表达特性以及高糖(45%)、高脂(8%)和高糖高脂饲喂对草鱼肝脏中该基因表达的影响。结果显示,草鱼Adipo R1-B c DNA全长2186 bp,其中开放读码框为1122 bp,编码373个氨基酸;跨膜结构分析表明草鱼Adipo R1-B为典型的7次跨膜蛋白;同源性分析结果显示,草鱼Adipo R1-B与其他物种的Adipo R1-B高度同源(氨基酸相似度78%以上),并与斑马鱼Adipo R1-B的进化关系最近;组织分布结果显示,Adipo R1-B在草鱼肝脏中表达量最高,中枢神经系统和红肌次之;此外,高脂和高糖高脂饲喂均能够显著提高草鱼肝脏中Adipo R1-B的表达水平。因此,草鱼肝脏中Adipo R1-B的表达水平受到日粮中脂类水平的调控,推测该受体可能在调节鱼类脂质代谢中发挥重要作用。     

Nutritional regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in fish

Glucose plays a key role as energy source in the majority of mammals, but its importance in fish appears limited. Until now, the physiological basis for such apparent glucose intolerance in fish has not been fully understood. A distinct regulation of hepatic glucose utilization (glycolysis) and production (gluconeogenesis) may be advanced to explain the relative inability of fish to efficiently utilize dietary glucose. We summarize here information regarding the nutritional regulation of key enzymes involved in glycolysis (hexokinases, 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and pyruvate kinase) and gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase) pathways as well as that of the bifunctional enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. The effect of dietary carbohydrate level and source on the activities and gene expression of the mentioned key enzymes is also discussed. Overall, data strongly suggest that the liver of most fish species is apparently capable of regulating glucose storage. The persistent high level of endogenous glucose production independent of carbohydrate intake level may lead to a putative competition between exogenous (dietary) glucose and endogenous glucose as the source of energy, which may explain the poor dietary carbohydrate utilization in fish.