复方芩兰口服液长期毒性试验研究

为了考察复方芩兰口服液的安全性,以大鼠为试验动物,分别在其饮水中连续添加20 m L/L(拟推荐剂量10倍)、40 m L/L(拟推荐剂量20倍)、80 m L/L(拟推荐剂量40倍)的复方芩兰口服液,对其长期毒性进行了为期4周的饲喂考察。结果显示,复方芩兰口服液的所有用药组大鼠,在为期28 d的试验过程中,其临床表现、增重及饲料利用、脏器指数、血液学常规、血液生化检查及组织病理学六方面均与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),表明该药长期使用是安全的。     

板芪口服液急性毒性及长期毒性试验研究

探讨新兽药板芪口服液的急性毒性与长期毒性,评价其安全性。小鼠灌服板芪口服液进行急性毒性预试验,未获得动物的半数致死量,遂以最大给药剂量(270 g生药·kg~(-1)体重)进行急性毒性试验。将80只大鼠随机分为板芪口服液低、中、高剂量组和空白对照组,每组20只,雌雄各半,进行长期毒性试验。分别以10 g生药·kg~(-1)体重(猪临床推荐剂量的20倍)、20 g生药·kg~(-1)体重(猪临床推荐剂量的40倍)、40 g生药·kg~(-1)体重(猪临床推荐剂量的80倍)给大鼠灌服,对照组灌服等体积蒸馏水,给药容积为1 m L·100 g~(-1)体重,每天1次,连续给药30 d,期间观察大鼠外观体征及行为活动。停止给药24 h和15 d后进行剖检、血液生化检查和病理组织切片观察。结果显示,板芪口服液急性毒性试验评价为无毒,长期毒性试验中各剂量组大鼠的观察指标和测定指标与空白对照组相比均无显著差异,表明板芪口服液安全无毒,可用于临床试验。     

柴黄口服液对靶动物鸡安全性试验研究

为研究柴黄口服液对靶动物鸡的安全性,将80只雏鸡随机分为四组。分别在饮水中添加0、1、3和5倍推荐剂量(0、1、3、5ml/L)的柴黄口服液,连续给药42 d。每天观察并记录各组鸡的临床体征,每周末称重1次,试验结束时测定各组鸡的血液生理生化指标,同时进行剖检。结果发现,柴黄口服液各剂量组鸡的精神状态、生长发育、血液生化生理指标、剖检以及组织显微结构等均未见明显异常,未出现中毒症状及死亡。综上所述,各浓度柴黄口服液对靶动物鸡均未见明显毒副作用,在临床上推荐以1 ml/L在鸡饮水中混饮。     

柴黄口服液对鸡传染性支气管炎的临床效果

为了观察柴黄口服液对鸡传染性支气管炎(IB)的临床效果，本试验将经病原检测确诊为IB的患病鸡，随机分为2个组，分别为试验组(按2.5 mL/L饮水量给予柴黄口服液+1 g/L饮水量给予20%氟苯尼考粉)和对照组(按1 g/L饮水量给予20%氟苯尼考粉),连续给药5 d,观察用药前后各组鸡只的临床症状、病理剖检变化、脏器指数和组织病理学变化等指标，评价柴黄口服液在常规养殖环境中对鸡IB的治疗效果。结果显示，用药5 d后，与对照组相比，试验组鸡只呼吸道疾病所引起的临床症状减轻，死亡率降低1.7%,平均末重提高18.47%(P<0.01),平均增重提高37.36%(P<0.01);气管内和气囊壁黏性渗出物减少；肺脏、肝脏和脾脏指数稍有升高，但差异不显著(P>0.05)。组织病理学观察结果显示，对照组鸡只的气管、肺脏和肠道等器官组织学结构均发生不同程度的血管扩张充血、黏膜上皮脱落等病变，试验组鸡只的气管、肺脏和肠道器官组织学结构均未见明显异常；2个组鸡只的肾脏均出现肾小球萎缩和肾小管上皮细胞变性坏死等病变。结果表明，柴黄口服液对鸡IB具有较好的治疗作用，其可以保护鸡只气管、肺...     

荆防败毒口服液抗病毒作用的研究

根据中国兽药典荆防败毒散的组方,经现代中药提取技术配制而成荆防败毒口服液,分别用低剂量(0.25mL/L)、中剂量(0.5mL/L)和高剂量(0.75mL/L)对低致病性禽流感病毒(H9N2亚型)攻毒后具有明显临床症状的三组试验鸡群连续口服用药5d,阳性对照组和阴性对照组不用药。结果表明中等剂量和高剂量组对病鸡有显著的治愈作用,由此证实,荆防败毒口服液对低致病性禽流感具有一定的抗病毒作用。     

磺胺氯吡嗪钠-二甲氧苄啶混悬液对鸡的靶动物安全性试验

为评价磺胺氯吡嗪钠-二甲氧苄啶混悬液对靶动物鸡的安全性,选择40只15日龄健康黄羽肉鸡,随机分成4组,每组10只.各组分别以0 mg/L、推荐剂量(300 mg/L)、3倍推荐剂量(900 mg/L)、5倍推荐剂量(1 500 mg/L)的磺胺氯吡嗪钠-二甲氧苄啶溶液饮水给药,连用5d.试验期间观察临床表现和体重变化,试验结束后进行病理学检查,并测定血液学和血液相关生化指标的变化.结果表明,磺胺氯吡嗪钠-二甲氧苄啶溶液在鸡以3倍以下推荐剂量用药,连用5d是安全的,在炎热季节可适当降低混饮时药物的浓度.     

芪参口服液的毒理学研究

为评价芪参口服液临床用药的安全性,根据毒理学评价程序和方法对其进行了急性毒性试验和长期毒性试验。在急性毒性试验中,将40只昆明小鼠按体重随机分为2组,采用最大给药量法测定小鼠口服芪参口服液的最大耐受剂量;在长期毒性试验中,将80只Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为4组,3个剂量组分别按3.75、7.5、15 g/kg体重给大鼠灌胃,对照组给予同体积生理盐水,1次/d,连续4周。记录每日饮水量、饲料采食量及每周体重,检测给药4周及停药2周血液生化指标、血常规、脏器系数和组织病理学变化。试验结果显示,小鼠口服芪参口服液的最大耐受剂量为生药量40 g/kg,此剂量相当于临床日用量的40倍。部分给药组采食量和饮水量与对照组相比出现显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)变化,但对平均周增重无显著性影响(P＞0.05);血常规的部分指标出现显著(P＜0.05)或极显著变化(P＜0.01),但停药2周后,所有指标与相应的对照组相比无显著性差异(P＞0.05);给药组血液生化和脏器系数的各项指标与对照组相比,无显著性变化(P＞0.05)。病理组织学检查无明显差异。试验结果表明,在本次试验条件下,该口服液安全无毒。     

非泼罗尼的药物性能及对犬类的安全性试验

为研究非泼罗尼的药物性能及对犬类动物的安全性,试验选用本地杂种犬40只,随机分为四组,每组10只。分别给予推荐剂量的生理盐水(对照组)和非泼罗尼1倍量组(1.34 m L/犬)、3倍量组(4.02m L/犬)及5倍量组(6.70 m L/犬),每日1次滴于皮肤表面,自然风干,连用3 d。结果显示,非泼罗尼以正常推荐剂量的5倍量连续用药3 d,并无明显毒副作用,血液生化指标无明显影响,尿液检查未见异常。     

抗感败毒口服液对大鼠生长和血液理化指标的影响

为了评价抗感败毒口服液临床用药的安全性,对SD大鼠的生长和血液理化指标进行了试验研究,选用了健康大鼠80只,雌雄各半,随机分为高、中、低剂量组和对照组,其中高剂量组、中剂量组和低剂量组分别灌胃给予该口服液8 mL/kg、4 mL/kg和2 mL/kg体重,对照组按8 mL/kg体重灌服生理盐水,每天一次,连续给药35 d。各组末次给药24 h后,检测大鼠体重、血常规指标、血液生化指标、脏器系数及组织病理变化情况。结果表明,抗感败毒口服液各剂量组大鼠的体重、血液学检查、血液生化指标检查与对照组比较,均无显著差异（P>0.05）,雌性大鼠高剂量组的肝脏脏器指数与对照组相比有显著差异（P<0.05）,其他无显著差异（P>0.05）。肉眼观察实质器官无异常病变。结果提示,长期应用抗感败毒口服液对大鼠生长和血液理化指标无显著影响,临床用药安全。     

地锦草颗粒对鸡的安全性试验

为了评价地锦草颗粒对靶动物鸡的安全性,选取100只健康的10日龄海兰鸡,随机分成5组,每组20只。各组试验鸡分别以1倍推荐剂量(2g/L)、3倍推荐剂量(6g/L)、5倍推荐剂量(10g/L)、10倍推荐剂量(20g/L)的地锦草颗粒连续饮水给药5d,通过对一般临床症状、血液学和血液生化指标、病理组织学等观察和检测,结果表明:地锦草颗粒毒性较小,在鸡体内耐受性高,至少以10倍推荐剂量饮水给药对靶动物鸡是安全的。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -