50个小麦生产及后备品种(系)的抗白粉病基因推导

为明确我国小麦品种(系)中抗白粉病基因的组成,利用25个不同毒性的小麦白粉菌菌株对50个小麦生产及后备品种(系)进行抗白粉病基因推导,结果表明,参试的50个小麦品种(系)中有8个小麦品种(系)对供试的25个菌株全部感病,5个品种含有抗病基因Pm8,2个品种含有Pm4a,9个品种含有Pm2+6,4个品种含有Pm2,22个品种(系)可能含有供试基因之外的其他抗性基因或新基因。此研究结果可为小麦抗病育种以及品种利用提供依据。     

为害小麦新害虫——显脉污灯蛾Spilarctia bisecta Leech (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

小麦是我国三大粮食作物之一, 其在生产过程中受到多种害虫为害;在调查重庆市潼南区小麦病虫害过程中新发现一种鳞翅目害虫为害小麦, 对其进行形态学及细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(cytochrome oxidase Ⅰ, COⅠ)基因序列鉴定, 确定其为显脉污灯蛾Spilarctia bisecta Leech。污灯蛾属中有多种为害农作物的害虫, 但显脉污灯蛾在中国还未有为害小麦的确切报道, 这一发现提醒我们应当注意小麦和其他禾本科作物上的潜在害虫。     

小麦抗麦双尾蚜研究进展

麦双尾蚜是一种世界性的麦类害虫。本文就小麦抗麦双尾蚜资源筛选、抗性机制、抗性遗传、抗蚜基因染色体定位及分子标记研究进展进行了综述。     

不同小麦品种(系)对小麦吸浆虫田间抗性鉴定

利用一套较完整的小麦吸浆虫田间抗性鉴定方法对我国主要小麦产区推广或即将推广的 5 2 5分优良品种及材料对小麦吸浆虫的抗性在田间进行了鉴定。结果表明 ,不同小麦品种 (系 )对小麦吸浆虫抗性有显著差异 ,抗性较好的品种(系)有62份 ,其中高抗占2.85%、中抗3.04%、低抗5.90%。S山东928802、百农12、河农8424、郑农8号、豫展1号、中麦9号6个品种对小麦吸浆虫抗性较好     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇( DON) 在小麦籽粒中的积累分析

 镰刀菌产生的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)污染小麦后对人畜具有较大的毒害作用。为明确DON毒素在小麦籽粒中的积累数量及其与镰刀菌菌株、接菌数量、小麦品种和病害严重度的关系,试验采用单花滴注方法在5个抗病性不同的小麦品种上分别接种9 个禾谷镰刀菌菌株,每个菌株接种1 × 106 、1 × 105 和1 × 104 个/ mL 3 个分生孢子浓度,并利用ELISA 法测定收获麦粒中DON 毒素含量。结果表明,麦粒中DON 毒素含量差异主要是由于不同禾谷镰刀菌菌株产生毒素能力不同所致。接种菌株8003、4020 的所有麦粒中DON 毒素含量均显著高于相同条件下接种其他7 个菌株的小麦。当接种产毒素能力强的菌株时,小麦抗病品种表现出在一定程度上降低DON 毒素积累的能力。不同接菌浓度对小麦赤霉病的发病程度和麦粒中DON 毒素含量有显著影响,在相同条件下,接菌浓度越高,病害严重度越高,DON 毒素含量也越高;反之,接菌浓度越低,病害严重度越低,DON 毒素含量也越低。     

天水市小麦品种系抗白粉病性鉴定

1999～2001年,在抗病性观察圃,利用常规的抗病性鉴定方法,对29份大田主栽冬小麦品种进行抗白粉性鉴定。结果表明,不同小麦品种系对白粉病抗、感性存在明显差异。高抗、中抗、中感及高感的品种系分别占参试材料的13.8%、58.6%、10.3%及17.2%。其中中88375、中85130、蓝天3号、清山895等4个品种系对小麦白粉病连续2a以上表现出稳定的抗性。     

Response of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) to sulfosulfuron: The role of degradation

Wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) is one of the most troublesome weed species in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Iran. Two bioassay experiments were conducted in order to study the response of wild barley and wheat to different herbicides and to study the efficacy of pre‐emergence (PRE), postemergence (POST), and PRE followed by POST applications of sulfosulfuron on wild barely. Moreover, the degradation of sulfosulfuron was studied by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The results showed that wild barley was highly tolerant to clodinafop‐propargyl and its dry weight was reduced by only 15%, compared to the control, at the recommended dose (64 g ai ha^?1). Sulfosulfuron reduced the wild barley biomass by ≤50% at the highest dose (90 g ai ha^?1) in the first bioassay but by not more than 20% and 12% at the recommended dose (22 g ai ha^?1) in the first and second bioassay, respectively. Significant differences were found among the application methods of sulfosulfuron, with the POST application being the least effective method. In contrast to the POST application, wild barley was severely injured by the PRE application of sulfosulfuron, with an ED₅₀ dose of 7.3 g ai ha^?1. The degradation study showed that wild barley can metabolize sulfosulfuron that is applied POST, but at a lower rate than wheat. By 4 h after application, wild barley had metabolized 26% of the sulfosulfuron, compared to 46% by wheat. In conclusion, wild barley can metabolize the recommended dose of sulfosulfuron that is applied POST; thus, the PRE application of sulfosulfuron or other integrated methods should be considered for the effective control of wild barley in wheat.     

北部冬麦区小麦新品种(系)的节水生理特性与综合评判

为了研究不同灌溉条件下北部冬麦区小麦新品种的节水生理特性和选择节水品种,以北部冬麦区有代表性的30个小麦品种（系）为研究对象,在节水处理和正常灌溉处理下,对主要生理和农艺性状进行了分析。研究结果表明:不同小麦品种（系）间的植被归一化指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）在拔节期以后的不同生育时期存在着显著差异,抽穗期的NDVI出现拐点,此时期保证水分供给,有利于延长叶片功能期。在不同灌溉处理条件下,NDVI、叶面积指数和光截获的变异系数存在差异,和其他性状相比广义遗传力较低,分别为48.61%、58.51%和72.84%,受环境影响较大。由灰色关联度分析可知：NDVI、冠层温度和光截获与产量的关联性较高,位于前列;在正常灌溉条件下,最好的品种（系）为：CA0391-1、中麦998、农大211、中麦175、 CA0958、中优206、农大5181、航麦247、 CA1146、中麦818和京冬17;在节水处理下,最好的品种（系）为：中麦175、中麦818、 CA0391-1 、CA1091、中优206、轮选1690。因此,可根据NDVI值判断小麦受干旱胁迫的影响,将NDVI、冠层温度和光截获作为评价品种（系）抗旱性主要性状指标,在进行抗旱小麦选育时,可将CA0391-1、中麦175、中优206和中麦818作为抗旱选育亲本加以利用。     

Long-term persistence and efficacy of spinosad against Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) in wheat

A laboratory study was undertaken to determine the persistence and efficacy of spinosad against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in wheat stored for 9 months at 30 degrees C and 55 and 70% relative humidity. The aim was to investigate the potential of spinosad for protecting wheat from R. dominica during long-term storage in warm climates. Wheat was treated with spinosad at 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1) grain and sampled after 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 and 9 months of storage for bioassays and residue analyses. Residues were estimated to have declined by 30% during 9 months of storage at 30 degrees C and there was no effect of relative humidity. Spinosad applied at 0.5 or 1 mg kg(-1) was completely effective for 9 months, with 100% adult mortality after 14 days of exposure and no live F1 adults produced. Adult mortality was <100% in some samples of wheat treated with 0.1 mg kg(-1) of spinosad, and live progeny were produced in all samples treated at this level. The results show that spinosad is likely to be an effective grain protectant against R. dominica in wheat stored in warm climates.     

Vavilov wheat accessions provide useful sources of resistance to tan spot (syn. yellow spot) of wheat

Host genetic resistance is the most effective and sustainable means of managing tan spot or yellow spot of wheat. The disease is becoming increasingly problematic due to the adoption of minimum tillage practices, evolution of effector‐mediated pathogenicity, and widespread cultivation of susceptible cultivars from a narrow genetic base. This highlights the importance of broadening the diversity of resistance factors in modern breeding germplasm. This study explored 300 genetically diverse wheat accessions, originally sourced from the N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St Petersburg, Russia. The collection was screened for resistance to tan spot at seedling and adult stage under controlled conditions, and in the field across 2 years. The phenotypic datasets, coupled with ToxA bioassay screening, identified a number of accessions with useful sources of resistance. Seedling disease response corresponded well with ToxA sensitivity (r = 0.49, P < 0.000), but not adult responses (r = ?0.02 to ?0.19, P < 0.002), and overall reactions to ToxA appeared to show poor correspondence with disease response at the adult stage. ToxA‐insensitive accessions were generally found resistant across different growth stages (all‐stage resistance, ASR) in all experiments (seedling and adult stage under controlled conditions and field). ToxA‐sensitive accessions that were susceptible at seedling stage, but resistant at both adult‐plant stages, were deemed to carry adult‐plant resistance (APR). This study provides detailed information on the degree of tan spot resistance in the Vavilov wheat collection and discusses strategies to harness these sources to boost the diversity of resistance factors in modern wheat breeding germplasm.     

The allelopathic effect of three Amaranthus spp. (pigweeds) on wheat (Triticum durum)

The allelopathic effect of Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats, and Amaranthus gracilis Desf. on wheat Triticum durum L. was investigated under laboratory, glasshouse and field conditions. Laboratory experiments showed that fresh shoot or root extract of the three weed species reduced germination, coleoptile length, root length and root dry weight of wheat seedlings. The inhibitory effects were rate dependent, with low concentrations of shoot extract promoting shoot growth of wheat. Fresh plant extracts were more phytotoxic than dried plant extracts and shoot extracts had higher detrimental effects than root extracts. In pot experiments, dried shoot extract of A. gracilis increased shoot and root dry weights of wheat seedlings. For A retroflexus and A. blitoides the extracts of these and dried shoots (8 g kg^?1), which had been added to soil mixtures significantly reduced ger-mination and growth of wheat seedlings. Addition of up to 16 g kg^?1 of A. gracilis residues promoted shoot growth of wheat and had no significant harmful effect on root growth. Roots appeared more sensitive to allelopathic effect than shoots. Under field conditions, incorporation of A. retroflexus or A. blitoides residues in the soil reduced height, grain and straw yield of wheat, whereas A. gracilis residues stimulated plant height and increased yield.     

cis-Jasmone treatment induces resistance in wheat plants against the grain aphid,Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

cis-Jasmone is a plant volatile known to have roles as an insect semiochemical and in inducing plant defence. It was evaluated in laboratory and field trials for control of cereal aphids. In an olfactometer bioassay cis-jasmone was repellent to alatae of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Moreover, wheat, Triticum aestivum (L), seedlings sprayed with formulated cis-jasmone 24 h previously were less susceptible to attack by S. avenae than control plants. In field simulator studies, significantly fewer alate S. avenae settled on cis-jasmone-treated plants over a 24-h period. In addition, the intrinsic rate of population increase, r(m), of S. avenae apterae was reduced on cis-jasmone treated seedlings. In a series of small-plot experiments conducted over four years, cis-jasmone applications reduced cereal aphid populations infesting wheat in the field.     

旱地小麦品种(系)资源品质性状分析

以47个旱地小麦品种(系)为材料,测定了其全籽粒蛋白质含量、硬度、沉淀值、色度以及面粉谷蛋白溶涨指数(SIG)和面粉膨胀体积(FSV),并进行了品质性状相关分析和品种(系)品质综合聚类分析。结果表明:全籽粒蛋白质、硬度、沉淀值、色度L、色度a、色度b、面粉谷蛋白溶涨指数(SIG)、面粉膨胀体积(FSV)的平均值分别为14.78%、62.63%、44.39ml、56.46、-1.90、16.67、5.86、13.44ml/g,不同品种(系)之间的变异系数分别为5.71%、4.61%、12.70%、7.48%、12.44%、7.26%、14.77%、6.30%。籽粒蛋白质含量、硬度、沉淀值、色度、FSV、SIG值之间均存在极显著相关性。47个小麦品种(系)综合品质性状可聚为6类。     

Characterization and fitness of carbendazim-resistant strains of Fusarium graminearum (wheat scab)

BACKGROUND: Carbendazim (MBC) has failed to control wheat scab, caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, on the eastern coast of China in recent years after about 30 years of application. RESULTS: MBC resistance was found to be common in pathogen populations on the eastern coast and along areas of the Yangtze River. EC(50) and minimum inhibitive concentration (MIC) values of MBC inhibiting mycelium growth of wild-type isolates were less than 0.9 and 1.4 microg mL(-1) respectively, while EC(50) values of resistant collections averaged 7.02 +/- 11.86 microg mL(-1). The slope of the MBC dosage-response curve (DRC) for resistant isolates of F. graminearum was flat: 1 < b < 2.8 for resistant isolates and 3.5 < b < 11 for sensitive isolates). Both field resistant and sensitive MBC strains shared similar temperature sensitivity, fitness and virulence on ears. Field resistant strains and UV-induced mutants showed positive cross-resistance to other benzimidazole derivatives and were mainly at intermediate MBC resistance level. Highly resistant field MBC strains rarely appeared, but only some of the highly resistant MBC UV mutants were insensitive to N-phenylaminecarbamates. No mutation in beta-tubulin was found in F. graminearum, in contrast to mutation in this tubulin which has led to MBC resistance in other plant pathogens. CONCLUSION: MBC(R) isolates have high fitness and competition in field, conferred by a novel molecular mechanism.     

Allelopathic effect of Salvia syriaca L. (Syrian sage) in wheat

The allelopathic effect of Salvia syriaca L. (Syrian sage) was examined against wheat in glasshouse and laboratory experiments. The germination of wheat grains was delayed, and the development of wheat seedlings was decreased in laboratory experiments by both shoot and rhizome extract. The inhibitory effect of both extracts was most pronounced at 20°C compared with 10 or 15°C. Shoot extracts had more drastic effects than the rhizome extract on germination percentage, shoot and root lengths. In glasshouse experiments fresh and dried shoot of S. syriaca added to soil drastically decreased germination and development of wheat.     

Examination of bound (non-extractable) residues of MCPA and flamprop in wheat straw

The long term metabolism of [¹⁴C]MCPA and [¹⁴C]flamprop in wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw was found to involve incorporation of radioactivity as residues that were insoluble in acetone+water (1+1 by volume). A chemical and an enzymic solubilisation procedure were critically evaluated in attempts to release these residues for further examination. The chemical procedure resulted in complete solubilisation of all the radioactivity of both compounds in association with more than one cell wall fraction. However, routine quantitative analysis was found to be difficult for some fractions. Furthermore, the extracts did not appear to be suitable for investigation of the nature of the binding with the plant constituents. None of the enzymes employed in the enzymic procedures released significant amounts of the residues insoluble in the aqueous acetone. Despite these problems, the residues of MCPA that were insoluble in aqueous acetone were found to contain both the parent MCPA and its major metabolite 4-chloro-α-hydroxy-o-tolyloxyacetic acid.     

Biotypic and pest status differences between Hungarian and South African populations of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) is a severe pest of cereals in South Africa and in the USA. In order to reduce D noxia damage, intensive resistance breeding programs have been undertaken, resulting in D noxia-resistant cultivars that are now widely used in South Africa and in the USA. However, there appear to be differences in the ability of different populations of D noxia to damage these resistant cereal cultivars. To determine whether different biotypes of D noxia are present, damage to eight wheat cultivars was compared when they were exposed to either Hungarian or South African aphid strains. It appeared that the Hungarian CVS MV Magdaléna, MV Magvas, and MV 17 were susceptible to D noxia from both Hungary and South Africa. The susceptible South African CV Betta was also severely damaged regardless of the country of origin of the aphids. None of the cultivars resistant in South Africa (Caledon, SST 333, SST 972 and Halt) were, however, resistant to Hungarian populations of D noxia. These cultivars, which carry resistance genes originating from the breeding lines PI 262660, PI 137739 and PI 372129, were severely damaged by the Hungarian D noxia. Apart from the highly resistant CV Halt, the resistant cultivars used in this study were developed in South Africa, with the biotype present there. Damage to all cultivars tested was significantly more severe in response to Hungarian than to South African D noxia, indicating that a more damaging aphid biotype occurs in Hungary. However, D noxia has not yet become a pest of wheat in Hungary, possibly due to a difference in cultural practices.     

基于电子鼻技术的小麦籽粒DON含量检测

为探究利用电子鼻技术对小麦籽粒中DON含量定量检测的可行性, 本研究在25℃和40℃平衡温度下对DON含量不同的80个小麦籽粒样品的顶空气体进行电子鼻检测, 并结合由UPLC-MS/MS测得的各样品DON含量进行统计分析, 结果发现, 除4号和5号传感器外, 其余8个传感器的响应值均与样品DON含量具有显著或极显著的相关性, 其中1号传感器的响应值及其参数与样品DON含量的相关性最强, 表明1号传感器可以作为检测小麦籽粒样品DON含量的关键气体传感器。以1号传感器的参数为主, 分别建立了在两平衡温度下样品DON含量的回归模型。对各模型的拟合效果分析发现, 在40℃平衡温度下基于X17(1号传感器21~60 s响应值的和)所建一元回归模型最好;在25℃平衡温度下,基于X1(1号传感器20~40 s响应值的平均值)和X12(8号传感器1~5 s响应值的和)所建二元回归模型拟合效果最好,其次为基于X1所建的一元回归模型。该研究可为电子鼻技术在小麦籽粒中DON含量检测中的应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。