草麻黄根多酚的提取工艺研究

为确定草麻黄根多酚的最佳提取工艺条件,选取提取试剂浓度、浸泡时间和料液比开展单因素试验,在此基础上进行正交试验,优化草麻黄根多酚物质的提取工艺。结果表明：在料液比1:30、乙醇浓度60%以及浸泡时间15 h的条件下,草麻黄根多酚提取效果最佳,测得草麻黄根多酚得率为0.586 0 mg/g。研究结果为今后草麻黄根的开发利用提供了参考数据。     

复方苦玄参颗粒提取工艺的优化

为优选复方苦玄参颗粒的提取工艺。以苦玄参苷IA含苷量为考察指标,选择提取次数、碱提取pH、提取时间为考察因素,通过正交试验筛选最佳提取工艺。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为碱提取pH11,提取3次,提取时间1h。优选的提取工艺稳定性好,合理可行,可进行中试生产。     

绒毛鹿茸草多糖提取工艺优化及多糖体外抗氧化研究

用正交试验法优选绒毛鹿茸草多糖的提取工艺及多糖体外抗氧化研究。在对温度、时间、料水比进行单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了提取绒毛鹿茸草多糖的最佳工艺条件;通过清除羟基自由基(.OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)试验,及模拟胃液条件下清除NO2-试验,研究绒毛鹿茸草多糖体外抗氧化活性。提取最佳工艺条件为:料水比1:20,在100℃下浸提3h,浸提2次;醇沉采用3.5倍体积95%乙醇3h。绒毛鹿茸草多糖浓度在0.4～2.0mg/mL之间时,清除羟基自由基(.OH)呈增长趋势,当浓度达到2.0mg/mL时清除率达45%;多糖浓度在0.1～0.3mg/mL之间时,清除超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)呈负增长趋势,当浓度达到0.3mg/mL时清除率达-6.39%;多糖浓度在1～5mg/mL之间时清除NO2-呈增长趋势,当浓度达到5mg/mL时清除NO2-能力达到14.3%。对绒毛鹿茸草多糖提取工艺进行研究,可知绒毛鹿茸草多糖清除羟基自由基(.OH)活性较强,有一定清除NO2-能力,能促进超氧阴离子(O2-.)形成。     

草坪草叶蛋白提取工艺优化研究

随着养殖业的快速发展,蛋白质饲料供应严重不足的问题变得日益突出,而绿色植物是生产叶蛋白最巨大的资源宝库,也是获得叶蛋白最廉价的途径之一。选取草坪草为试验材料,选用料水比、加盐量、p H值和凝聚温度4个因素进行L9(34)的正交试验,以叶蛋白提取率、蛋白质量分数为考察指标,以期获得草坪草叶蛋白提取的最佳优化工艺参数。正交试验表明,草坪草叶蛋白的最佳提取工艺组合为(A3B3C2D1),即料水比1??30、加盐量1.2%、p H值为3.5、絮凝温度为60℃。研究为草坪草叶蛋白的应用开发提供了科学依据。     

苦肚子草治疗仔猪腹泻效果好

仔猪腹泻在早期断奶仔猪最为常见，断奶后头7 d腹泻率为0.6%，8～13 d为32%，14～17 d增到41.4%，到22～28 d降为8.4%。研究表明，仔猪腹泻珠原发性原因不是大肠杆菌，而是由于断奶应激造成肠道损伤。如果腹泻未得到及时控制，可诱发大肠杆菌的大量繁殖，使腹泻加剧，甚至死亡，造成较大经济损失。经在我乡罗家庄村某猪厂多年的实践，用苦肚子草治疗仔猪腹泻，收到了理想的效果，治愈率达90%以上。     

白花蛇舌草多糖的提取工艺研究

白花蛇舌草为茜草科耳草属植物白花蛇草（Hedyotis diffusa Willd．）干燥全草，具有清热解毒、利尿消肿、抗菌消炎等功效。近年来，常被用于自身免疫性疾病和癌症的辅助治疗，在兽医临床上主要用作机体的免疫增强剂，多糖类物质是其发挥免疫增强作用的活性成分之一，笔者等采用热水浸提乙醇沉淀法提取白花蛇舌草多糖，并通过正交试验优化其提取工艺，以期为白花蛇舌草多糖在兽医领域的开发利用提供依据。     

苦豆子草渣和籽渣急性毒性试验

将体重１８－２２ｇ健康小白鼠５０只分为５组，分别饲喂苦豆子草渣（蛋白质含量１７．６６％，生物碱含量０．６３１％）煎剂剂量９６．０，１２０．０，１５０．０，１８７．２，２３４．０ｇ／ｋｇ体重，进行急性。结果表明：高剂一小鼠很快出现中毒死亡，半数致死量ＬＤ５０为１６７．３０ｇ／ｋｇ９５％的置信限１４７．９５－１８６．６６ｇ／ｋｇ，病理变化可见各脏器组织充血、出血和水肿，组织细胞不同程度变性坏死。苦豆子     

佛耳草总黄酮的提取工艺优化与含量测定方法研究

为研究佛耳草总黄酮的提取工艺,以浸膏收率和总黄酮的含量为指标,采用正交试验法,考察乙醇浓度、乙醇用量、提取时间、提取次数4个因素对提取效果的影响。结果:建立了佛耳草药材及其提取物中总黄酮的紫外-可见分光光度法,优化佛耳草最佳提取工艺为采用20倍量60%的乙醇提取2次,每次2 h。试验表明,本研究建立的分析方法精密度、准确度较高,重现性较好。优化的提取工艺经济、方便、可行。     

白花蛇舌草多糖提取与纯化工艺研究进展

白花蛇舌草多糖具有抗肿瘤、抗菌等多种生物活性。目前,白花蛇舌草多糖的提取方法有超声波法、微波法、热水提取法等,此外,其纯化主要体现在脱蛋白、除色素等。笔者等就近年来国内的白花蛇舌草多糖提取与纯化的研究进展进行综述,并对其提取与纯化方法进行展望。     

蜂胶提取工艺的研究

通过单因素试验及分析确定正交实验参数.对结果进行方差分析得出(1)蜂胶提取最佳工艺参数为:乙醇浓度80%、提取温度60℃、提取时间3 h、超声时间20 min;(2)蜂胶提取得率:黄酮21.4%,干物质50.7%.     

青蒿有效成分的提取方法筛选

为筛选出安全、方便、高效、省时的青蒿有效成分的提取方法,研究利用建立的高效液相色谱方法来评价超声波法、微波辅助法和恒温加热搅拌法对青蒿素的提取效果。结果显示超声波法提取青蒿素的含量为0.4489 mg/g,微波辅助法提取青蒿素的含量为0.2676 mg/g,恒温加热搅拌法提取青蒿素的含量为0.1589 mg/g。试验表明:利用超声波法提取青蒿素效果最佳,超声波提取可促进青蒿有效成分的释放。     

In situ and in vitro evaluation of crude protein degradation and utilisable crude protein content of barley,rye and triticale grains for ruminants

Rations for dairy cows are comprised of high proportions of cereal grains. Thus, despite their low crude protein (CP) content, grains can contribute considerably to the CP intake of dairy cows. This study was conducted to describe and compare ruminal CP degradation of a broad range of barley, rye and triticale genotypes in situ and in vitro and different methods to estimate the utilisable CP at the duodenum (uCP). Twenty samples each of rye, barley and triticale were incubated in situ and in vitro. Exponential regression analyses were used to estimate in situ degradation parameters. Further, the effective degradability (ED), ruminal undegraded CP (UDP) and uCP for ruminal passage rates of 5% and 8% per hr were estimated. The uCP was estimated in vitro and based on two different approaches using in situ UDP data and estimates of microbial synthesised protein (based on fermented organic matter [fOM] or equations of the Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie). The degradation rate declined from rye (43% per hr) to triticale (27% per hr) to barley (20% per hr), and it exhibited remarkable variation between the genotypes of a single species. The maximal degradable CP fraction also differed between the species, but was overall very high (94%–99%). The lowest washout fraction (26%) and the highest variation in ED (77%–86% and 69%–80% for a passage rate of 5% and 8% per hr, respectively) were found in barley. The in situ uCP content (estimated using fOM) was lower for barley than for rye and triticale at ruminal passage rates of 5% and 8% per hr (barley: 157 g/kg DM at both passage rates; rye and triticale: 168 (at 5% per hr) and 169 (at 8% per hr) g/kg DM). In vitro estimations of uCP did not differ between the grain species and uCP estimated according to GfE was higher for triticale than for barley and rye, which did not differ. The low variation within a single grain species and the weak correlations between ruminal CP degradation and nutrient concentrations suggested that differentiation of ED and uCP between the genotypes of a single grain species is not necessary.     

水煮和提取处理对中草药干物质消化率和小肠可消化蛋白质的影响

研究水煮和提取处理对中草药干物质消化率和小肠可消化蛋白质的影响,揭示提取过程对营养价值影响的作用机理,对于客观评定中草药提取残渣的营养价值具有重要意义。采用尼龙袋试验分别测定黄芪、麦芽和甘草3种原料及其经水煮和提取处理后产物的瘤胃降解动力学参数,并分别估算其主要养分在瘤胃的有效降解率(effective degradability,ED);采用移动尼龙袋试验分别测定3种原料及其经水煮和提取处理后产物瘤胃未降解干物质(nondegradable dry matte,UDM)和未降解蛋白质(nondegradable protein,UDP)的小肠消化率(intestinal digestibility,Idg),在此基础上分别估算其干物质消化率(dry matter digestibility,DDM)和小肠可消化粗蛋白质(intestinal digestible crude protein,IDCP)含量。结果表明:1)3种中草药经水煮和提取处理后产物的EDDM(effective degradability of dry matter)和EDCP(effective degradability of crude protein)均分别显著低于其未处理原料(P<0.05),但EDNDF(effective degradability of NDF)和EDADF(effective degradability of ADF)均分别显著高于其未处理原料(P<0.05);2)3种中草药经水煮和提取处理后产物的IdgUDM(intestinal digestibility of UDM)和IdgUDP(intestinal digestibility of UDP)均显著高于其未处理原料(P<0.05);3)水煮处理显著提高了3种中草药处理后产物的DDM(P<0.05),显著提高了麦芽处理后产物的IDCP和IDCP/CP,提取处理显著提高了麦芽提取残渣的DDM、IDCP和IDCP/CP(P<0.05),显著降低了甘草提取残渣的IDCP和IDCP/CP和黄芪的IDCP(P<0.05)。在无特殊需求时完全没有必要对饲料进行水煮处理;麦芽提取残渣具有作为优质精饲料的营养潜力;黄芪和甘草提取残渣具有作为优质粗饲料的营养潜力。     

不同处理对大豆浓缩蛋白（SPC）粗蛋白含量及提取率的影响

分别用超声波处理不同粉碎粒度的高温脱脂豆粕,然后采用醇法浸提工艺提取其中的大豆浓缩蛋白（SPC）。结果显示：40目、60目及80目豆粕提取的大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白含量分别为51．85％、55．50％和54．32％（P〈0．05）。提取率分别为97．65％、97．51％和95．80％（P〈0．05）;超声波处理之后提取的大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白含量分别为55．44％、55．11％和58．77％（P〈0．05）,提取率分别为97．50％、96．78％和95．65％（P〈0．05）。不同的粉碎粒度对大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白的含量及提取率有显著影响,粒度越小,粗蛋白含量越高,提取率越低;在相同的粉碎粒度下,超声波处理能提高大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白的含量,但是对其提取率无显著影响。     

岷山红三叶总异黄酮提取方法的研究

为选择提取岷山红三叶中总异黄酮的最佳方法,本文研究了用回流法、冷浸法和索式提取法提取岷山红三叶中总异黄酮的效果.通过紫外分光光度法测定提取液中的总黄酮含量,结果表明:回流提取法提取效果优于冷浸法和索式提取法.具有安全、简便和提取率高的优点.     

微波提取大青叶中4（3H）喹唑酮的工艺研究

目的：优选大青叶中有效成分4（3H）喹唑酮微波提取法的最佳工艺条件。方法：以4（3H）喹唑酮舍量为指标,采用正交试验考察药材粒度（A）、提取溶剂浓度（B）、微波辐射时间（C）、溶剂倍量（D）4个因素时微波提取法结果的影响。结果：微波提取的最佳工艺条件为A282C1D1,即40目的药材粒度,用10倍量的50％乙醇微波辐射10min。结论：微波提取法具有提取率高、提取速度快、能量消耗小等优点。     

凯氏定氮法与杜马斯燃烧法检测饲料粗蛋白质含量的比较

为比较凯氏定氮法与杜马斯燃烧法测定饲料中粗蛋白质含量的准确性与检测效率,采用此两种方法同时对12个样品进行测定。结果表明:两种方法均能准确检测出样品中粗蛋白质含量,测定结果差异不显著(P>0.05)。凯氏定氮法检测效率较低,而杜马斯燃烧定氮法操作简易,检测效率较高,是值得推广的检测方法。     

近红外光谱法测定DDGS中粗蛋白含量的试验研究

试验建立DDGS粗蛋白含量测定的近红外光谱分析定标模型。采用化学分析法测定72个DDGS样品中的粗蛋白含量,利用FOSS InfraXact型近红外光谱分析仪采集样品光谱,光谱经2,4,4,1导数和标准正常化+散射处理(SNV+Detrend),用改进最小二乘法(MPLS)回归,获得了较好的定标模型,校正决定系数(RSQ)、交叉验证决定系数(1-VR)、校正标准误差(SEC)、交叉验证标准误差(SECV)分别为0.982 5、0.932 8、0.266 2、0.389 5。利用30个验证集的DDGS样品进行外部检验,预测值与真实值之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,定标模型的预测性能较好,可以替代化学分析法快速测定DDGS中的粗蛋白含量。     

Additivity of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in mixed diets containing multiple protein sources for growing pigs fed three crude protein levels

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) levels of semi‐purified diets on the additivity of values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in mixed diets from multiple protein sources for growing pigs. A total of 28 barrows (initial BW, 66.4 ± 1.3 kg) were surgically fitted with simple T‐cannulas at the distal ileum and assigned to a replicated 14 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 14 diets and 4 periods. The 14 experimental diets consisted of a nitrogen‐free diet; a corn‐based diet (80 g CP/kg); nine semi‐purified diets containing soya bean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM) or corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS), each type (protein source) of semi‐purified diets supplied 80, 120 or 160 g CP/kg, respectively; three mixed diets based on corn, SBM, CM and cDDGS formulated to contain 120, 160 and 200 g CP/kg respectively. Pigs were fed each of the 14 diets during a seven‐day period, and ileal digesta were collected from 08:00 a.m to 6:00 p.m on day 6 and 7. Chromic oxide was added as an indigestible marker. Results indicated that the SID of CP and AA were not affected by CP levels (p > .05). Values for SID of AA were additive (p > .05) with the exception of His and Lys; Arg and Lys; Arg, Lys, Thr, Asp, Cys and Gly in the mixed diets containing 120, 160 and 200 g CP/kg respectively (p < .05). In conclusion, additivity of SID values of AA in the mixed diets at different CP levels was not affected by the CP levels of semi‐purified diets for growing pigs. Therefore, it is recommended that SID values of AA should be used to formulate practical diets containing multiple ingredients for pigs.     

Implications of excreta uric acid concentrations in broilers offered reduced crude protein diets and dietary glycine requirements for uric acid synthesis

In a previous experiment, male Ross 308 broiler chickens were offered dietary treatments with 3 levels of crude protein (222, 193, 165 g/kg) and 3 feed grains (ground maize, ground wheat, whole wheat) from 7 to 35 d post–hatch. Maize-based diets supported superior growth performance in comparison to wheat-based diets. Uric acid concentrations in excreta were retrospectively determined and related to total nitrogen (N) excreta concentrations. Uric acid concentrations ranged from 28.5 to 69.4 mg/g and proportions of uric acid-N to total excreta-N ranged from 27.4% to 42.6% in broiler chickens offered the 3 × 3 factorial array of dietary treatments. Proportions of uric acid-N to total N in excreta in birds offered the 165 g/kg CP, maize-based diet were significantly lower by 10.6 percentage units (27.4% versus 38.0%; P = 0.00057) than their wheat-based counterparts. Total excreta analysed had been collected from 35 to 37 d post–hatch when feed intakes and excreta outputs were monitored. There were linear relationships between proportions of uric acid-N to total N in excreta in birds offered the three 165 g/kg CP diets with weight gain (r = −0.587; P = 0.010), feed intake (r = −0.526; P = 0.025) and feed conversion ratios (r = 0.635; P = 0.005). The possibility that increasing uric acid-N proportions in excreta is indicative of excessive ammonia accumulations compromising growth performance is discussed. The mean proportion of dietary glycine involved in uric acid excretion was 49.2% across all dietary treatments but ranged from 25.0% to 80.9%. Thus, the appropriate amount of dietary glycine is variable and largely dependent on the volume of uric acid synthesised and excreted.