中华鳖对蛋白质及脂肪需求量的研究

中华鳖(ＴｒｉｏｎｙｘＳｉｅｎｓｉｓ)是我国三种鳖之一,俗称甲鱼、团鱼、王八等,除宁夏青海尚未发现外,全国其它地方都有分布。以动物性饲料为主的杂食性水陆两栖性情凶猛动物。在天然水体中,稚鳖喜食水蚤、摇蚊幼虫等,而成鳖摄食螺蚬、蚌类、泥鳅及动物内脏等。中华鳖?..     

中华鳖变质脂肪中毒的诊治

中华鳖变质脂肪中毒的诊治许海峰邓建新郑雅卡阮文魁（广西梧州动植物检疫局，５４３００２）吕春松（广西梧州乐农股份有限公司）中华鳖是一种具有极高营养价值和药用价值的水陆两栖珍贵经济动物。人工饲养中华鳖在中国正方兴未艾。由于人工饲养由野生转向人工化养殖，由...     

仿生与温室养殖中华鳖营养成分研究

试验对体重500~600 g仿生中华鳖和温室中华鳖的腿部肌肉、裙边及肝脏组织的营养成分进行比较分析.结果表明:仿生鳖肌肉和肝脏中的粗蛋白含量高于温室鳖,裙边中粗蛋白含量低于温室鳖;仿生鳖肌肉、裙边和肝脏中的粗脂肪含量低于温室鳖,各部位水分含量高于温室鳖;仿生鳖肌肉粗灰分含量低于温室鳖,但裙边和肝脏的粗灰分含量高于温室鳖.仿生鳖肌肉和裙边中的必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸、氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量高于温室鳖;仿生鳖肌肉的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和脂肪酸种类含量低于温室鳖.从鳖可食部分的整体营养价值角度出发,仿生鳖比温室鳖的营养价值高.     

饲料中脂肪的营养价值

脂肪是一大类营养物质，在动物营养学中的重要作用日益得到重视。本文着重分析讨论了油脂的营养作用和其他功能：通过动物营养原理生产富含多不饱和脂肪酸的功能产品；脂类与动物免疫、疾病的关系；磷脂类饲料添加剂的作用与研制开发。对脂肪类在动物营养中的作用与研究进展进行了综述。     

脂肪对动物免疫功能作用的研究

脂肪是动物体内至关重要的营养物质,在动物生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用。近年来,许多科研工作者对脂肪酸进行了深入的研究,并探讨了脂肪酸与免疫间的关系。研究发现,多不饱和脂肪酸能增强免疫应答反应,有助于动物抵抗免疫性疾病。因此,越来越多的人开始重视多不饱和脂肪酸对免疫功能的影响,并运用大量试验来揭示脂肪酸与机体免疫系统之间的关系。本文综述了脂肪酸的种类,重点总结了脂肪以及多不饱和脂肪酸对动物体免疫功能的影响。     

脂肪的生理功能及作用机制

随着对脂肪研究的深入,人们认识到脂肪是人和动物体不可缺少的、具有重要生理功能和调节作用的营养物质。作者综述了脂肪对脂类代谢、心血管系统和血液、免疫机能、细胞膜功能、大脑功能、基因表达方面的生理功能及作用机制的研究进展。     

反刍动物日粮中混合脂肪的研究与应用

向反刍动物日粮中添加脂肪是提高日粮能量浓度的重要途径 ,但由于反刍动物复杂的瘤胃微生物区系限制了脂肪的利用 ,而使用混合脂肪能够改善反刍动物对脂肪的利用。文中就混合脂肪的相关知识作了阐述 ,并在此基础上提出建立“理想脂肪酸”模型。该模型的建立将会为混合脂肪的应用提供进一步的理论支持     

天然叶黄素添加剂对中华鳖的急性毒性实验研究

为评价天然叶黄素添加剂对中华鳖的安全性,分别采用单次和连续口服叶黄素添加剂的致毒方式进行天然叶黄素添加剂的毒性实验研究。在单次口服致毒实验中,分为对照组和实验组,对照组与实验组叶黄素添加剂的单次口服剂量分别为0和18 831[mg/(kg bw.d)],每组30个重复,在随后的14 d观察中华鳖死亡情况;在连续口服致毒实验中,设计了5个叶黄素添加剂在饲料中的添加水平:0(D1)、0.15%(D2)、0.3%(D3)、0.6%(D4)和8%(D5),每个处理组24个重复,连续投喂21 d。实验结果表明,在单次口服致毒实验中,当叶黄素添加剂剂量为18 831[mg/(kg bw)]时,中华鳖没有出现一只死亡;连续口服致毒实验中,各处理组间的摄食率、特定生长率和饲料系数均无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,本实验中的天然叶黄素添加剂(含叶黄素4%)经口LD50>18 831[mg/(kg bw)],为实际无毒物质;对中华鳖21 d的最大未观察到有害作用剂量(NOAEL,no-observed-adverse-effect-level)大于801.19[mg/(kg bw.d)]。     

日粮中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）对动物基因表达和脂肪细胞分化的调节

动物每天从日粮中获取营养物质，其中包括必需脂肪酸，如亚油酸和亚麻酸，它们分别属于（ｎ－３）、（ｎ－６）多不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡ）。近来研究结果表明：ＰＵＦＡ除了是膜的结构成分、参与能量代谢过程和细胞信号转导之外，同时还与控制脂肪细胞的增殖和分化、多种与脂肪代谢的酶和蛋白的基因表达有关，从而调控动物的脂代谢和脂肪细胞的分化。因此，ＰＵＦＡ是动物基因表达的一种重要的调节因子。本文主要报道近年来ＰＵＦＡ对动物一些基因表达和脂肪细胞形成的影响的研究进展。１ＰＵＦＡ对基因表达的影响１．１ＰＵＦＡ对肝和脂肪…     

雌性中华鳖输卵管精子储存结构的研究

应用光镜和电镜技术,系统观察雌性中华鳖输卵管精子储存情况,显示与精子储存有关组织结构与细胞形态。结果表明,精子储存在雌性中华鳖输卵管的蛋白分泌部后部至子宫部,但各段的组织结构及精子储存量存在一定差别。蛋白分泌部后部上皮较发达,由典型的高柱状纤毛细胞和分泌细胞构成,固有膜中腺体多为泡状腺。上皮和腺体中含有大量高密度的膜性分泌颗粒,此段只有少量的精子储存。峡部较窄且固有膜内无腺体,上皮排列紧密并呈迷路样迂回分布,上皮细胞内高电子密度分泌颗粒成团集中分布在核上方。峡部管腔中分布着大量的精子,靠近管腔的精子或精子头部嵌入上皮纤毛之间或顶端凹陷的胞质中,且精子嵌入部分的细胞结构保持完整。子宫前部形成垂直于管腔的储精小管(SST),子宫上皮及此段SST上皮的分泌颗粒电子密度不均,含高密度电子致密斑,腺体中的分泌颗粒也呈现不同的内部结构。子宫部及SST的管腔中储存有大量精子。这些区段复杂的细胞结构及分泌活动,可能在精子储存中发挥重要作用。     

中华鳖六株病原菌的分类鉴定及其中草药拮抗研究

为提高养殖质量、达到无公害中华鳖的生产,本研究对来源于不同地域的中华鳖常见疾病的六株致病菌(WG985、TL97427、FS954、JS967、SG978、SS978)菌株进行了分类鉴定与中草药抑菌敏感性测试.结果表明4株为温和气单胞菌,2株分别为嗜水气单胞菌和豚鼠气单胞菌,6菌株对健康中华鳖均有较强毒力.药敏测定显示各菌株对中草药的拮抗作用基本一致,对大多数药物均表现不敏感,仅就地锦草、五倍子等个别药物敏感,但彼此间仍存有一定差异.     

维生素C对中华鳖体组成及胶原蛋白含量的影响

本试验选取60只体重约150 g的中华鳖,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复3只进行为期60 d的养殖试验。1组为对照组,4个试验组分别对其投喂100、200、400 mg/kg和2000 mg/kg多聚磷酸酯维生素C,每天饲喂2次。养殖试验结束后,宰杀所有试验鳖,取腿肌、裙边和背甲样品进行分析。试验结果表明,饲料中添加维生素C能改善中华鳖体组成和增加组织胶原蛋白含量。随着饲料维生素C添加量的增加,肌肉和裙边必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和总氨基酸的含量也逐渐升高,且肌肉中的不饱和脂肪酸也逐渐升高,但肌肉中的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸逐渐降低。饲料中添加维生素C能够提高肌肉、裙边、肝脏和背甲中胶原蛋白(以羟脯氨酸计)含量。     

An immunohistochemical study of S-100 protein in the intestinal tract of Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis

The present work describes the distribution of S-100 protein in the intestinal tract of a Chinese soft-shelled turtle specimen (Pelodiscus sinensis). S-100 protein positive cells were located in the intestinal tract, from the proximal small to distal large intestine. S-100 protein positive dendritic cells had irregular shape and were positive in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Most of them were located both lamina propria and submucosa in the small intestine, while few were found in the large intestine. S-100 protein, C-kit positive ICCs and Silver staining glial cells were predominantly observed in three locations: (1) in the interspace between the submucosa and circular muscle layer; (2) in the circular muscle layer; and (3) between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the intestine. Fewer were found in the large intestinal lamina propria and submucosa. Three types of positive cells (S-100 protein positive cells, C-kit positive ICCs and Silver staining glial cells) with 1–2 long or 2–3 short processes were distributed as lace-like or surrounding blood vessels in the different locations mentioned above. In the lamina propria, all the positive cells with irregular processes were connected with each other and formed a network. In the submucosa, all the positive cells were found surrounding the blood vessels.     

牛磺酸对酒精性脂肪肝大鼠脂肪代谢的影响

采用白酒灌胃及饲喂高脂饲料的方法建立大鼠酒精性脂肪肝病模型，探讨牛磺酸对酒精脂肪肝病大鼠脂肪代谢的影响。将40只Wister大鼠随机分为对照组（10只）、模型组（10只）、预防组（10只）和治疗组（10只），试验周期共为16周。检测牛磺酸干预后大鼠血清中的总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、甘油三酯（TG）、甲状腺激素（T3、T4）的含量，制作大鼠肝组织切片，观察病理学变化，从而研究牛磺酸的药理学效应。结果表明，牛磺酸可以有效降低大鼠血清中TC、LDL-C、TG、T4含量，提高大鼠血清中HDL-C、T3含量；牛磺酸能够减轻肝的病理损伤程度，表现为牛磺酸干预后大鼠肝细胞脂肪变性数量明显减少，脂肪空泡变性程度明显减轻。     

Effect of dietary lignocellulose on ileal and total tract digestibility of fat and fatty acids in broiler chickens

The study was conducted to determine the effect of a lignocellulose supplemented diet on apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of fat and fatty acids (FA) in broiler chickens. A total of 48 21‐day‐old male Ross 308 chickens were divided into four treatment groups (n = 12) with six replicates per treatment. From 21 to 42 days of age, the broilers were fed experimental diets varied in the amount of lignocellulose: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%. Total excreta were gathered during the last 3 days of the feeding trial and digesta was collected from the ileum at 42 days of the bird age. Digestibility was determined by the indicator method. The ether extract content in diet/digesta/excreta was determined by the gravimetric method, and fatty acid methyl esters were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fat digestibility measured to the end of the small intestine and in the whole gastrointestinal tract in birds was high and exceeded 90% and 87% respectively. Addition of lignocellulose (1%) increased (p < 0.05) ileal fat digestibility but had no significant effect on total tract fat digestion. Absorption of total fatty acids (TFA) as well as myristic (C14:0), palmitoleic (C16:1) and α‐linolenic (C18:3n?3) acids, estimated by both methods, was significantly higher in birds fed the diets supplemented with lignocellulose, especially at a dose of 1%. Total tract absorption of some dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (C20:2, C20:4n?6) was significantly lower from diet supplemented with 0.5% and 0.25% lignocellulose. There was observed a decrease in apparent digestibility of fat and most examined fatty acids, when measured between terminal ileum and total gastrointestinal tract. The results suggest that lignocellulose can affect digestion and FA absorption in broilers but, as the effect of lignocellulose was not studied previously, further investigations are necessary to confirm the results of the present experiment.     

The relationship between feed intake behaviour with intramuscular fat, cholesterol and fatty acid composition in pork

The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic relationship between feed intake (FI) characteristics with intramuscular fat, cholesterol and fatty acid composition in pork. Data were available on 202 Duroc barrows. Intramuscular fatness was positively correlated with a higher percentage of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), a lower percentage of polyunsaturated (PUFA), omega-3 (ω3) and omega-6 (ω6) fatty acids, and a lower ω6/ω3 and P:S ratio (p < 0.05). Faster growth resulted in a higher level of SFA and a lower level of ω3 fatty acids (p < 0.05). Increased FI, residual feed intake (RFI) and feed intake time (TIME) and a decreased feed intake frequency (FREQ) resulted in an increase in MUFA, a decrease in PUFA, ω3 and ω6 fatty acids and a lower P:S ratio (p < 0.05). In addition, increased FI and RFI and a decreased FREQ resulted in an increase in SFA (p < 0.05). Most of the correlations were a result of a concomitant relationship with intramuscular fatness and disappeared after correction for that trait. Serum total, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were positively correlated with SFA and MUFA, and negatively with PUFA, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and the P:S ratio (p < 0.05). These results have implications for programmes aimed at improving meat quality through selection.     

甲鱼“红脖子病”的研究

对某甲鱼养殖场1987年2～6月流行的甲鱼“红脖子病”进行了流行病学、临床,病理学、病原学、血清学等项检查,证明该病是由嗜水气单胞菌嗜水亚种所引起,故命名为甲鱼嗜水气单胞菌感染。     

Effect of dietary fatty acid pattern on growth, body fat composition and antioxidant parameters in broilers

The effects of dietary fat supplementation on performance, fatty acid (FA) composition of tissues and antioxidant defence system of broilers were studied. Male broilers were placed in 20 floor pens (60 broilers per pen). The broilers were fed by diets with added different energy sources: lard (L); sunflower oil (SFO); soybean oil (SBO); and linseed oil (LSO). The treatments did not modify significantly growth performance and feed intake of the broilers. There was no effect of dietary FA pattern on reduced glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity of plasma, erythrocyte and liver samples. However, higher PUFA content of the diet resulted in a significant increase in malondialdehyde level of erythrocytes and liver. The broilers fed LSO diet more effectively maintained their antioxidant status with enhanced plasma radical scavenger capacity. FA composition in tissues reflected the FA pattern of the diets, although proportion of FAs with four or more double bonds was metabolic specific. LSO diet increased the level of C18:3, C20:5 and C22:6 in tissue lipids in relation to L, SFO and SBO diets. Significantly increased plasma radical scavenging capacity in concert with the enhanced C20:5 and C22:6 proportion in liver and muscle during LSO feeding indicate metabolic changes to counteract the oxidative injury. This may be related to the compounds produced after different biochemical pathways of n-6 and n-3 FAs.