抗旱基因在小麦抗旱基因工程中的应用进展

干旱严重影响小麦的生长发育及产量,小麦抗旱育种是保障小麦生产的重要措施,利用基因工程技术提高小麦抗旱性是优于传统育种的有效途径。抗旱基因主要包括调节基因（蛋白激酶、蛋白酶和转录因子基因）和功能基因。目前,已证实的可提高小麦抗旱性的基因主要为转录因子基因CBF/DREB1、MYB、NAC（NAM、ATAF1、ATAF2和CUC2）、HD-Zip和WRKY等和功能基因LEA蛋白基因、甜菜碱合成酶基因和海藻糖合成酶基因等。本文从转录因子基因和功能基因2个方面概述国内外利用基因工程技术提高小麦抗旱性的研究进展,并对目前存在的问题进行分析,以期为小麦抗旱遗传改良及育种提供参考。     

玉米耐旱分子育种研究进展

干旱是玉米生产的主要非生物胁迫因子之一,培育耐旱品种可以有效地保持其在干旱环境下的产量稳定性。目前,随着生物信息学数据库的不断完善及基因组学技术的发展,耐旱通用QTL的发掘以及关联分析技术在功能标记开发上的应用,新的耐旱相关转录因子／基因的克隆都为解释玉米耐旱性的复杂遗传网络和分子育种提供了新的机遇和方法。本文综述了耐旱基因组学研究进展及其在玉米耐旱分子育种上的应用。     

Integrated breeding approaches for improving drought and heat adaptation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a dry season food legume largely grown on residual soil moisture after the rainy season. The crop often experiences moisture stress towards end of the crop season (terminal drought). The crop may also face heat stress at the reproductive stage if sowing is delayed. The breeding approaches for improving adaptation to these stresses include the development of varieties with early maturity and enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. Several varieties with improved drought tolerance have been developed by selecting for grain yield under moisture stress conditions. Similarly, selection for pod set in the crop subjected to heat stress during reproductive stage has helped in the development of heat‐tolerant varieties. A genomic region, called QTL‐hotspot, controlling several drought tolerance‐related traits has been introgressed into several popular cultivars using marker‐assisted backcrossing (MABC), and introgression lines giving significantly higher yield than the popular cultivars have been identified. Multiparent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) approach has been found promising in enhancing genetic recombination and developing lines with enhanced tolerance to terminal drought and heat stresses.     

玉米新品种‘裕丰303’的商业育种问题讨论

在大田生产中,‘先玉335’等美系新品种在耐密植、抗倒伏、抗南方锈病、抗大斑病、抗高温热害等方面的能力都较弱。为了通过育种手段解决以上问题,本研究以玉米新品种‘裕丰303’为试验材料,通过对其在国家（黄淮海夏播、东华北中晚熟、西北春播）以及各省区域试验和生产试验中的产量、抗旱性、耐高温热害、耐密性、籽粒品质等品种特性进行分析。结果表明‘裕丰303’不仅具备美系新品种的优良特征特性,还具有耐旱、耐高温热害、抗倒伏、抗南方锈病等性状优势,实现并大幅度超越笔者原定的育种目标。以此为基础,讨论了今后种质扩增、改良、创新的技术路线和避免遗传脆弱性风险出现等相关商业育种问题。强调在育种实践中应高度重视耐高温热害性状和耐旱性状的选育,特别要注重通过不断提升基因型与环境互作的正向超正常表达选育具有广泛适应性的新品种。     

甘蓝型油菜抗旱性鉴定研究进展

甘蓝型油菜抗旱育种的最终目的是培育干旱条件下节水、高产的新品种。笔者通过形态及生长发育指标、生理生化指标(光合作用、渗透调节、抗氧化酶活性、内源激素、水分利用率等)、产量和品质指标、综合评价指标等对油菜抗旱性鉴定研究进行了回顾式分析,认为水分胁迫对油菜不同时期形态及生长发育具有重要影响。通过回顾式研究,对甘蓝型油菜抗旱性鉴定研究的现存问题进行分析,并对相关指标与技术展开讨论,以期为油菜抗旱性研究和生产提供参考。同时甘蓝型油菜抗旱性分子机制的阐明必然将油菜抗旱育种研究带入一个崭新的阶段。     

Breeding banana (Musa spp.) for drought tolerance: A review

Drought is a major abiotic stress affecting banana production worldwide, leading to yield losses of up to 65%. Consequently, numerous efforts to understand and mitigate drought effects that include developing tolerant crop varieties are ongoing in several banana breeding programmes. The breeding efforts, however, have been greatly slowed down by inherent banana problems (polyploidy and male or female sterility) and complexity of drought tolerance (reportedly controlled by several genes). This review summarizes the pertinent research findings on water requirements of banana for its proper growth and productivity, symptoms of drought-sensitive varieties and field management strategies to cope with drought stress. The coping strategies deployed by resistant cultivars include high assimilation rates and water retention capacity as well as minor losses in leaf area and gaseous exchange. Reduced bunch weight, leaf chlorosis, wilting and strangled birth are underlined to be directly associated with drought susceptibility. Integration of conventional, molecular breeding and biotechnological tools as well as exploitation of the existing banana genetic diversity presents a huge opportunity for successful banana improvement.     

基于基因组学的作物抗旱改良

随着基因组学的发展,利用大量的序列信息鉴定和克隆抗旱相关基因以改良作物的生产性能具有重要意义。作物抗旱性属数量遗传,其数量性状位点的鉴定是分子标记辅助选择改良作物抗旱性的基础。笔者就作物抗旱基因鉴定及相关功能基因组学的最新进展作系统的介绍,并探讨了今后作物抗旱性研究发展方向。     

Breeding drought tolerant cowpea: constraints,accomplishments, and future prospects

This review presents an overview of accomplishments on different aspects of cowpea breeding for drought tolerance. Furthermore it provides options to enhance the genetic potential of the crop by minimizing yield loss due to drought stress. Recent efforts have focused on the genetic dissection of drought tolerance through identification of markers defining quantitative trait loci (QTL) with effects on specific traits related to drought tolerance. Others have studied the relationship of the drought response and yield components, morphological traits and physiological parameters. To our knowledge, QTLs with effects on drought tolerance have not yet been identified in cowpea. The main reason is that very few researchers are working on drought tolerance in cowpea. Some other reasons might be related to the complex nature of the drought stress response, and partly to the difficulties associated with reliable and reproducible measurements of a single trait linked to specific molecular markers to be used for marker assisted breeding. Despite the fact that extensive research has been conducted on the screening aspects for drought tolerance in cowpea only very few—like the ‘wooden box’ technique—have been successfully used to select parental genotypes exhibiting different mechanisms of drought tolerance. Field and pot testing of these genotypes demonstrated a close correspondence between drought tolerance at seedling and reproductive stages. Some researchers selected a variety of candidate genes and used differential screening methods to identify cDNAs from genes that may underlie different drought tolerance pathways in cowpea. Reverse genetic analysis still needs to be done to confirm the functions of these genes in cowpea. Understanding the genetics of drought tolerance and identification of DNA markers linked to QTLs, with a clear path towards localizing chromosomal regions or candidate genes involved in drought tolerance will help cowpea breeders to develop improved varieties that combine drought tolerance with other desired traits using marker assisted selection.

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Drought Tolerance Screening Under Controlled Conditions Predicts Ranking of Water‐Limited Yield of Field‐Grown Soybean Genotypes

Drought is a major limitation to crop yields worldwide. Screening for soybean yield under water deficit is often a bottleneck in breeding programmes. We assessed the validity of a standardized drought tolerance screening method to predict water‐limited field performance of soybean in NW Argentina. First, to determine the phenological period when yield of glasshouse‐grown plants was more sensitive to water deficit, we applied treatments during 21 days in V₇, R₃ or R₅ stages, being the period from R₅ to R₆ the most critical for yield. Afterwards, two glasshouse experiments were carried out to quantify the tolerance of either eight or four genotypes, respectively, by applying a controlled water deficit of constant intensity during the critical period. Finally, yield data obtained in field trials in Argentina across several locations and seasons classified according to rainfall were analysed. Drought Susceptibility Index was calculated for each experiment and for field data, and rankings of tolerance were similar in all cases. This standardized method, which can be automated for high‐throughput phenotyping, could represent a useful tool in breeding programmes for identifying soybean cultivars with improved performance under drought conditions.     

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)干旱胁迫生理特性及耐旱性分析

干旱是一个世界性问题,也是造成中国作物产量低的重要原因。为探究干旱胁迫对马铃薯生理的影响和鉴定耐旱材料,本研究以‘青薯9号’和‘陇薯5号’两基因型马铃薯组培苗为试材,用0%、10%、20%、30%和40%浓度(m/V)的PEG-6000胁迫96 h模拟干旱筛选适宜的胁迫浓度,在含有适宜胁迫浓度的培养液中培养0、20、24、48、72和96 h后,测定抗氧化酶活性、可溶性物质和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,最后利用差异变化的生理指标的抗旱系数及主成分分析综合评价马铃薯耐旱能力。结果表明:20%浓度PEG-6000是适宜的胁迫浓度。干旱胁迫处理后,与对照相比,‘陇薯5号’超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)有显著增加,过氧化物酶(POD)和丙二醛(MDA)没有显著差异,可溶性糖在20 h开始显著增加;‘青薯9号’SOD没有显著变化,POD活性显著下降,可溶性糖72 h显著增加,MDA含量没有显著变化。7项生理指标可作为鉴定指标进行主成分分析综合评价,并提取出3个主成分,累积贡献率达79.2%,综合得分评价结果表明,‘陇薯5号’的综合耐旱能力强于‘青薯9号’。本研究对马铃薯干旱胁迫生理特性及耐旱性进行深入研究以及培育耐旱性马铃薯具有重要意义。     

东乡普通野生稻全生育期抗旱性鉴定

利用组合R974//东野/R974 BC₁F₅ BIL群体，设水分胁迫和非胁迫两种处理，在全生育期测定了株高、单株分蘖数、单株有效穗数、穗长、穗实粒数、穗总粒数、着粒密度、千粒重、结实率、单株产量、叶片相对含水量、卷叶级别等12个与抗旱相关的形态及生理性状，其中单株产量对水分胁迫影响最敏感。通过各性状旱、水相对值对抗旱系数分别进行单因素逐步回归、通径、灰色关联分析，结果表明，叶片相对含水量、单株分蘖数、穗实粒数、千粒重、株高、单株有效穗数等6个性状与水稻抗旱性相关显著，可作为全生育期抗旱鉴定指标。利用模糊隶属函数法对入选性状的抗旱D值进行抗旱性综合评价，更表明上述性状作为水稻全生育期的抗旱鉴定指标是可行的。同时对5种抗旱性评价方法进行比较指出，抗旱指数是最合适的抗旱性直接评价方法。     

Breeding perennial ryegrass for agriculture

Summary Perennial ryegrass has become the most widely sown perennial forage grass in temperate regions due to its combination of high digestibility and tolerance of grazing. The primary objectives in breeding for agricultural use are to improve total and seasonal dry matter production over a range of fertiliser inputs, digestibility, persistency, freezing tolerance and drought or heat tolerance. Adequate seed production and resistance to a wide range of diseases and pests is also necessary. Improvements in productivity and persistency so far have been achieved mainly by hybridisation and recurrent selection using the polycross method and by the use of polyploidy. Further improvements in freezing tolerance, drought and heat tolerance and, for some localities, resistance to pests and snow moulds are required to extend the geographic range of the species. Modern cultivars show little improvement in leaf or stem digestibility but a high magnesium variety is now available. Perennial ryegrass breeding is at an early stage and prospects for further progress appear good.     

不同年代玉米品种苗期耐旱性的比较分析

我国北方地区时常发生春旱,严重影响玉米生产。因此苗期耐旱性是玉米育种中需要考虑的一个重要性状。本试验选用20世纪50年代以来玉米品种35个, 包括50年代农家种4个,60年代双交种4个,70年代以后的单交种27个,在旱棚内鉴定苗期耐旱性,调查幼苗的生物量(鲜重和干重), 计算各品种的耐旱系数,分析苗期耐旱系数随年代及年份变化的趋势,并根据耐旱指数对70年代以来的27个单交种进行聚类。结果表明,干旱处理对供试品种生物量的影响显著。我国玉米品种的苗期耐旱性50至60年代快速提高,60年代及70年代以后呈下降趋势,70年代以来的27个单交种可分为3类,耐旱性强杂交种有鲁单50、群单105、农大108、掖单13、掖单4号、郑单2号,耐旱性弱的杂交种有农大3138、农大60、沈单16,其余为中间类型。下一步育种工作的重点之一是在自交系选育中加大干旱压力,为进而培育耐旱的杂交种奠定基础。     

Breeding for improved drought tolerance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume crop as a protein source across the world. It is mostly grown on arid and marginal lands where it faces drought stress at different growth stages. Drought stress exerts drastic effects on nutrient uptake, hinders the nodule formation and adversely affects yield and yield components. Generally drought at any growth stage and organizational level is responsible for reduction in economic yield. Significant variability in chickpea germplasm is present on the basis of responses to drought stress in the form of drought escape, drought avoidance and drought tolerance; these mechanisms prevent chickpea crop from harmful effects of drought. Improvement in chickpea germplasm against drought stress could be made by using several breeding approaches, that is introduction, hybridization, mutation breeding, marker‐assisted breeding and omic techniques. These breeding approaches, especially marker‐assisted breeding and omics, are further strengthened with the availability of the chickpea genome sequence. This review highlighted the significance, status and advances in different breeding strategies for improvement of drought tolerance in chickpea.     

Selecting Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill) tolerant to low-calcium stress in short term hydroponics experiment

Soybean cultivation in the acid soils of low latitude Brazilian Savannahs (Cerrados) has become a reality since the 1970's. Soil fertility management and crop breeding have made major contributions to high standard performance of this crop. There are, however, factors that limit the prospect to sustainable production, such as levels of calcium in the soil, below the ploughed zone. This may prevent root elongation and exposes the crop to drought stress. Genetic variability for tolerance has been identified in locally selected cultivars, although it has indirectly been acquired. Experimental data have shown variability for low-Ca tolerance among and within cultivar. Progeny tests with selected individuals were carried out to assess whether these differences were inheritable. The results indicated the method shall be efficiently used to select superior individuals from a recurrent crossing scheme to breed soybeans for more stable yields. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

作物耐热生理基础与基因发掘研究进展

热胁迫是农作物生产中的环境限制因子,影响作物生长发育并导致农作物减产与降低农产品品质。作物耐热性生理生化、基因发掘与分子机制研究将为农业生产与耐热新品种培育奠定基础。综述了热胁迫逆境对作物营养生长阶段和生殖生长阶段的影响,重点阐述了开花期与子粒灌浆期等作物产量形成关键时期受热害时作物的生理与发育,介绍了作物主要的4种热响应方式,即膜流动性改变、蛋白质解折叠、细胞骨架解聚和代谢物变化,总结了Hsf热激转录因子的调控与耐热分子机制,并展望了应用生物技术创制作物耐热新种质与遗传改良的可行性。本文为作物耐热性生理基础、基因发掘、分子机制与育种途径等研究提供参考。     

不同基因型绿豆品种芽期抗旱性鉴定

研究绿豆芽期抗旱指标,为绿豆品种抗旱性鉴定和品种筛选提供理论依据。本试验采用15%的PEG-6000高渗溶液对58份绿豆品种（系）进行干旱模拟胁迫,测定其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和相对根长等指标。结果表明：在15%的PEG浓度条件下,绿豆的各指标均受到不同程度的抑制,发芽势受抑制最大,下降30.62%;而相对根长受抑制较小,仅下降5.63%。且各指标的变异系数均有增加,说明绿豆生理指标在干旱胁迫下变化更显著。利用隶属函数分析法,筛选出1份高抗和4份抗性品种。     

节水抗旱杂交稻的选育和应用前景

节水抗旱杂交稻的选育和应用有利于整合水稻的节水抗旱性、杂种优势和其他优良特性，提高干旱和节水栽培条件下水稻的产量和经济效益。通过测配筛选大量的抗旱稻资源，获得一个对野败不育系具有一定保持能力国外引进品种EAIC139-55-1-23，经系统选育获得一个稳定的选系进而转育成优质节水抗旱稻胞质雄性不育系——沪旱1A。组织国内相关单位在不同生态区以沪旱1A为母本，与当地优良水稻恢复系配制组合，获得具有良好地域适应性的节水抗旱杂交稻新组合，同时通过杂交育种和标记辅助选择等技术手段进一步改良现有不育系异交结实率和恢复系的耐旱性、品质、抗病虫等特性。育成旱优2号、旱优3号等杂交旱稻组合在大量节约水资源的栽培条件下表现较强的增产潜力，预示广阔的应用前景。     

番茄耐盐分子育种研究进展

土壤盐渍化是一个世界性问题,其中由于过量施用化肥,造成土壤尤其是蔬菜保护地次生盐渍化已是一个极其严重的现象,常障碍蔬菜作物的生长、发育,导致大幅度减产,产品品质下降。虽然作物耐盐新品种的选育,一直是国内外研究的重点,但对于番茄而言,普通栽培种一般表现对盐中度敏感。目前还尚未有很明确的生理生化指标,可供育种者直接进行番茄耐盐性的鉴定,番茄耐盐机理的明确,有助于相关指标的获得。研究业已表明,番茄耐盐受QTLs控制,遗传较为复杂,影响番茄耐盐的QTL在不同生长发育的阶段也不相同。因此育种难度较大。番茄在芽期和苗期对盐害最敏感,随着株龄的增加,耐盐性也增强,而影响番茄芽期和苗期的耐盐性为少数QTLs控制,且效应较大,因此开发芽期和苗期耐盐QTLs对于番茄耐盐育种意义较大。另外,耐盐QTLs还包括组成型和非组成型两种,控制番茄耐盐的组成型或非特异QTL对耐盐性贡献较大。部分野生资源材料及个别栽培种表现出一定程度的耐盐性,为番茄耐盐育种提供了可能。利用分子标记及生物工程技术深入挖掘这些材料,可加速番茄耐盐遗传改良。本文就番茄耐盐筛选方法、耐盐资源材料,耐盐QTL定位及利用分子标记辅助选育和基因工程等手段改良番茄耐盐新品种进行了综述。     

不同回交世代渗入系抗旱性鉴定及孕穗期其光合参数分析

本实验以不同世代水旱回交渗入系BC3、BC4、4份旱稻品种和1份水稻品种为研究材料;比较孕穗期干旱胁迫条件下,不同材料间产量、生物量和经济系数的差异及光合参数与产量关系。研究结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下BC4代渗入系平均产量、生物量和经济系数显著高于水稻品种,与旱稻品种无显著差异;BC3渗入系群体平均产量、生物量和经济系数显著低于旱稻品种与水稻沈农265无显著差异,这表明BC4代在干旱胁迫条件下能更好使旱稻抗旱性和水稻的丰产性得到统一。光化学淬灭系数（qN）与产量和经济系数相关显著其相关系数为0.257和0.308;所有光合参数与生物量相关均不显著;光下最大叶绿素荧光（Fm）和最小叶绿素荧光（F0）与经济系数显著负相关,其相关系数为-0.257和-0.224。