新疆绿洲盐碱滴灌区域荒地土壤盐分变化

为研究新疆绿洲区盐碱地应用膜下滴灌技术是否对荒地土壤盐分质量比及组成产生影响,以新疆典型盐碱绿洲区域(玛纳斯河流域下野地灌区)膜下滴灌棉田之间荒地为例,通过2009—2013年的定点监测,分析了年际间0~140 cm土层盐分及盐分离子变化.研究结果表明受滴灌棉田灌溉影响,地下水位提升以及地下水矿化度增加,造成新疆绿洲盐碱滴灌区域荒地土壤盐分在4月中旬至10月中旬的增加量大于10月中旬至翌年4月中旬的降低值,盐分和SO^2-₄,Cl^-,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺,Na⁺以及Cl^-/SO^2-₄和钠离子吸附比都在逐年递增;荒地土壤碱度逐年提升,阴阳离子组成也在逐年变化,但试验期间内研究区域荒地盐碱土类型一直属于氯化物-硫酸盐盐土.滴灌技术在绿洲区推广后,区域内的荒地成为农田排出盐分重要的聚集场所之一.     

Use of saline–sodic waters through phytoremediation of calcareous saline–sodic soils

Use of poor-quality groundwater has become inevitable for irrigation to compensate rapidly increasing water demands in many arid and semiarid regions. Salinity and sodicity are the principal soil and water quality concerns in such areas. Many saline–sodic and sodic soils have saline or saline–sodic subsurface drainage waters. Amelioration of these soils needs a source of calcium (Ca²⁺) that can replace the excess exchangeable sodium (Na⁺). Most of these soils, however, contain calcite (CaCO₃) of extremely low solubility. The native calcite does not supply adequate levels of Ca²⁺ for soil amelioration as do other chemical amendments. Phytoremediation may help ameliorate such soils through cultivation of certain crops tolerant to ambient soil salinity and sodicity. This amelioration strategy works through plant root action to help dissolve CaCO₃ to supply adequate Ca²⁺ without the application of an amendment. During a 3-year field experiment conducted under irrigated conditions, we evaluated phytoremediation against soil application of gypsum and farm manure, and water treatment with sulphuric acid on a calcareous saline–sodic soil (pH_s=8.0–8.4, EC_e=24–32 dS m⁻¹, SAR=57–78, CaCO₃=45–50 g kg⁻¹ for the top 0.15 m depth; Calcic Haplosalids). A saline–sodic water (EC=2.9–3.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR=12.0–19.4, RSC=4.6–10.0 mmol_c l⁻¹, SAR_adj=15.6–18.4) was used to irrigate the rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops grown in rotation. Active desalinisation and desodication processes were observed in all the treatments. After the final wheat crop, the 1.2 m soil profile EC_e was 7±0.5 dS m⁻¹ and SAR was 15±2 with non-significant treatment differences, indicating comparable soil amelioration effect of phytoremediation with other treatments. Better crop yields were obtained from the manure-treated plots, owing to its annual addition to the soil that possibly improved soil fertility. Phytoremediation needed minimum capital input because no initial investment was made to purchase the amendments.     

引黄泥沙对黏质盐土的改良效果及其对冬小麦产量的影响

【目的】探究引黄泥沙对黏质盐土的改良效果及对冬小麦产量的影响,找出适宜的引黄泥沙用量。【方法】在黄河三角洲地区进行大田试验,研究不同引黄泥沙用量(0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35kg/m²)对黏质盐土的体积质量、饱和导水率、含水率变化、含盐量以及冬小麦产量的影响。【结果】引黄泥沙降低了土壤体积质量,且土壤体积质量随着引黄泥沙用量的增加而降低;引黄泥沙提高了土壤饱和导水率,且土壤饱和导水率随着引黄泥沙用量的增加呈指数型增加;引黄泥沙降低了0～20cm和20～40cm土层的土壤含水率和含盐量,其中引黄泥沙用量为15 kg/m²时,与不使用引黄泥沙相比0～20 cm土层的土壤含水率和含盐量分别降低了16.61%、22.89%,20～40 cm土层的土壤含水率和含盐量分别降低了12.86%、22.44%。引黄泥沙提高了冬小麦产量,且冬小麦产量随着引黄泥沙用量的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势。其中引黄泥沙用量为15 kg/m²时冬小麦产量最高,为7 530.98 kg/hm²,与不使用引黄泥沙相比提高了3...     

引黄春灌对盐碱土区地下水动态及理化性质的影响

[目的]探究引黄春灌对区域浅层地下水动态及地下水理化性质的影响.[方法]通过监测试验区盐碱地春灌前后地下水位、八大离子(Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、CO32-)质量浓度、地下水EC值、pH值、土壤电导率等指标,运用数理统计和水文地球化学分析的方法,分析春灌前后地下水动态及春灌后地下...     

膜下咸水滴灌水肥盐调控对棉花盐离子、养分吸收及干物质分配的影响

【目的】探索南疆地区膜下咸水滴灌条件下水肥盐调控管理模式。【方法】设置不同淡咸水混合比例(1∶0、4∶1和2∶3)和不同施氮量(400、300 kg/hm²和200 kg/hm²)组合方案,其中淡咸水混合比例1∶0、施氮量300 kg/hm²为对照,研究了膜下咸水滴灌水肥盐调控对棉花盐离子、养分吸收及干物质分配的影响。【结果】随着灌溉水矿化度的增大,棉株体内盐离子(Na⁺、Cl^-与Ca²⁺)量呈增加趋势,其中Na⁺与Cl^-量显著增加;吸收的盐离子主要积累在茎和叶,在叶中积累量最高。灌溉水矿化度的增大对棉株N、P和K量及积累量均呈降低趋势。增施氮肥可以有效促进根系干物质的积累和植株对养分与盐离子的吸收,植株体内N和K量显著性增加,有效促进了棉花的生长;同时,增施氮肥也促进了棉株对Na⁺与Cl^-的吸收,淡咸比例4∶1混合灌溉(微咸水)茎和叶中适量的Na⁺     

不同水稻品种在陕北盐碱地的适宜性

陕北定边县部分盐碱地培育和筛选适宜盐碱地种植的水稻品种,对于盐碱地的利用和生态环境的改善有着重要意义．在定边县堆子梁镇营盘梁村开展大田试验,设置 4 个处理 T1,T2,T3 和 T4,分别为隆优 619、宁靖 28、东稻 4 号、水稻 FL478,均采用井水作为灌溉水源,以研究不同品种水稻种植对盐碱土壤理化性质、养分、土壤离子变化、水稻生长状况以及产量的影响．结果表明: 与种植水稻前相比,各处理土壤 pH 值和全盐质量比均有不同程度降低( P<0.05,P<0.01) ．种植水稻后,各处理促进了土壤黏粒含量的降低、粉粒含量的提高,而砂粒含量均有所降低．各处理土壤有机质质量比和全氮质量比均有不同程度提高( P<0.01) ,但有效磷和速效钾质量比显著降低( P<0.05) ． 处理 T1,T2,T3 和 T4 的土壤耕作层有机质质量比较种植水稻前分别提高219.87%,398.34%,218.91% 和 277. 53%; 全氮质量比分别提高 150. 00%,300. 00%,160. 71% 和29.23%．各处理 Ca²⁺,Mg     

Assessment of irrigation and environmental quality at the hydrological basin level: II. Salt and nitrate loads in irrigation return flows

Irrigation return flows may induce salt and nitrate pollution of receiving water bodies. The objectives of this study were to perform a salt and nitrogen mass balance at the hydrological basin level and to quantify the salt and nitrate loads exported in the drainage waters of three basins located in a 15,500 ha irrigation district of the Ebro River Basin (Spain). The main salt and nitrogen inputs and outputs were measured or estimated in these basins along the 2001 hydrological year. Groundwater inflows in the three basins and groundwater outflow in one basin were significant components of the measured mass balances. Thus, the off-site impact ascribed solely to irrigation in these basins was estimated in the soil drainage water. Salt concentrations in soil drainage were low (TDS of around 400–700 mg/l, depending on basins) due to the low TDS of irrigation water and the low presence of salts in the geologic materials, and were inversely related to the drainage fractions (DF = 37–57%). However, due to these high DF, salt loads in soil drainage were relatively high (between 3.4 and 4.7 Mg/ha), although moderate compared to other areas with more saline geological materials. Nitrate concentrations and nitrogen loads in soil drainage were highest (77 mg NO₃⁻/l and 195 kg N/ha) in basin III, heavily fertilized (357 kg N/ha), with the highest percentage of corn and with shallow, low water retention flood-irrigated soils. In contrast, the lowest nitrate concentrations and nitrogen loads (21 mg NO₃⁻/l and 23 kg N/ha) were found in basin II, fertilized with 203 kg N/ha and preponderant in deep, alluvial valley soils, crops with low N requirements (alfalfa and pasture), the highest non-cropped area (26% of total) and with fertigation practices in the sprinkler-irrigated fields (36% of the irrigated area). Thus, 56% of the N applied by fertilization was lost in soil drainage in basin III, as compared to only 16% in basin II. In summary, a low irrigation efficiency coupled to an inadequate management of nitrogen fertilization are responsible for the low-salt, high-nitrate concentrations in soil and surface drainage outflows from the studied basins. In consequence, higher irrigation efficiencies, optimized nitrogen fertilization and the reuse for irrigation of the low-salt, high-nitrate drainage waters are key management strategies for a better control of the off-site pollution from the studied irrigation district.     

再生水水质和灌溉模式对红壤阳离子交换性能的影响

选取再生水原液及其稀释2,4,6倍作为灌溉水源,设置再生水单一灌溉(4种处理RW,RW-2,RW-4,RW-6)、再生水-蒸馏水交替灌溉(4种处理ARW,ARW-2,ARW-4,ARW-6)2种灌溉模式,以蒸馏水灌溉(CK)为对照,对红壤阳离子交换性能的影响进行研究.结果表明:与CK处理比较,单一灌溉模式下各处理交换性...     

不同灌溉制度对根层土壤盐分影响的模拟

以河套灌区沙壕渠灌域为例,采用SaltMod模型探讨了不同灌溉制度对作物根层土壤盐分的影响.利用2008-2010年基础资料对模型进行率定和验证并对研究区的根层土壤盐分进行模拟和预测.结果表明:在现有灌排条件下,沙壕渠灌域的盐渍化程度基本达到较为稳定的水平,且有轻微脱盐趋势,未来10 a后作物根层土壤盐分降低3%.生育期土壤水盐垂直交换运动强烈,对于控制土壤盐分而言,灌水量越小越好;作物根层土壤盐分随冬灌灌溉定额的增大而减小,不同冬灌灌溉定额对应的根层土壤盐分最初的增加量均较大,但增加的趋势随时间逐渐降低.根据当地作物种植结构,综合考虑节水灌溉、作物产量和根层土壤水盐环境,建议研究区较优的作物生育期综合净灌溉定额为2 700~3 500 m³/hm²,冬灌净灌溉定额为2 700 m³/hm².     

黄河三角洲盐渍土蒸发对土壤盐分变化的响应特征

为了探明黄河三角洲盐渍土蒸发对土壤盐分变化的响应特征,采用矿化度分别为5,10,30,50,70,90 g/L的咸水灌溉黄河三角洲0~40 cm土壤,获得不同盐分梯度的盐渍土处理,依次标记为处理T1—T6,并测定各处理的土壤含水率和电导率、蒸发强度和累积蒸发量等指标.结果表明,蒸发过程中表层土壤含水率和电导率均随土壤含盐量增加呈逐渐增加趋势;蒸发结束时,处理T1—T6的土壤表层平均含水率比试验初期降低了80.0%~95.8%,表层含水率的降低幅度随着含盐量增加而逐渐降低;土壤表层电导率分别增加135%~330%,且蒸发前期表层电导率增加幅度明显高于蒸发后期.土壤含盐量对土壤剖面含水率及电导率分布影响差异具有统计学意义,蒸发结束时,处理T1—T6表层0~2 cm比3~6 cm土壤含水率低了8.3%~30.5%,土壤电导率则高了82%~196%,且随着土壤含盐量增加,盐分对土壤剖面盐分分布的影响逐渐增强,表层与深层土壤含盐量差异逐渐增大.蒸发过程中,土壤平均蒸发强度和累积蒸发量随土壤含盐量增加呈降低趋势,处理T1—T6的平均蒸发强度为3.5×10^-4,3.5×10^-4,3.4×10^-4,3.2×10^-4,3.0×10^-4和2.7×10^-4 mm/d,土壤累积蒸发量分别为26.13,26.20,25.50,24.26,22.50和20.58 mm,且蒸发前期各处理的土壤平均蒸发强度及累积蒸发量均高于蒸发后期,土壤含盐量对土壤蒸发的抑制作用主要在蒸发前期.研究表明土壤含盐量可影响土壤剖面含水率与电导率分布以及土壤蒸发强度和累积蒸发量.     

不同盐渍土中生物炭对玉米生理生长的影响

为研究适宜于不同滨海盐渍土的生物炭改良方案,以江苏滨海垦区2种典型盐渍土(粉砂壤土、砂壤土)和玉米为研究对象,设置0,25,50,75,100 g/kg生物炭水平,探讨了生物炭对不同滨海盐渍土的改良效果及玉米生理生长的影响.结果表明:生物炭添加后,土壤电导率、Na+质量浓度降低,Ca2+,Mg2+,K+质量浓度升高,0...     

Least cost land-use changes for targeted catchment salt load and water yield impacts in south eastern Australia

This study reports an analysis of the economics of options for strategic land-use change to attain future catchment level target combinations of salt load and water yield. Farm level survey information on land use, productivity, prices and costs of production were integrated with spatially specific soil, rainfall, topography, hydrology and salinity results of the simulation model CAT (Catchment Analysis Tool). This information was used to populate a two stage economic optimization model in which subcatchment economic results were combined for catchment level analyses. This study is the first to exploit CAT results in an economic framework and the first in which economic results are mapped using CAT. The 64,000 ha Bet Bet Catchment in Victoria, Australia, once deemed among the highest priority areas in the Murray Darling Basin for dryland salinity reduction, is the focus of this study. The calculated current net present value (NPV) of agricultural production in the catchment is AU$ 78 million³ while providing 42 GL of water yield⁴ annually for use downstream with a salt load of 22,600 t. Results show that salt loads may be reduced to 18,600 t (reduction of 4000 t) through expansion of tree plantations and lucerne production, reducing water yield to 31 GL (11 GL reduction) and NPV to AU$ 63 million (AU$ 15 million reduction). Water yields could be increased from current levels by 2 GL while maintaining current salt loads. Alternatively, catchment NPV could be increased by approximately AU$ 7 million with little or no reduction in water yield; but there may be reasons (small farm size) why this is unlikely. For this catchment, the maximum reduction in salt load appears insufficient to justify public investment in tree planting and perennial pasture establishment, particularly when the reduced NPV and reduced water yields are taken into account. The results for this catchment do not support regulation of land use for the sake of lowering river salinity. However, the capacity of tree plantations to reduce water yields may support a regulation requiring purchase of water entitlements from downstream entitlement holders for new plantations. Despite millions of dollars of past public investment, it is now clear that Bet Bet Catchment was never one where land-use changes could benefit downstream water users. The approach described in this paper enables catchment management authorities to weigh costs of land-use change against downstream benefits and natural resource management (NRM) options elsewhere.     

水氮盐调控对膜下滴灌棉花产量的影响及耦合模型

为探讨水、盐、氮三因素对棉花生长的耦合效应及最优水肥制度,分别设置了4种灌溉定额(1 575,2 100,2 625,3 150 m³/hm²)、4种施氮量(0,150,300,450 kg/hm²)和4种土壤盐分(非盐化土、轻度、中度和重度盐化土),通过盆栽试验,研究了水、氮、盐对膜下滴灌棉花产量的影响.结果表明：灌溉定额、施氮量和土壤盐分与棉花产量之间符合回归模型,模型对水氮盐的耦合效果较好;单因素对棉花产量影响按因素排序由大到小为灌水量,土壤含盐量,施氮量;耦合作用的影响按因素排序由大到小为盐氮,水氮,水盐;水氮施加量对棉花产量的影响均存在阈值,低于此阈值,棉花增产效果较为明显;中、重度土壤盐分含量明显抑制棉花生长;通过回归模型进行耦合分析,最适合研究区的水肥盐耦合方式为轻盐土壤、灌溉定额2 677 m³/hm²和施氮量202 kg/hm².本研究可为盐碱区棉田水肥高效利用提供科学依据.     

不同粉垄深度和春灌灌水量对土壤水盐运移规律影响研究

为了解决南疆干旱区盐碱地改良问题,探讨不同粉垄深度和灌水量在春灌期间对土壤的水盐运移规律.基于新疆图木舒克市盐碱地试验田,以传统翻耕CK(20 cm)为对照,设置3个粉垄深度S1(40 cm)、S2(60 cm)、S3(80 cm)和3个灌水量W1(2400 m3/hm2)、W2(3000 m3/hm2),W3(360...     

基于地物高光谱和无人机多光谱的黄河三角洲土壤盐分机器学习反演模型

土壤盐渍化是限制黄河三角洲地区农业经济发展的重要因素,进一步阻碍了农业生产。为了探索无人机影像在地表无植被覆盖条件下的土壤盐分含量反演状况,以黄河三角洲典型区域为研究区,获取地物高光谱和无人机多光谱两种数据源与样点土壤盐分含量,通过优选敏感光谱参量,使用偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）和随机森林（Random Forest,RF）两种机器学习算法建立土壤盐分含量反演模型,实现研究区的土壤盐分含量反演。结果表明：（1）高光谱1972 nm波段与土壤盐分含量间的敏感性最高,相关系数为-0.31。（2）两种不同数据源优化后的RF模型均优于PLSR,且稳定性更好。（3）基于地物高光谱的RF模型（R² =0.54,RMSEv＝3.30 g/kg）优于基于无人机多光谱的RF模型（R² =0.54,验证RMSRv＝3.35 g/kg）。（4）结合无人机影像采用多光谱RF模型对研究区耕地的土壤盐分含量进行反演,研究区总体以轻、中度盐渍化土壤为主,对作物的耕种具有一定程度的限制。本研究构建并对比了两种不同源数据的黄河三角洲土壤盐分反演模型,并结合各自数据源的优势进行优化,探索了地表无植被覆盖情况下的土壤盐分含量反演方法,对更精准反演土地盐渍化程度提供了参考。     

地下水位与灌溉定额对棉花土壤水分的动态影响模拟

地下水埋深对土壤水势分布及土壤次生盐碱化具有重要影响.以新疆孔雀河流域为例,利用HYDRUS-2D软件对不同地下水位与灌溉定额下的棉花膜下滴灌土壤体积含水率的动态变化进行了模拟.结果表明:当地下水埋深为1.5 m时,地下水对土壤水的顶托作用较强,灌溉定额为3 300 m³/hm²时可使棉花生育期不受水分胁迫;当地下水埋深为2.0 m时,地下水对土壤水的补给能力下降,灌溉调控的作用逐渐加强,灌溉定额为3 900 m³/hm²时属轻度胁迫,对产量影响较小,而灌溉定额为4 500 m³/hm²时,基本不受胁迫,对产量影响极小;当地下水埋深大于2.5 m时,地下水对土壤水的补给作用进一步弱化,灌溉定额为4 500 m³/hm²时属于中度胁迫,会造成一定程度减产.研究结果为指导当地地下水资源开发利用及棉花种植业发展提供了重要参考.     

水肥对土壤盐分影响及增产效应

为了内蒙古河套灌区盐渍化土壤的肥料高效利用,采用田间试验的方法,将不同种类肥料和灌溉定额进行组合,研究其对土壤盐分的动态影响及增产效应.结果表明:小麦收获后,除尿素处理外,有机肥、控释肥和缓释肥处理在常规及节水灌溉条件下耕层和剖面土壤电导率(EC)均值较试验初都有不同程度的降低.有机肥处理在常规灌水条件下(灌水定额为1 005 m³/hm²),控盐效果略显优势;缓释、控释肥在节水灌溉条件下(灌水定额为750 m³/hm²),控盐效果更明显,剖面土壤EC均值较试验前分别下降16.4%,14.3%;尿素处理在常规灌水条件下,耕层及剖面土壤EC均值较播前分别增加3.6%,2.7%,积盐程度略高于节水处理.4种肥料处理的小麦产量较对照处理增产效果显著;缓释肥处理在常规及节水灌溉条件下均表现出显著的增产优势.综合考虑节水、增产、土壤脱盐等效应,获得优化灌水施肥模式为:缓释肥配二铵基施,生育期内不进行追肥,缓释肥为800.4 kg/hm²,二铵为350.6 kg/hm²,灌水定额为750 m³/hm²,产量为8 374.5 kg/hm², 较当地农民习惯灌水施肥处理可增产2.14%、节水25%,作物耕层EC值和剖面土壤EC均值较播前分别下降18.6%,16.4%.     

滴灌下施用保水剂对土壤水肥及玉米收益的影响

针对宁夏扬黄灌区严重缺水、土壤瘠薄、肥力低下等问题,在玉米苗期穴施不同用量(0,30,60,90和120 kg/hm²)的沃特保水剂,并以不施保水剂为对照,研究保水剂不同施用量对土壤水肥状况及作物生长的影响,以探寻玉米滴灌条件下砂质土壤田的保水剂最佳施用量.结果表明,在玉米整个生育期,0~100 cm土壤层贮水量随保水剂施用量增加而增加,施用保水剂90和120 kg/hm²处理使土壤贮水量,分别较对照显著提高14.0%和17.1%;施用保水剂60 kg/hm²处理下,土壤养分含量较对照显著增加,其保肥和供肥效果最佳;施用保水剂不同量可促进玉米生长,施用保水剂90 kg/hm²处理对玉米吐丝期的促进效果显著.与对照处理相比,施用保水剂60 kg/hm²处理对提高玉米水分利用效率、增产和增收效果最佳,分别较对照处理显著增加41.8%,22.2%和33.9%.因此,适量穴施沃特保水剂可有效改善土壤水肥状况,实现玉米增产增收,以施用保水剂60~90 kg/hm²为最优,适宜于在宁夏扬黄灌区进行推广应用.     

水肥调控模式对滨海盐碱地水肥盐迁移及春玉米水肥利用率的影响

为了探明滨海盐碱地不同灌溉方式及氮肥施用量对水肥盐迁移过程及作物生长的影响,基于大田试验,研究不同灌溉方式及灌水量(F:漫灌,360 mm;D1:滴灌,360 mm;D2:滴灌,288 mm;D3:滴灌,216 mm)、氮肥处理(N1:280 kg/hm²;N2:196 kg/hm²;N3:112 kg/hm²)对盐碱地土壤水肥盐分布含量及对春玉米各生长指标的影响.结果表明,在滴灌模式下,同一灌水量,N1的剖面平均含水量最低,D1,D2出现洗盐点,存在适合作物生长的浅盐区;灌水后D1N1的硝态氮含量增加最显著且含量最高,滴灌处理对应的低氮处理无明显硝态氮积累点,相同灌水量下,漫灌的有效氮含量均高于滴灌,但其有效氮利用率低于滴灌处理;不同施氮对春玉米干物质的差异随灌水量增加而增加.各处理水分利用效率与肥料偏生产力之间产生明显差异,高水低氮肥料偏生产力明显提高,但其水分利用效率低下,D1N1产量最高;在考虑作物产量及水肥利用效率时,采用滴灌方式,则灌水量288~360 mm、施氮量196 kg/hm²为推荐水肥措施.     

Controlled water table management as a strategy for reducing salt loads from subsurface drainage under perennial agriculture in semi-arid Australia

Recent community based actions to ensure the sustainability of irrigation and protection of associated ecosystems in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) of Australia has seen the implementation of a regional Land and Water Management Plan. This aims to improve land and water management within the irrigation area and minimise downstream impacts associated with irrigation. One of the plan objectives is to decrease current salt loads generated from subsurface drainage in perennial horticulture within the area from 20 000 tonnes/year to 17 000 tonnes/year. In order to meet such objectives Controlled Water table Management (CWM) is being investigated as a possible ‘Best Management Practice’, to reduce drainage volumes and salt loads.During 2000–2002 a trial was conducted on a 15 ha subsurface drained vineyard. This compared a traditional unmanaged subsurface drainage system with a controlled drainage system utilizing weirs to maintain water tables and changes in irrigation scheduling to maximize the potential crop use of a shallow water table. Drainage volumes, salt loads and water table elevations throughout the field were monitored to investigate the effects of controlled drainage on drain flows and salt loads.Results from the experiment showed that controlled drainage significantly reduced drainage volumes and salt loads compared to unmanaged systems. However, there were marked increases in soil salinity which will need to be carefully monitored and managed.