龙竹竹材的微波干燥特性研究

对龙竹竹材在微波干燥下的干燥特性进行了研究。结果表明:微波功率和竹材构造对干燥特性有显著影响;竹材径向干缩率大于弦向干缩率;纵向干燥速度大于弦向和径向;竹材水分排除主要沿纵向,其次为弦向;竹材试件尺寸大小对竹材干缩率没有影响,试件长度对干燥速度有较显著影响。     

初含水率对白橡锯材热压干燥特性的影响

以白橡锯材为研究对象,采用平板热压机对其进行干燥处理,系统研究了初含水率对木材温变特性、干燥速率、干缩特性、干燥缺陷和微观构造的影响规律,探明白橡锯材的热压干燥特性。结果表明:热压干燥是一种高效快速的干燥方法,将初含水率为14%~75%的木材在温度为140℃、压力为0.1MPa的条件下干燥到2%以下终了含水率仅需120~210 min,木材干燥速率随着初含水率的增加而增加;初含水率较高的木材在热压后会产生严重内裂和皱缩缺陷,当木材初含水率降至15%以下时,热压后无内裂缺陷产生,截面变形也明显减小;随着初含水率的增加,木材厚度干缩系数呈增加趋势,而宽度干缩系数则呈下降趋势。通过观察木材的横切面微观结构发现,高初含水率试件的内裂沿木射线生成,其早材大管孔部位可观察到明显压缩。     

模糊自整定PID切换控制在木材干缩力控制中的应用

针对木材干燥过程中因干缩不均导致开裂等干燥质量问题,提出将模糊控制和PID控制相结合构成模糊自整定PID切换控制,以有效控制干缩力。在大误差时采用模糊控制,使实际干缩力值尽快达到设定值,提高干燥速度;在小误差时采用模糊自整定PID控制,使实际干缩力值与设定值基本保持一致,避免产生内裂。验证试验设置介质温度分别为70、80、90℃,相对湿度为30%,结果显示:松木试件在干缩力值分别达到最大值338、424、398N后开始减小,说明木材产生了开裂使干缩力得到释放;在同等试验条件下,采用切换控制后干缩力值在达到预设值后没有减小,保持稳定不变。MATLAB仿真与验证试验结果均表明:模糊自整定PID切换控制可以实现对干缩力的有效控制。     

微波干燥木材的应用

对木材进行干燥处理,使其含水率达到一定的使用要求是保证木制品质量的重要手段,因此在使用前都要进行干燥。当前,一般是采用热空气加热木材的传统干燥方法,这种方法,不管其热源方式如何,都是用热空气从外部加热木材,使其表面水分蒸发,形成表面和内部含水率梯度,促使水分由内向外扩散达到干燥木材的目的。若使表面蒸发速度与内部扩散速度相平衡,木材加热均匀、温湿度适当,木材就能快速干燥。因此,在干燥木材时,为抑制初期表面水分扩散,应采用高温高湿的方法增加导热系数,但因木材本身导热性能差,这种方法很难实现。１微波干…     

微波预处理在古代饱水木材PEG脱水应用的初探研究

PEG法(聚乙二醇法)是饱水木质文物处理中比较典型的一种方法,大分子量的PEG更利于木质的长久保存,但也存在严重缺点,如PEG大分子难以进入木质内部,可能造成木质收缩,且处理周期相当长。本文以低功率微波辐射对饱水木材进行预处理,再用PEG4000浸渍脱水,结果表明:微波预处理加快了PEG大分子向木质内部迁移,尤其在非水相条件下处理60 s,木材5 cm深度处的PEG含量增加了6.82%,含水率、干缩率和干燥速度分别下降1.70%、16.13%和1.63%,不同深度处的各指标更趋于一致,提高了木材脱水定型的效果。     

百度试验中木材的干缩特性与木材开裂的关系分析

对８种短周期工业材的干缩特性在百度试验过程中进行了测定与分析，结果表明，木材的干缩率不仅与木材的纹理方向有关，而且与试件尺寸有关，在相同条件下，试件的尺寸越大，木材的干缩率越小。木材的干缩在其平均含水率高于纤维饱和点已开始，百度试验中，试件在其含水率３０％以上和３０％以下时的干缩率差异与木材的开裂存在的一定的关系。     

干燥前汽蒸处理对柞木板材干燥时间和干燥质量的影响

在干球温度65℃和相对湿度100%条件下,干燥前蒸汽处理25.4mm厚度柞木板材4h后,将其与对照试件一起实施了常规干燥。试验结果表明:1)由于渗透性提高,处理材表层受限于较大压缩应力导致了较多木材纤维素的结晶化,降低了干燥速度,结果干燥时间延长了20%;2)因汽蒸处理期间抽提物质逐步由材内向材面移动,处理材弦/径向干缩率比明显大于对照材,差异干缩应力增大,干燥变形加大了5.88%。因此,为了节省能量消耗和减少干燥变形不应对柞木板材实施预汽蒸处理。     

百度试验中木材的干缩特性与木材开裂的关系分析

对８种短周期工业材的干缩特性在百度试验过程中进行了测定与分析。结果表明，木材的干缩率不仅与木材的纹理方向有关，而且与试件的尺寸有关。在相同条件下，试件的尺寸越大，木材的干缩率越小。木材的干缩在其平均含水率高于纤维饱和点就已开始。百度试验中，试件在其含水率３０％以上和３０％以下时的干缩率差异与木材的开裂存在一定的关系。     

马尾松中龄施肥木材密度和干缩率的研究

选用广西马尾松龄施肥材料（连续观测13年），根据国际《木材物理力学试验方法》，研究了施肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响，结果表明：N、P、K三要素中，以N、P肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响较大。⑴总的来说P增加木材密度和干缩率，N肥降低木材密度木材干缩率。N、P肥降低木材差异干缩。施K肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响规律性不明显。⑵N、P、K施肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响及其变化程度，与肥种、施肥量、树干部位、木纹方向、气干或全干状态有关。施P肥木材密度具有增加的趋势，而且树干下部基本密度方差分析各处理间差异显著。N、K肥对木材密度的影响，规律性不明显。P肥使木材干缩率增加，P肥主要增加的是全干干缩率和径向气干干缩率，特别是树干下部径向气干干缩率各处理间差异显著。K肥对干缩率的影响规律性不明显，有待进一步研究。⑶为了保证木材质量，对于纤维用材林，主要施P肥；对于结构用材林，可施P肥，适当考虑N肥、K肥施用应慎重。     

低循环风速下木材表层水分蒸发的试验研究

木材干燥过程中,介质循环速度是一个影响木材干燥的重要工艺参数.在木材各含水率阶段,通过试验分析研究不同介质循环速度对木材干燥速度的影响.结果表明,介质循环速度对干燥速度的影响显著,但其影响随木材含水率（MC）的降低而减弱.在低介质循环速度条件下,试件MC大于45％时,表现为木材干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）随循环风速的增加而增加,呈显著正相关关系;试件MC介于35％ ～ 45％之间时,正相关关系存在但不显著;试件MC小于35％时,干燥室内循环风速的大小不影响木材的干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）.对试件表层含水率分析,试件表层含水率大于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响显著;试件表层含水率小于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响很小,不同循环风速下试件表层含水率基本一样.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.