我国蔬菜害虫生物防治研究进展

我国是蔬菜生产、消费和出口大国,蔬菜害虫是影响蔬菜产量和品质,制约蔬菜产业发展的重要因素。传统化学农药的长期大量使用,不仅造成生态环境污染、影响食品安全,还导致害虫抗药性逐渐增强,因此,生物防治成为害虫综合治理的重要措施。我国生物防治技术经过几十年的发展,在天敌昆虫资源的发掘、应用、技术研发和配套措施等方面取得了显著的进步。本文综述了我国蔬菜害虫生物防治的研究和应用进展,并分析了当前存在的问题和发展趋势,以期为今后的害虫研究和防治提供思路。     

储藏物害虫生物性防治技术研究现状和展望

有效的杀虫剂和熏蒸剂种类的减少,以及它们对环境的污染和对人畜健康的影响,使得生物性的防治技术在储藏物害虫的控制上显得越来越重要。近年来,有关储藏物害虫生物性防治技术的研究报道越来越多。根据过去20年的文献,特别是根据刚出版的第七届国际储藏物保护会议的有关论文,评述了储藏物害虫生物性防治技术的研究现状,展望了将来的发展。内容涉及到天敌昆虫、昆虫信息素、病原微生物、抗虫品种和遗传防治等领域,着重于它们在实践中的应用。     

Bacillus thuringiensis as a biofertilizer in crops and their implications in the control of phytopathogens and insect pests

BACKGROUND

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a spore-forming bacterium that produces insecticidal proteins and other virulence factors and is considered one of the most successful bioinsecticides available to control pests in agriculture. Currently, some Bt strains have been reported as endophyte or rhizospheric bacteria.

RESULTS

Little is known about the implications of plant-Bt interaction in crop protection. Here, we review if Bt can establish as an endophyte/rhizobacterium and evaluate if Bt as an endophyte/rhizobacterium can simultaneously act against different phytopathogens (fungi, bacteria, insects and viruses) plus promote plant growth.

CONCLUSION

Although Bt produce an arsenal of proteins with toxic effects against insect, the current knowledge suggests that Bt can be considered as a promising new plant growth promotion bacterium (PGPB). The implications of the proposed review will broaden our understanding of Bt as a versatile entomopathogen that may be able to exhibit differential behavior depending on context. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

害虫遗传学控制策略与进展

随着分子生物学和基因工程技术的发展,利用遗传学方法控制害虫种群成为人们研究的热点之一。研究者已经尝试利用基因突变、转基因和雄性不育等遗传学技术,培育遗传改造的害虫品系,释放后来控制自然界害虫的种群密度。但由于这些遗传学方法本身存在局限性,研究者开始探索利用低毒高效的荧光纳米材料基因载体携带外源核酸或农药分子进入昆虫或植物细胞从而干扰害虫的发育或行为的新策略。本文综述了害虫遗传学控制的2大策略种群替代和种群抑制的实现方法及其研究进展,并提出了利用新型荧光纳米粒子传送基因或药物的害虫遗传学控制新策略。     

绿肥害虫发生与防控研究现状与发展趋势

绿肥作物不仅能够提供地肥、改善土壤结构,而且还可以提供优质饲料,对我国农牧业生产安全具有重要意义,也是我国实现化肥减量、保持农业绿色发展的重要途径之一。我国绿肥种质资源丰富,绿肥害虫种类较多,但有关绿肥害虫研究的基础目前还较为薄弱,一些主要绿肥作物以及绿肥与主栽作物不同配置模式下害虫的发生种类与发生规律尚不清楚,相应的监测与防控技术缺乏。本文在系统分析国内外文献的基础上,结合国家绿肥现代农业产业技术体系的研究进展,综述了目前国内外主要绿肥作物上害虫发生的种类与规律、绿肥害虫的风险评估、不同绿肥-主作物种植模式下害虫发生规律与防控研究的现状。针对国内外绿肥害虫防控研究的现状及存在的问题,结合我国农业产业结构的调整,提出了今后绿肥害虫防控研究的主要方向。     

我国植物害虫生物防治的研究现状及发展策略

植物害虫生物防治是指利用生物或生物代谢产物来控制农业害虫的一种害虫防治方法,具有安全、环境友好和可持续等优点。本文基于我国近年在天敌资源挖掘、天敌控害机制、天敌产业化应用和新方法探索等方面研究现状与存在问题的分析,探讨了我国植物害虫生物防治学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。     

岫岩农业生态环境与农田害虫的生物控制研究初报

岫岩县是辽宁省生态农业建设示范县之一,具有得天独厚的自然资源优势,为害虫的生物控制提供了良好的条件。研究表明,良好的农业生态环境为农田提供了丰富的天敌资源,对一些主要害虫具有明显的自然控制作用;通过补充释放天敌昆虫,对主要害虫取得了较好的防治效果。     

沿淮中稻害虫优化防治技术研究

在田间系统调查和试验的基础上,研究了安徽沿淮中稻主要害虫稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱的防治策略和优化防治措施。结果表明,采用在水稻大田生长前期（水稻移栽至7月上旬）不施药,保护和培育天敌对害虫的自然控制作用,在水稻大田生长中期（7月中旬至8月初）和后期（8月上旬及以后）抓关键期防治的策略,以及在水稻大田生长中期/后期使用氯虫苯甲酰胺+噻嗪酮/氯虫苯甲酰胺+噻嗪酮、氯虫苯甲酰胺+噻嗪酮/丙溴磷+吡蚜酮、丙溴磷+吡蚜酮/氯虫苯甲酰胺+噻嗪酮等药剂组合的防治措施,可以有效控制害虫为害、满足生产实际的需要。     

我国作物病虫害生物防治研究与应用最新进展

本文总结了近5年来我国在作物病虫害生物防治研究和应用方面的最新进展, 包括作物害虫、病害(真菌、细菌和病毒病)和线虫的生物防治、植物免疫和昆虫性信息素的研究和应用, 以及新方法和新技术在作物病虫控制中的应用。同时, 与国外的研究进展进行了比较, 指出了存在的主要问题、发展趋势与对策建议。     

Efficacy of Common Carp and Nile Tilapia as biocontrol agents of rice insect pests in the Philippines

Replicated field plot trials were carried out to evaluate the role of fish as biocontrol agents of insect pests of rice in the Philippines. Evidence from suction sampling, examination of fish gut contents, and rice plant damage assessment strongly suggest that Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) and Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) do significantly reduce the densities of stemboring moths and chironomid midges, while the abundance levels of other arthropods are not significantly affected. This impact by fish often was more important in the wet season when heavy rains and wind likely caused the arthropods to become dislodged from the plant and fall onto the water. Predation by fish was particularly evident during the first 45 days of the crop during the wet season when adult chironomid midge abundance was high. The fish gut content analysis revealed that all insect guilds are represented in the diet of both of the fish species regardless of whether the life-cycle of the arthropod prey is aquatic, semi-terrestrial, or terrestrial. Thus, fish in rice fields are part of the assemblage of natural enemies of rice pests. While fish alone cannot completely suppress rice pest populations below the economic threshold, their significant contribution should not be overlooked.     

超级杂交中稻主要病虫药剂防治新技术

2006—2007年,在桃江县稻瘟病重发区应用超级杂交中稻主要病虫药剂防治新技术防治两优0293大田生育期主要病虫试验,结果表明：该技术可有效防控超级杂交中稻主要病虫危害,对大部分病虫防效好于常规施药技术,且比常规施药技术减少农药用量42.38%～68.59%、增产2.46%～118.00%;其中施用52.5%丙环唑•三环唑悬乳剂处理对稻瘟病的防效高、增产增效明显。     

江西双季稻重要病虫害高效防治药剂筛选

为筛选出适宜江西双季稻田常见病虫害的新型高效药剂,选用9种农药进行田间药效试验.结果 表明:9种药剂在中高浓度下对防治对象均可达到较好的效果.其中10％溴氰虫酰胺OD 45 g/hm2(有效成分用量,下同)对早稻田二化螟防效最佳,药后28 d防效达93.22％;30％唑虫酰胺SC 67.5 g/hm2对稻纵卷叶螟防效最...     

单季晚稻区应用生态工程技术控制水稻主要害虫的实践

以大量化肥和农药投入为特征的高度集约化生产方式导致我国稻田(尤其是单季晚稻)生态系统失衡、害虫猖獗、环境污染和农药残留超标等一系列问题。自2009年起,本课题组在浙江省宁波市单季晚稻区开展应用生态工程技术修复稻田生态服务功能、降低害虫种群、减少化肥农药使用的研究与实践。技术措施主要包括:一是调节生物多样性保护土著天敌数量;二是种植蜜源植物增强天敌控害功能;三是生物诱集减少害虫虫源基数;四是调整农药使用策略减少天敌杀伤;五是控肥降低害虫自然增长速率;六是集成简便、高效、省本生态控害技术。2013—2014年连续2年的调查结果表明,应用生态工程丰富了单季晚稻稻田生态系统中节肢动物生物多样性、增加了天敌种群数量,稻田生态功能得到良好修复,害虫被持续控制在较低的水平,杀虫剂的使用减少93.75%,比农民自防区平均减少12.42%氮肥量的情况下水稻产量增产9.99%,实现社会、经济、生态效益的有机统一。该技术体系对环境友好、简单易行,已成为国家主推技术,应用推广前景广阔。     

Plant training for induced defense against insect pests: a promising tool for integrated pest management in cotton

Enhancing cotton pest management using plant natural defenses has been described as a promising way to improve the management of crop pests. We here reviewed various studies on cotton growing systems to illustrate how an ancient technique called plant training, which includes plant topping and pruning, may contribute to this goal. Using examples from cotton crops, we show how trained plants can be brought to a state of enhanced defense that causes faster and more robust activation of their defense responses. We revisit the agricultural benefits associated with this technique in cotton crops, with a focus on its potential as a supplementary tool for integrated pest management (IPM). In particular, we examine its role in mediating plant interactions with conspecific neighboring plants, pests and associated natural enemies. We propose a new IPM tool, plant training for induced defense, which involves inducing plant defense through artificial injury. Experimental evidence from various studies shows that cotton training is a promising technique, particularly for smallholders, which can be used as part of an IPM program to significantly reduce insecticide use and to improve productivity in cotton farming. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards

BACKGROUND: Soil application of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides can provide opportunities for long‐term control of insect pests in vineyards, with minimal risk of pesticide drift or worker exposure. This study compared the effectiveness of neonicotinoid insecticides applied via irrigation injection on key early‐season and mid‐season insect pests of vineyards in the eastern United States. RESULTS: On vines trained to grow on drip irrigation, early‐season application of imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran provided high levels of control against the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae. Protection of vines against Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, and grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana, was also observed after mid‐season applications. Efficacy was poor in commercial vineyards when treatments were applied to the soil before irrigation or rain, indicating that vines must be grown with an irrigation system for efficient uptake of the insecticide. CONCLUSIONS: In drip‐irrigated vineyards, soil‐applied neonicotinoids can be used to provide long residual control of either early‐season or mid‐ to late‐season foliage pests of vineyards. This approach can reduce the dependence on foliar‐applied insecticides, with associated benefits for non‐target exposure to workers and natural enemies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Potential manageable exploitation of social wasps,Vespula spp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), as generalist predators of insect pests

A manageable, generalist, predatory insect has to date been considered to be unavailable anywhere for pest insect control. Polistes spp. wasps showed promise, but are limited by small numbers of wasps per nest and short nest life. Social Vespula spp. wasps appear to possess the necessary attributes which will allow their development as manageable, generalist predators of a wide range of pest insects. They have a large number of foragers per nest, a high demand for invertebrate protein, a very wide range of prey, an ability to tolerate low temperatures, a tolerance of nest manipulation, and a colony life cycle that can span at least two summers. High numbers per nest and high nest densities can lead to the consumption of many kilograms of prey per hectare per year. Successful development of characteristics desired of a manageable predator, such as the ability to increase colony numbers by dividing and re-queening, and enhancement of multi-year colony existence, could result in management procedures for Vespula spp. wasps that are similar to those used for honey bees. Farmers could have wasp nests available when and where required and in the numbers desired. Wasps would be especially valuable for growers of some ‘organic’ crops in which conventional pesticides are not permitted.     

噻虫嗪及其复配制剂不同施药方法对3种甘蔗害虫的防控效果

选择噻虫嗪及其复配制剂,采用不同施药方法对稻蛀茎夜蛾、甘蔗粉角蚜和甘蔗蓟马进行防治。结果表明,结合甘蔗下种,30%氯虫·噻虫嗪悬浮剂600~750mL/hm2、40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂600~750g/hm2与底肥一起施用,对苗期稻蛀茎夜蛾防效为70%～75%; 结合甘蔗大培土,25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂600g/hm2、70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂225~300g/hm2、30%氯虫·噻虫嗪悬浮剂600~750mL/hm2、40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂600g/hm2与追肥一起施用,药后45d对甘蔗粉角蚜防效达98%以上,对甘蔗蓟马防效达70%以上; 在甘蔗伸长期,25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂600g//hm2、70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂225~300g//hm2、30%氯虫·噻虫嗪悬浮剂600~750mL/hm2对水450kg/hm2淋浇甘蔗根区,药后15 d对甘蔗粉角蚜防效为90%以上。农药根施防治甘蔗害虫,方法简单易行,持效期长,且对环境友好,是一种简便高效的害虫防治施药技术。     

Avian regulation of crop and forest pests,a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Birds have been shown to reduce pest effects on various ecosystem types. This study aimed to synthesize the effect of birds on pest abundance, product damage and yield in agricultural and forest systems in different environments. Our hypothesis is that birds are effective pest regulators that contribute to a reduction in pest abundance, enhancement of yield quality and quantity and economic profit, and that pest regulation may depend on moderators such as the type of ecosystem, climate, pest, and indicator (ecological or economic).

RESULTS

We performed a systematic literature review of experimental and observational studies related to biological control in the presence and absence of regulatory birds. We retained 449 observations from 104 primary studies that were evaluated through qualitative and quantitative analyses. Of the 79 studies with known effects of birds on pest regulation, nearly half of the 334 observations showed positive effects (49%), 46% showed neutral effects, and very few (5%) showed negative effects. Overall effect sizes were positive (mean Hedges’ d = 0.38 ± 0.06). A multiple model selection retained only ecosystem and indicator types as significant moderators.

CONCLUSION

Our results support our hypothesis that there is a positive effect of avian control of pests for each analyzed moderator and this effect was significant for both ecological and economic indicators. Avian regulation of pests is a potential effective approach for environmentally friendly pest management that can reduce pesticide use regardless of the context of implementation. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

The pathogenicity of Vairimorpha necatrix (Microspora: Microsporidia) against the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its potential use for the control of lepidopteran glasshouse pests

A droplet feeding technique was used to feed known amounts of Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) spores to larvae of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea (L) in order to assess the susceptibility of this lepidopteran pest to the pathogen. All first- to fourth-instar larvae died as a result of ingesting 1000 or more V necatrix spores. Two forms of death were observed, which were dependent on the dose and the age of the insect when treated. For first-instar larvae, rapid death (within 6days of dosing) occurred after ingestion of 2000 spores, whereas lower doses resulted in a proportion of larvae dying from chronic infection (microsporidiosis). For more advanced stages, increasing spore doses were required to give rapid death, such that a dose of 200,000 spores was needed to give 80% mortality within 6 days for third-instar larvae. Rapid death was not observed in fourth- to sixth-instar larvae. In all cases successful pupation and adult emergence were much reduced compared with non-infected larvae. Suspensions of V necatrix were sprayed on to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants maintained in small glasshouses prior to infestation of the plants with L oleracea larvae. The numbers and biomass of pest larvae retrieved from the plants sprayed with V necatrix were significantly reduced by up to 40% and 70%, respectively, compared with plants sprayed with water (control). Similarly, plants sprayed with V necatrix showed a reduction in damage of up to 45% compared with the control plants.