藜麦DAPB基因丰度及生物信息学分析

二氢砒啶二羧酸还原酶(DAPB)是赖氨酸合成途径中的一个重要酶,在蛋白质和细胞壁的合成中起着重要作用.本研究基于KEGG总数据库分析表明,藜麦中DAPB的基因拷贝数远高于水稻、玉米及大豆等作物.对藜麦基因组数据筛选得到4个DAPB基因成员,均属于碱性蛋白质,氨基酸序列长度约330 bp,分子量为36.623～36.88...     

藜麦FAD2基因鉴定及生物信息学分析

脂肪酸去饱和酶(FAD2)是植物亚油酸合成途径中的关键酶,在植物不饱和脂肪酸合成中起着重要作用。本研究基于藜麦基因组数据库,筛选得到3个FAD2基因成员,包含有典型的脂肪酸去饱和酶结构域。通过生物信息学分析,FAD2蛋白等电点(pI)为8.89～8.97,均属于碱性蛋白质,氨基酸序列长度在369～382之间,分子量范围为44.09～44.62 kD,为亲水性蛋白,亚细胞定位于内质网中。系统进化树分析表明,藜麦FAD2基因家族成员处于同一个亚支,与大豆的亲缘关系最近。启动子元件分析结果显示,FAD2基因启动子含有多个参与干旱、低温、光照、抗逆以及多种激素响应的顺式作用元件和转录因子结合位点,暗示藜麦FAD2家族成员参与多种防御和应激反应。本研究通过生物信息学分析了FAD2基因家族,对进一步研究FAD2基因的功能提供参考。     

正交试验优化藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa)离体再生体系

为了优化藜麦离体再生体系的培养条件,实现藜麦离体高效快速繁殖。本试验选取材料‘忻藜1号’茎段和子叶为外植体,采用正交设计筛选出最适于藜麦愈伤组织分化的激素(6-苄氨基嘌呤,萘乙酸)、光强组合。结果显示：不同外植体在MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.4 mg/L培养基中出愈率最高,且茎段比子叶诱导率高,分别为77%和60%;在光强为4 000 lx以上,MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L培养基中,不定芽分化率最高,可达96%。本试验的正交设计为藜麦快速繁殖和遗传转化提供技术支持。     

不同藜麦品种萌发期耐盐性研究

以QA 13-7-6、2014 xsg 23 4 2、2014 xsg 48-2-8、2014xsg 53-1-2和2014 xsg 4-1-6等5个品种的藜麦种子为材料,研究藜麦在萌发期的耐盐程度.用不同浓度梯度的NaCl溶液处理供试种子,并统计其发芽率、根长、芽长等,计算发芽势和活力指数.结果表明,藜麦幼苗的各项指标均呈现出在低盐处理时升高,高盐处理时降低的整体趋势,而根长则受到很强的抑制,萌发时间也随着盐胁迫的程度增加而推迟.通过隶属函数法的综合评价得出结论,品种2014 xsg 48-2-8和2014 xsg 23-4-2在受到盐胁迫时,耐盐性的综合表现最好.     

不同海拔藜麦的营养成分差异性研究

探讨不同海拔种植的藜麦籽中营养成分与海拔之间的关系,为滇西北的藜麦规范化栽培和产品原料来源提供科学依据。选取4个不同海拔高度进行大田试验,研究不同海拔对藜麦籽中的蛋白质、灰分、氨基酸、微量元素等营养成分含量的影响。结果表明,藜麦籽的总糖、灰分、锰、钾、天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、酪氨酸、精氨酸和氨基酸总含量是随着海拔的增高而增加;粗纤维、棕榈酸、α-亚麻酸、铜含量是随海拔增加而下降。藜麦营养成分的含量与种植海拔有密切关系,应根据实际需要合理种植。     

外源NO对盐胁迫下藜麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

本试验以藜麦品种‘Tomico quinoa’作为研究材料,缓解剂硝普钠(SNP)作为外源NO (Nitric oxide)供体,研究不同浓度梯度SNP (100, 200, 400μmol/L)处理对150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下藜麦幼苗形态及生理特性的影响。本研究测定藜麦幼苗的株高(PH)、鲜重(FW)、叶绿素(Chl)、可溶性糖(SS)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、丙二醛(MDA),并分析各指标与藜麦幼苗耐盐能力之间的关系。结果表明,150 mmol/L Na Cl明显抑制了藜麦幼苗的生长,而SNP处理则能一定程度上缓解NaCl胁迫对藜麦幼苗造成的伤害。其中SNP处理显著提高了盐胁迫下藜麦幼苗叶光合色素含量以及渗透调节物质含量的积累,同时增强了抗氧化酶的活性,且显著降低了膜脂过氧化产物的含量,使其恢复到正常水平。由此推测外源NO在缓解藜麦幼苗盐胁迫中起到了积极的作用。     

EMS诱变对藜麦种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

为筛选藜麦种子甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变的最佳处理条件,本试验以‘忻藜1号’为材料,采用培养皿萌发与营养土育苗的方法,研究了不同EMS浓度(0, 1.4%, 1.6%, 1.8%, 2.0%)和不同时间(50, 100, 150,200 min)诱变处理下,藜麦种子发芽率、出苗率及幼苗脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等生理指标的变化。结果表明：(1)藜麦的发芽率和出苗率随着EMS浓度的升高和处理时间的增加而下降,且差异显著。当EMS浓度为1.8%、处理时间为200 min时,藜麦发芽率和出苗率最接近半致死量。(2)藜麦叶片中脯氨酸(Pro)含量,随EMS浓度和处理时间的增加而先升后降;随着EMS浓度的增加与处理时间的延长,藜麦叶片中MDA含量总体上均有不同程度的增加;当EMS浓度为2.0%时,藜麦叶片中MDA含量随时间的增加而呈现出先升后降的趋势,且显著高于对照。(3)随EMS浓度和处理时间的增加,藜麦叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性总体呈先升后降的趋势。由此可得,EMS诱变藜麦最佳浓度与处理时间为1.8%...     

藜麦GRF转录因子家族的鉴定及表达分析

生长调控因子(growth-regulatingfactor,GRF)是植物特有的一类转录因子,对植物的生长发育起重要的调控作用。藜麦是一种单体植物即可满足人体基本营养需求的食物,也是未来最具潜力的农作物之一。但是关于藜麦GRF基因家族的研究至今尚缺乏报道。因此,本研究利用生物信息学方法,对藜麦GRF基因进行全基因组鉴定,并对其理化性质、基因结构、保守结构域、系统发育关系及组织表达进行分析。结果表明,藜麦中共有18个GRF转录因子,蛋白长度77～621 aa,分子量8.81～67.38 kD,等电点5.23～9.37;每个成员含有1～4个内含子及2～5个外显子,这些GRF蛋白都具有由31～35个氨基酸组成的QLQ保守结构域或由25～43个氨基酸组成的WRC保守结构域。系统进化分析表明,藜麦与拟南芥的GRF转录因子亲缘关系比水稻更近。表达图谱显示,藜麦GRF基因具有明显的组织表达特异性,总体在种子中的表达量较高,其次是在花序和根中,在其他组织中的表达量相对较低。     

藜麦研究进展及发展前景

藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa),苋科藜属植物,原产于南美洲安第斯山脉高原地区,具有大约5000~ 7000年的种植历史,是当地印加人备受推崇的主要粮食作物之一,近些年因为其全面的营养价值和均衡的氨基酸比例以及药用保健价值收到追捧,引起了许多科研工作者的兴趣。为了给科研工作者提供一些研究方向的参考,通过对国内外对藜麦的研究文献进行汇总,归纳了在藜麦的引种栽培、营养成分分析、产品开发利用、遗传谱系研究、抗逆性研究、抗病虫害研究等方面的最新研究进展,提出了一些在研究中尚未解决的问题,如藜麦在低海拔地区产量和品质降低、藜麦的多种药用保健作用、藜麦副产物的利用等,将成为未来研究的重点方向,并分析了藜麦作为一种杂粮作物在中国西北地区的引种栽培以及发展潜力。     

Seed priming improves germination in saline conditions for Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus caudatus

Seed priming has proved to be an effective method in imparting stress tolerance to plants using natural and/or synthetic compounds to treat the seeds before germination. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of priming treatments in seeds of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus caudatus to improve germination under NaCl. Species‐specific protocols for seed hydropriming and osmopriming were established by germinating seeds under different water potentials and creating seed imbibition curves. Primed seeds were then germinated under different concentrations of NaCl, and the effect of priming was analysed based on the parameters, such as final germination percentage (FGP), germination index (GI) and mean germination time (MGT). Seed hydropriming and osmopriming caused significant improvements in germination velocity and uniformity, reflected in high FGP, high GI and reduced MGT under salinity. C. quinoa had a higher tolerance to salinity than A. caudatus during seed germination. Improved germination in salinity resulted from osmopriming seeds with solutions of low water potential for A. caudatus, while for C. quinoa, this effect was achieved from hydropriming and osmopriming seeds with solutions of high water potential. Primed tolerance to moderate salinity was achieved for A. caudatus, and for both species, the salinity threshold for germination to occur was slightly broadened.     

北京市藜麦温室栽培试验初报

为探索温室藜麦蔬菜的栽培方法,以北京收获的藜麦籽粒为试验材料,从藜麦蔬菜生长动态监测、播种量与播种方式比较、肥效对比、机械播种量筛选、藜麦叶片与籽粒及其他蔬菜的营养成分比较等方面进行报道,旨在为生产提供技术参考。结果表明,藜麦蔬菜是一种富含蛋白质、膳食纤维、钾、镁,低钠的健康蔬菜,从播种至采收需要≥10℃积温933.24℃。为便于机械化生产和保证群体整齐度,建议选择条播方式,播种量22.5~24 kg/hm ²,产量可达15143.55~15442.95 kg/hm ²。施用羊粪、鸡粪和不施肥比较,以施用羊粪产量较好,可食用部分产量15722.10 kg/hm ²。     

干旱胁迫对不同藜麦种子萌发及生理特性的影响

为研究不同干旱程度对不同藜麦种子萌发及幼苗生长期耐旱性的影响,以忻藜1号（黑藜）、忻藜2号（白藜）和忻藜3号（红藜）为材料,采用培养皿萌发、土培育苗的方法,设置6个PEG 6000浓度梯度（0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%）,对3种藜麦的种子和幼苗进行处理,测定其种子发芽率、发芽势、下胚轴长、根长等指标和幼苗脯氨酸含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等生理指标。结果表明：（1）随着PEG 6000浓度的升高,藜麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、下胚轴长和根长都呈现逐渐降低的趋势,用回归分析求得白藜半致死PEG 6000干旱胁迫浓度为20.02%,黑藜为20.25%,红藜为24.70%;（2）随着PEG 6000浓度的升高,3种藜麦幼苗SOD和POD活性都呈先升后降的趋势;MDA和脯氨酸含量与干旱胁迫程度呈显著正相关关系。由此可得,红藜耐旱性最强,黑藜次之,白藜最差。     

生物菌肥与无机肥配施对藜麦农艺性状、产量性状及品质的影响

为探索适宜晋北地区推广应用的藜麦栽培管理模式,实现藜麦产量和品质提升,本试验选用当地自有品种华青1号,采用单因素完全随机设计,以有机肥和无机肥配施比例为变量,设常规施肥CK (有机肥0 kg hm^-2,尿素和磷酸二胺各450 kg hm^-2)、有机肥和无机肥配施比例T1 (有机肥1500 kg hm^-2,尿素和磷酸二胺各225 kg hm^-2)、T2 (有机肥2250 kg hm^-2,尿素和磷酸二胺各225 kg hm^-2)、T3 (有机肥3000 kg hm^-2,尿素和磷酸二胺各225 kg hm^-2) 4个处理,分析藜麦生育进程、农艺性状的差异,揭示藜麦产量和品质同步提升的农学性状,探求藜麦高产优质适宜的有机无机配施比例。结果表明,生物菌肥与无机肥配施可增加土壤表层有机质含量,降低碱解氮和有效磷含量及土壤pH,显著增加速效钾含量,且随生物菌肥施用量的增加,土壤中有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量提高,pH降低...     

The pattern of genetic diversity in the Andean grain crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). I. Associations between characteristics

Summary A germplasm collection comprising 294 accessions of quinoa was evaluated at Cambridge, England, to assess its potential as a break crop for arable agriculture at temperate latitudes. The origins of the accessions ranged from 40°S to 2°N and from sea level to an altitude of 3800 m, and 19 discrete and continuous characteristics describing the plants' pigmentation and morphology and the duration of developmental phases were noted or measured. There was significant variation among accessions for all the continuous characteristics, and the plant and inflorescence dimensions were all fairly strongly correlated, but the associations between the durations of developmental phases were surprisingly weak, suggesting that there is great scope for manipulation of the pattern of development through breeding. Contingency tables revealed associations between pairs of discrete characteristics. The means and variances of many continuous characteristics differed according to the discrete characteristics: for example accessions with branched plants took longer to germinate and were more variable in this respect than those with unbranched plants. Sometimes one form of a discrete characteristic was associated with a homogeneous group of accessions but the alternative form was not: such a relationship would be easily lost in a multivariate analysis. On the basis of there relationships, and using knowledge of the accessions' origins, they were classified into seven groups. It is concluded that the plant characteristics required for temperate agriculture are present to a large extent in the accessions from near sea level in southern-central Chile, but that the seed characteristics are scattered throughout the germplasm.     

Effects of Salinity and Soil–Drying on Radiation Use Efficiency,Water Productivity and Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Drought and salinity reduce crop productivity especially in arid and semi‐arid regions, and finding a crop which produces yield under these adverse conditions is therefore very important. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is such a crop. Hence, a study was conducted in field lysimeters to investigate the effect of salinity and soil–drying on radiation use efficiency, yield and water productivity of quinoa. Quinoa was exposed to five salinity levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 dS m^?1) of irrigation water from flower initiation onwards. During the seed‐filling phase the five salinity levels were divided between two levels of irrigation, either full irrigation (FI; 95 % of field capacity) or non‐irrigated progressive drought (PD). The intercepted photosynthetically active radiation was hardly affected by salinity (8 % decrease at 40 dS m^?1) and did not differ significantly between FI and PD. Radiation use efficiency of dry matter was similar between salinity levels and between FI and PD. In line with this, no negative effect of severe salinity and soil–drying on total dry matter could be detected. Salinity levels between 20 and 40 dS m^?1 significantly reduced the seed yield by ca. 33 % compared with 0 dS m^?1 treatment owing to a 15–30 % reduction in seed number per m², whereas the seed yield of PD was 8 % less than FI. Consequently, nitrogen harvested in seed was decreased by salinity although the total N‐uptake was increased. Both salinity and drought increased the water productivity of dry matter. Increasing salinity from 20 to 40 dS m^?1 did not further decrease the seed number per m² and seed yield, which shows that quinoa (cv. Titicaca) acclimated to saline conditions when exposed to salinity levels between 20 and 40 dS m^?1.     

藜麦活性成分研究进展

藜麦是苋科藜属一年生双子叶植物, 作为一种营养价值突出的功能性健康食品, 不仅富含多酚、黄酮、皂苷、多糖、多肽、蜕皮激素等活性成分, 还含有丰富的维生素、必需氨基酸、矿物质(K、P、Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe)等营养物质, 具有均衡补充营养、增强机体功能、抗氧化、降血糖、降血脂、抗炎、提高免疫、防治心血管疾病以及抗菌抗溃疡等生理活性, 尤其适于高血糖、高血压、高血脂、心脏病等慢性病人群及婴幼儿、孕产妇、儿童、学生、老年人等人群食用。藜麦因其全面的营养价值和食用功能特性, 且优于大多数谷物, 成为适宜人类食用的全营养食品。本文综述藜麦的活性成分及其生理功能作用, 并展望其在食品工业中的发展前景, 旨在对藜麦产业、食品保健和医药研发等领域提供重要的参考价值。     

1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫对水稻分蘖盛期植株生长和生理特性的影响

在土培条件下,以对1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)敏感性显著差异的宁粳1号(敏感)和扬辐粳8号(耐性)为对象,研究了不同浓度1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)胁迫对两种水稻分蘖盛期生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度TCB胁迫下,敏感基因型宁粳1号最长根长、株高、单穴分蘖数、地上部和地下部干物重随胁迫程度加深均显著递减; 耐性基因型扬辐粳8号在低浓度(20 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫下,最长根长、地上部和地下部干物重极显著增加,当中高浓度(40 mg kg^-1、60 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫时,最长根长、株高、单穴分蘖数、地上部和地下部干物重显著下降。不同浓度TCB胁迫下,敏感基因型宁粳1号根系活力、叶绿素含量、叶片和根系可溶性蛋白质含量相对较低,叶片和根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显降低,O₂^?产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增高; 耐性基因型扬辐粳8号在低浓度(20 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫下,根系活力、叶片和根系的可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性极显著增加,O₂^?产生速率和MDA含量极显著降低,当中等浓度(40 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫时,SOD、POD、CAT活性虽然增强,但O₂^?产生速率显著增加,MDA大量积累,当高浓度(60 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫时,其根系活力、叶绿素含量极显著降低,根系中SOD、CAT活性显著降低,O₂^?产生速率和MDA含量显著增加。总之,低浓度TCB胁迫下,长势良好、叶片和根系可溶性蛋白质含量高、抗氧化系统清除活性氧能力强、膜脂过氧化程度低是耐性基因型扬辐粳8号区别于敏感型宁粳1号的主要特征。